Brick Stone Research Articles

Strength Evaluation of Concrete using Over burnt Brick Stone as Replacement of Coarse Aggregate

Abstract: This research highlights on the behavior of concrete, prepared by the partial replacement of regular aggregate with over-burnt brick aggregate (jhama brick) with a replacing percentages of 0% , 35, 50% & 60% over M20 Grade of concrete which reduces the cost of aggregate (upto 30%) with higher strength, which also results in overall cost in building too .The effect of compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were reported . The received compaction factor is 0.92, 0.89, 0.88, and 0.87 with varying percentage of (0%, 35%, 50%, 60%) Jhama class brick respectively. This research was conducted to study the suitability crushed over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The compressive strength of this concrete is found to be 27.12 , 30.41, 26.02, 23.31 for 0%, 35%, 50%, 60% respectively. The concrete cube, beams and cylinders of M-20 grade were thrown in this trail, explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over burnt bricks as an alternative material. The result shows that the aggregate in concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained relatively higher strength upto the certain percentage and decreases after that, than the regular concrete. More detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for a better conclusion.

Fluorescent properties in solid-state and solution of novel tricyclic derivatives of chloro/bromophenylchromanones and 2-methylpyrazoline

In this work, we reported the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of seven novel tricyclic compounds resulting from the reaction of 3-benzylidenechromanone with Cl or Br substituent in different positions and without halogen with methylhydrazine. The structural characterization of compounds was done through different techniques i.e., FTIR,1HNMR,a single and powder X-Ray diffraction. Moreover, fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime assessed their fluorescent properties in the solid state and various solvents. Derivatives with Cl or Br substituent in positions 2 and 4 are isostructural. 4-Cl, 4-Br and 3-Cl compounds exhibit fluorescence with moderate efficiency (quantum yield 0.11–0.26) in solid state due to specific arrangements, so-called π-stack brick stone with head-to-tail self-assembly. Other crystalline compounds (2-Cl, 2-Br and 3-Br) that exhibit negligible fluorescence quantum yield have crossed V-type arrangement. In the solution, the nonhalogenated compound shows the best fluorescence efficiency. In turn, the presence of halogen atoms results in fluorescence decreasing. TD-DFT study revealed that unsubstituted compound higher emissive in solution has a different electron density distribution at HOMO and LUMO levels than less emissive substituted compounds (A3 and A3).

Optimal emission reductions pathway for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in typical household e-waste dismantling products

Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) and waste epoxy resin powder (WERP) generated after crushing are the most crucial hazardous materials in the recycling process of household e-waste. In this study, a sustainable treatment approach was established in response to the drawbacks of traditional treatment methods. The baseline and hypothetical scenarios were as follows: (1) scenario 1 (S1): WPCBs mechanical treatment, WERP safe landfill; (2) scenario 2 (S2): WPCBs mechanical treatment, WERP imitation stone bricks production. Based on the material flow analysis and comprehensive evaluation, the most profitable and environmentally friendly scenario was selected and assumed to be promoted in Jiangsu area and China from 2013 to 2029. The analysis result showed that S2 had the best economic performance and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) emission reductions potential. S2 is the best option that can gradually replace the traditional recycling model. With the promotion of S2, China would reduce the emissions of PBDEs by 700.8 kg. Meanwhile, it could save $542.2 million in WERP landfill costs, produce 1260.2 kt of imitation stone bricks, and generate $2308.5 million in economic benefits. In conclusion, this study can offer a new idea for dismantling products treatment of household e-waste and provide scientific knowledge to improve the sustainable management.

Characterization of archaeological lime mortars in a Ming dynasty tomb: A multi‐analytical approach

AbstractLime mortars have played an important role in constructing ancient Chinese masonry structures, including city walls, buildings, and tombs. A tomb built with lime mortars and stones belonging a Ming high‐ranking official, Xu Jie, was discovered in Huzhou City of China. Eight different samples from Xu Jie’s tomb, representing four types of lime‐mortar‐based materials: joint mortar between stone bricks, bedding mortar, grouting mortar, and plaster mortars were collected for analysis and comparison. The characterization of the construction materials has therefore become of primary importance. The function of each mortar was reported and studies into the micro‐textural features and mineralogical compositions of those mortars were performed via a multi‐analytical approach. The joint mortars were all found to be aerial lime mortars with predominately lime. The bedding mortar was found to consist of lime, soil and sand, typical of a tabia mortar. The grouting mortar was found to consist of lime and ground contact metamorphosed limestone. Analysis of plaster sample taken from the roof of the main tomb identified the presence of calcium stearate/palmitate, indicating the usage of plant‐based tung oil as an additive. The analytical results will promote our understanding of Ming architectural technology and craftsmanship, and provide critical information for the conservation of Xu Jie’s tomb.

The Castle in Sztum in the Light of archaeological research in 2019

The article presents the results of research of the Teutonic castle in Sztum that was carried out in 2019. This was the first large-scale study of this stronghold. It yielded much information, verified past views and supplemented existing knowledge significantly. The presence of a wooden-earthen stronghold in the place of a brick stone castle was not confirmed, and a new chronology of the beginning of its construction was indicated at the end of the 14th century. Elements of the castle’s buildings were discovered and identified, such as the residential building of the Grand Master and the second castle gate. The state of knowledge about the castle construction technique has also been significantly expanded.

PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN KEUANGAN, KECERDASAN SPIRITUAL, PENGALAMAN KEUANGAN DAN LOCUS OF CONTROL TERHADAP PERILAKU PENGANGGARAN PENGUSAHA BATU BATA MERAH (DESA MENURAN KECAMATAN BAKI KABUPATEN SUKOHARJO)

This research aim to determine the effect of financial knowledge, spiritual intelegent, financial experince and locus of control on budgeting behavior in SMES brick stone maker in the Menuran village. In this study, using the population of SMES brick stone maker live at Menuran village, This research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to the respondents and using the purposive sampling method for sampling. The data obtained in this study were 90 respondents. The results of this study indicate that: (1) financial knowledge has no effect on budgeting behavior of brick stone maker on Menuran village, (2) spiritual intelegent has no effect on budgeting behavior of brick stone maker on Menuran village, (3) financial experience has no effect on budgeting behavior of brick stone maker on Menuran village, (4) locus of control has negatife effect to budgeting behaviour of brick stone maker on Menuran village.

Outdoor Channel Modeling at D-Band Frequencies for Future Fixed Wireless Access Applications

Fixed wireless access networks at millimeter wave frequencies enable an alternative to fiber-optic installations for providing high-throughput Internet connectivity. In this letter, we present outdoor channel measurements at D-band frequencies ranging from 120 GHz to 165 GHz, contributing to the design of future fixed wireless access networks. We measure angular path loss (PL) for both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) scenarios and calculate angular spread. We also measure building reflection loss for different angles and building facades. Directional LOS PL equals free-space PL, whereas omnidirectional PL is slightly lower. The angular spread of the LOS measurements is 19.7°. The omnidirectional NLOS PL model has a higher PL and the angular spread increases to 54.4°. Losses up to 11 dB should be taken into account for reflection on a fiber cement or building brick facade. and up to 15.6 dB and 18.5 dB for roughcast and stone bricks. Even though wireless communication via the direct path is preferred, reflected paths can enable high-throughput wireless communication if the direct path is obstructed.

Talking Trash: Jesmyn Ward’s Salvage the Bones and the Timescape of Disaster

Sorting through shattered detritus in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Esch Batiste—the protagonist of Jesmyn Ward’s novel Salvage the Bones (2011)—pockets “a piece of glass [ … ] another that is red and a pink brick stone” (254). Tucking the salvaged objects close to her body, Esch imagines telling her brother Skeetah “the story of what we found here”: “This was a liquor bottle, I will say. And this, this was a window. This, a building” (254). For Esch, such fragments contain a discursive potential signifying both the former totality of the thing lost—the window, the building, the home, the life, the family—and the event that destroyed it. The “pink brick stone” cannot replace or reinstate the building but it can retain the memory of what was lost through its continued material presence—bringing that past, and its losses, to bear upon the present. Esch plans to “tie the glass and stone with string, hang the shards above [her] bed, so that they will flash in the dark and tell the story of Katrina, the mother that swept into the Gulf and slaughtered,” turning the foraged matter into a monument whose very ruination formulates a new, archival form of beauty (255). Esch’s salvage recognizes the illegible object as an actant1 facilitating the continued narration of Katrina’s story, while simultaneously crafting something new (a mobile, of sorts) from the disaster’s detritus. In doing so, Esch refuses to see the disastrous space as one of only waste and decay, and therefore death and impoverishment for its inhabitants. Salvaging objects by which to live, Esch and her family also salvage alternative forms of care and kinship to resist the conflation of their lives with the ongoing spatiotemporal conditions of disaster. In Salvage the Bones, the matter of Katrina, as well as the matter of centuries of oppression and impoverishment, is refashioned to create new kinds of livable spaces for human and non-human alike.

Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon Consumption Analysis of 36-Type Simple House Building Materials

Housing is a basic necessity for everyone. Each country seeks to fulfill its citizens' housing needs. One of which is done by the Indonesian government, whose program is one million houses for the needy. The negative impact of this program is in the form of extensive land exploitation and environmental damage due to construction implementation. Building material is the main element in construction activities, where the material production process consumes much energy and produces carbon dioxide (CO2). The choice of environmentally friendly material will reduce embodied energy and carbon during the building's life cycle. This study calculates the amount of embodied energy and embodied carbon on building materials used in the residential buildings of type 36 simple houses of great interest to Indonesian people. The results showed that Brick Stone, Zink Roof, Cement, and Timber materials are the dominant materials that consume more than 70% embodied energy and produce embodied carbon, around 80% of total energy. The total embodied energy in building materials is 127,714.66 MJ with carbon as much as 10,257.48 KgCO2. Based on the building area, the embodied energy is 3,547.63 MJ /m2, and carbon is 284.93 KgCO2 /m2. A large amount of energy and carbon produced by buildings will impact the high pollution of the environment, contributing to global warming.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Old Masonry Wall Using a Macro-Modeling Approach

Background: A 3-D finite element model of the internal masonry wall of a 103-year-Old Senate hall, Allahabad University, has been modeled using macro-modeling approaches. The masonry wall is an excellent example of Indo-Saracenic style architecture used by Britishers during the late 19th Century, which is a unification of the Mughal and Colonial architecture. Methods: Non-destructive Test (NDT) has been conducted to estimate is compressive strength and Young’s modulus of the wall. Compressive strength of the brick masonry and stone arch was estimated in the range of 10.5-12.5 MPa and 18.6-21.2 MPa, respectively, whereas Young’s Modulus was estimated in the range of 1800-5000 MPa and 5500-8000 MPa (outlier not considered). Finite Element model was prepared using the macro-modeling approach. Results: The gravity load analysis shows that the wall is stable, and its geometrical configuration is safe with maximum Von-Mises stress of 5.38 MPa and deformation of 2.27 mm. The results of the first six modes are presented. Further, in the absence of a recorded ground motion for the Prayag city, synthetic ground motion is simulated for 25th April 2015 Nepal earthquake (Mw) using a stochastic finite fault model. Conclusion: Evaluated behaviour of the internal masonry wall is shown in the form of acceleration, deformation and stress response.

Calculation of Buildings from Brick and Small Block Stone Walls to Seismic Loads

Calculation of Buildings from Brick and Small Block Stone Walls to Seismic Loads

Comparison of Enterprises Extracting Building Materials in the Czech Republic

The article deals with the comparison of mining companies extracting building materials in the Czech Republic. First, the legal form of all companies operating in the selected raw material segment is analysed. Subsequently, the actual comparison of the enterprises is carried out, which includes the most important enterprises of the different raw material groups (brick raw material, dimension stone, building stone, gravel, and sand). Selected companies are compared in the period 2011-2018 using six indicators: ROA, inventory turnover, total debt, immediate liquidity, DHM productivity, net working capital turnover time. The weighted sum method is used for self-evaluation. Indicator weights are determined using the Fuller triangle. The comparison shows that the following companies are the best in the raw material groups: (i) Heluz s.r.o. (Ltd.) (brick clays), (ii) Granit Lipnice s.r.o. (Ltd.) (dimension stone), (iii) EUROVIA Kamenolomy, a.s. (Plc.) (building stone), (iv) Ceskomoravský stěrk, a.s. (Plc.) (gravel and sand). When comparing the companies in the whole building material segment, EUROVIA Kamenolomy, a.s. (Plc.) is the best company, followed by Kamenolomy CR, s. r. o. (Ltd.) and KAMEN Zbraslav (Plc.). The analysis also found that 54.24% of mining companies in the Czech Republic use the legal form of s.r.o. (Ltd.) and 26.69% are public or private limited companies – a.s. (Plc.). It was also found that the mining company with the highest production volume was not in first place in the group based on the comparisons made. Keywords: Building materials; Comparison; Mining company; Ratio indicators. DOI 10.35180/gse-2020-0034

Functionality and durability of anti - graffiti - systems on concrete

Property damage and vandalism through illegal graffiti can be found worldwide. As graffiti increased, so did the interest in proper removal and the possibilities of a high-quality protection system. Anti- graffiti systems (AGS) can be used to protect objects and buildings from damage caused by graffiti. At present, AGS is still recommended for use in unspecified areas for plastics, metal, wood, brick, concrete and natural stone. In practice, it has turned out that no AGS is suitable for all surfaces. A specific reference to surface quality and properties is missing. For graffiti protection, however, the surface properties are of particular importance. They influence the liability of the AGS on the one hand and the removability of the graffiti on the other. This study is intended to demonstrate the extent to which concrete types and surfaces influence the functionality and durability of permanent AGS. This paper presents first results of practical tests on 180 concrete test specimens after currently one year of outdoor weathering. The results from three years of weathering are to be used to conclude the study for the development of an evaluation concept. Matching surfaces and AGS, with focus on the surface properties should be defined.

Proportion limits the effect of mixture of red brick stone on concrete strength

The proportion of concrete material affects the strength of concrete. The innovation of a mixture of waste red bricks can be used in concrete. The research method used experiments in the laboratory with normal concrete compressive strength compared to the composition of the mixture of red brick waste in the proportion of 25% and 50% based on SNI. The research objective was to find out the limits of the proportion of the design strength of normal K-200 concrete and by adding red brick waste as a fine aggregate substitute. The results of the use test with 25% and 50% of red brick waste are able to achieve the strength of the plan with reference to a normal concrete comparison so that the material is feasible as a substitute material. The addition of 50% waste is able to reach K-200 but compared to an additional 25%, there is a decrease in strength at 7 days at 16.7%, age 14 days by 20%, and age 24 days at 36.8%. Recommendation for the limit of the proportion of adding red brick waste to 25%.

Research on the architectural decoration of traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings

ABSTRACTThe Yangtze River and the Yellow River are located in the south and north of China respectively. They are considered the two sources of Chinese civilization. For thousands of years, the cultures of the two river basins have merged, thus forming the five thousand years of Chinese civilization. Despite this long integration, the two cultures have maintained their distinct personality. Vernacular dwellings are no exception. This paper researches the architectural decoration of traditional vernacular dwellings in these two basins. After field investigations, a total of 308 examples of traditional vernacular dwellings have been selected from the two regions. 186 examples are located in the Yangtze River basin and 122 examples in the Yellow River basin. The architectural decoration of these traditional vernacular dwellings is examined from the aspects of brick carvings, wood carvings, stone carvings, oil paintings and colour paintings. The focus of this study is the identification of decorative variances in the architectural decoration of these traditional vernacular dwellings due to regional influences. Attempts were made to ascertain the reasons for these differences, in terms of geography, climate, politics, technology and folk customs.

Whether Can Wall Masonry of Ceramic Hollow Stone Has Plasticity

The results of domestic and foreign experimental studies of masonry made of large-format ceramic hollow bricks and stones with voidness of up to 54% on the effect of static load during compression are analyzed. They confirmed the conclusions made by Russian scientists in the 1950s-1960s when developing the theory of stone masonry. Based on the analysis of the nature of deformation of the masonry of the large stone and the use of modern approaches to the assessment of the process of crack formation and failure of masonry the possibility of her plastic deformations is assessed. It is shown that the masonry of ceramic large-format stone refers to brittle materials. Based on the analysis of the test results, it is noted that according to the theory of plastic media, there is the simplest model of destruction of masonry during loading, in which plastic deformation can occur in the local zones of the element (crack zones). In this case, the bulk of the body (sample) is in an elastic state. The fallacy of the proposed approach to the estimation of the coefficient of plasticity of masonry, with due regard for the ratio of elastic and total deformations of masonry is noted. It is established that the proposals of individual authors to assess the plasticity of the wall masonry of ceramic brick and large-format ceramic stone with voidness of more than 40 % are incorrect and does not meet the work of the masonry of hollow material. On the basis of a large number of research works, it is concluded that the appearance and development of cracks and damage in the masonry is associated with the effects of its brittle destruction, and the masonry of large-format hollow stone refers to brittle materials.

Identification and Determination of the Bloodstains Dry Time in the Crime Scenes Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

The bloodstain is one kind of the most important evidences in crime scenes. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology was used in this paper to distinguish bloodstains from analogs and determine the time since deposited (TSD) of bloodstains. Combined with support vector machine classifier, the identification results of bloodstains from analogs achieved 96% in 20 s. Four kinds of substrates were chosen to simulate the grounds and lethal tools in crime scenes. The linear relationship between single spectral line intensity and TSD was analyzed. The Pearson linear correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) calculated on the stone bricks calibration result is higher than 0.9. The spectral line intensity ratio was proposed to improve the linear calibration relationship with TSD. Building the calibration relationship between intensity ratios and TSDs, the Pearson's r and R 2 values for results on all four substrates were improved. For stone bricks, ceramic tiles, and copper plates, the correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.95. Especially for results on stone bricks, the Pearson's r achieved 0.99024 and the R 2 value achieved 0.97571. The optimal single lines for calibration on four substrates were all related to Fe element and the optimal line intensity ratios were all ratios of an Fe line to a line of other elements.

Data Acquisition of 2D Geophysical Resistivity Methods with Dipole-Dipole Configuration for Identification the Subsurface Brick Stone Sites of Kadipaten Terung Sidoarjo

The discovery of the “J” letter-shaped brick structure (also called the Terung Temple) in Terung Wetan Village in 2012 is thought to be a heritage of the Majapahit Kingdom era. However, there is no further research to figure out the distribution of structures in the area. Geophysical surveys with 2D resistivity geoelectric methods-dipole-dipole configuration were carried out in the Site of Kadipaten Terung, Terung Wetan Village, Krian, Sidoarjo Regency to map the distribution of existing subsurface structures. Judging from the location of the Terung Temple, line 1 with the north-south direction on the west side with a length of 62 meters had a resistivity anomaly value of 13.2-60 Ωm at a depth of 1-3.67 m; line 2 with the southwest-northeast direction on the northwest side with a length of 46.5 meters had a resistivity anomaly value of 13.8-75 Ωm at a depth of 1-2.75 meters; line 3 with the northwest-southeast direction on the southwest side with a length of 46.5 meters had a resistivity anomaly value of 12.7 - 75 µm at a depth of 1-2.75 meters; line 4 with the east-west direction on the south side had a resistivity anomaly value of 15-75 Ωm; and line 5 with north-south direction on the east side with a length of 62 meters had a resistivity anomaly value of 15.7-100 Ωm. These anomalies are indicated as subsurface brick structures scattered throughout the research trajectories and it had been the continuity of the Terung Temple into the west and south.

Cuneiform Inscription on the Brick from King Shalmanassar1stPeriod

The text that we are going to study is considered one of the well-known writings which is usually known as " bricks inauguration " in buildings, palaces and temples and they are in the form of stamp or inscription. This type of cuneiform is codified as memorial models to indicate to the kind of construction and discrimination in terms of inauguration or re- construction and the impact that we are going to study a brick stone its total dimensions 27.2 cm. long , 22.3 cm. wide and 5.5 cm. thickness , written on it the cuneiform text belong to the period of the king, "Shalmaneser I " (1274 - 1245 BC. ) . the text consists of six lines of writing in Akkadian- Assyrian languages. a person found it on an unknown ancient hill which is now represent a cemetery which people of the region buried their dead for decades .it located within the boundaries of a village known as " Bastam " about 20 km to the north of the famous ancient city of Nimrud , on the east bank of the River " Upper Zab" within the boundaries of the city, "Kalak" in Erbil governorate .
 The importance of the text shown on the brick that it revealed to us the location of the important archaeological City for the researchers and those who specialize in archaeology . that is the city of "Kilizi " which was one of the Assyrian cities connected with other Assyrian cities in the northern Mesopotamia and the to discover what they had included contributes to increase information on the Assyrian state during its middle period. So my call is an urgent need to preview this archaeological hill and stand on the discovering archaeological remains and their buildings' foundations.

Hygrothermal simulation assessment of internal insulation systems for retrofitting a historic Danish building

The built environment is accountable for 1/3 of the European energy consumption. Thermal insulation is a key factor affecting the energy performance of buildings. Historic buildings typically were made with solid external walls of brick masonry or natural stone, rarely insulated afterwards. Often the buildings have worth-preserving façades making internal insulation the only feasible technique, however significantly modifying the hygrothermal performance of the façade. The research objective of this paper is to simulate the hygrothermal performance of solid masonry walls in an old Danish hospital that will be internally insulated following the Danish requirement (U-value) for external walls (change of use of buildings) and transformed into dwellings, involving different insulation systems. Heat loss and masonry moisture content level after adding internal insulation and the possible effects of hydrophobization on the moisture content is simulated. Simulations show an increased moisture content in the original wall when adding internal insulation implying an increased risk for moisture-related damage (mould growth, frost damage and interstitial condensation). The results also show that hydrophobic impregnation of the internally insulated facades may be vital in avoiding moisture problems and securing a moisture-safe energy renovation of buildings like the one studied.