Purpose: This article examines Stockholm Syndrome in the context of Boko Haram insurgency. Methodology: It employed a doctrinal research methodology to achieve these objectives. Findings: The paper argues that trauma bonding in Boko Haram captivity is shaped by cycles of violence, dependency, indoctrination, and gendered power structures. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The research contributes to interdisciplinary knowledge by linking trauma bonding theories with legal frameworks governing sexual violence, forced marriage, and crimes against humanity. It demonstrates how psychological survival responses should be legally interpreted as evidence of coercion rather than consent, thereby informing accountability, reparations, and victim-status determinations under international law. It further analyses the implications for reintegration, counterterrorism, transitional justice, and survivor-centred psychosocial support. The study concludes by recommending the integration of trauma-informed mental-health frameworks, culturally grounded reintegration models, and survivor-centred rehabilitation policies.

Crisis negotiation denotes a structured and specialized process of communication and decision-making employed to resolve high-stakes incidents such as hostage-taking and extortion. Its primary objective is to achieve a peaceful resolution while prioritizing the preservation of life. The modern institutionalization of this practice stems from the 1972 Munich tragedy, which exposed the catastrophic costs of failed armed interventions and compelled law enforcement agencies worldwide to formally adopt systematic negotiation methodologies as a primary response option. This study conducts a comprehensive inquiry into the fundamental rationale for crisis negotiation and the multifaceted determinants of its effectiveness. It posits that the adoption of negotiation is not merely tactical but an inevitable evolution in public safety strategy. This is grounded in the recognition that most crises are not zero-sum games and that dialogue offers distinct advantages over immediate force. These advantages include de-escalating volatile situations, gathering vital intelligence, buying time for strategic preparation, and facilitating perpetrator compliance without violence. The analysis further examines the core factors determining negotiation outcomes. It specifically highlights the pivotal role of strategic communication techniques, emphasizing how linguistic style matching, psychological accommodation, and cultural sensitivity are crucial for building rapport and influencing behavior. Concurrently, the paper investigates critical human factors, particularly the complex psychological dynamics affecting hostages—such as Stockholm Syndrome and London Syndrome. It explores how understanding and managing these phenomena is essential for ensuring hostage safety and guiding the negotiation process. Ultimately, this examination underscores that effective crisis negotiation is a sophisticated interdisciplinary endeavor, integrating principles from psychology, linguistics, and conflict resolution to navigate asymmetric, high-pressure scenarios towards peaceful outcomes.

Human trafficking represents one of the most severe forms of exploitation, often involving coercive psychological control mechanisms that operate beneath the threshold of visible violence. This article explores the psychological dimensions of human trafficking and their implications for the early identification of victims and the development of effective, trauma-informed intervention strategies. The aim of the study is to deepen the understanding of how psychological manipulation—such as grooming, dependency creation, fear conditioning, and the emergence of Stockholm Syndrome—contributes to the recruitment, retention, and silencing of victims. The article pursues four main objectives: (1) to examine the psychological tactics used by traffickers to gain compliance and suppress resistance; (2) to identify psychological risk factors and vulnerabilities—such as childhood trauma, low self-efficacy, and social isolation—that increase susceptibility to victimization; (3) to assess the psychological consequences of trafficking, including PTSD, dissociation, depression, and learned helplessness; and (4) to evaluate the barriers that impede early victim identification, particularly when victims do not perceive themselves as such or fear retaliation. Through a review of interdisciplinary literature spanning clinical psychology, victimology, and criminology, the article argues that conventional legal or procedural approaches are insufficient in the absence of psychological insight. A victim-centered framework—grounded in psychological assessment, trauma-informed interviewing, and multi-agency collaboration—is essential for improving detection and support systems. Ultimately, the paper calls for integrating psychological expertise into anti-trafficking policies and practices to better address the complex realities of victimhood and resilience.

This qualitative study employs a literature review approach to critically examine the ethical representation of Stockholm Syndrome in Beauty and the Beast (2017) and the role of language in shaping its cultural impact on the emotional development of younger viewers. The research investigates how the film's portrayal of Belle and the Beast's evolving relationship marked by captivity, violence, and eventual romantic connection mirrors Stockholm Syndrome dynamics, which may inadvertently normalize harmful behaviors as a basis for love. Key findings reveal ethical concerns, including the blurred lines between trauma bonding and genuine empathy, potentially reinforcing gender stereotypes and fostering acceptance of relational violence among young audiences. Cultural influences, such as patriarchal values and prevalent media consumption patterns, exacerbate risks such as emotional immaturity and insecure attachments. The study concludes that while the film promotes empathy, its problematic narrative calls for media literacy interventions to foster healthier understandings of relationships. It suggests adopting more diverse storytelling methods to mitigate potential long-term psychological effects.

The article is devoted to forming a criminological portrait of a person committing a criminal offense under Article 4362 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the form of justification, recognition as lawful, denial of the Russian Federation’s armed aggression against Ukraine, and glorification of its participants. The author emphasizes that the relevance of such research in the context of ongoing Russian aggression and growing information threats becomes critical for national security, as glorifiers of Russian aggression objectively perform the function of a hostile propaganda tool, weaken the unity of Ukrainian society, and spread destructive narratives. The article analyzes a complex of socio-demographic, criminal-legal, and moral-psychological characteristics of glorifiers. The author indicates that the analysis of official statistics and empirical research of court verdicts allows forming a portrait of a typical glorifier of Russian aggression. This is a Ukrainian citizen of middle or older age with basic education who has not previously been prosecuted. The vast majority of such persons do not have permanent employment, which contributes to social isolation and increased susceptibility to propaganda. Special attention in the article is focused on the psychological phenomenon of «Stockholm syndrome» at the national level, when certain categories of Ukrainian citizens have Soviet narratives so deeply rooted in their consciousness that they perceive Ukraine’s independence as an anomaly. It was found that glorifiers of Russian aggression are characterized by information isolation, low level of critical thinking, distorted legal consciousness, and susceptibility to manipulation. The author indicates that the elderly are a particularly vulnerable group, who, due to loneliness, easily fall victim to disinformation on social networks. The author concludes that the criminological portrait of a glorifier of Russian aggression reflects a combination of social vulnerability, low legal culture, and media literacy, which requires the development of specific criminological prevention measures to counter information threats in wartime.

TECHNOLOGICAL STOCKHOLM SYNDROME: WHAT IT MEANS, AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT

Metreless rhythm – rhizomeness and predictability in Muse’s Stockholm Syndrome This article delves into the field of previously little explored questions about metreless rhythm in music. Here metre is defined broadly in contrast to preexisting literature as the predictability of musical patterns of duration, or in other words rhythm, and metrical thought as the process of creating predictive models about rhythm. Metreless rhythm is further defined by applying the rhizomatic theory of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari to the concept, as well as surveying it through the lenses of Deleuzes virtuality and the Predictive Processing framework. Metreless rhythm is found to be possible if the virtuality of the question “how does this instant and the one after it relate to the collected sensory data” is actualized instead of the virtual question “what kind of durational pattern does music have in the future based on the evidence provided by sensory information?”. Metreless rhythm perception can be understood as following the rules of a simplified version of predictive coding, but not the whole of Predictive Processing framework, crucially not implementing the Bayesian theorem. Based on this theoretical study the article suggests a model for analyzing metreless rhythm in music, which condenses temporal relation to a simple ratio value. A note is given a value of “*” if its the first in a rhythmic group, “+” if its longer than the previous note and “-” if its shorter. If the notes are of equal lenght, the ratio value is “=”. The ratio can also be expressed as the amount of percentual change of duration, and these changes within a rhythmic group can be presented graphically. This model is shown in practise through the metreless analysis of the alternative rock group Muse’s song Stockholm Syndrome. The analysis shows a non-metrical layer that excists simultaneously to the dominant metrical grid that at first seems prevalent.

Traumatic bonding involves a strong emotional bond between an individual and their abuser or captor, often in cases of partner violence. The available literature regarding the progression of traumatic bonding is limited, and the elements that play a role in the establishment and perpetuation of traumatic bonding remain undisclosed. To comprehend the phenomenon of trauma bonding, a thorough assessment of scholarly literature was done. The search was limited to studies published in English between 2018 and 2022. The search was conducted using the terms “Trauma Bonding,” and “Stockholm Syndrome” The research found that trauma bonding, frequently referred to as “Stockholm Syndrome” in certain circumstances, is a complex psychological reaction seen in abuse or trauma sufferers. In spite of the harm the abuser does, it is defined by the close emotional bonds that form between the victim and the abuser. Multiple variables influence the development of it in this review.

Small-scale minor prostitution is rampant and mostly unreported. Despite their young age, they are compelled to do it because of several factors. The primary purpose of the study is to delve further into the minds of these minors why they engage in small-scale prostitution and to further add literature on few published studies in the Philippines related to these kinds of study. The study focused on the reasons, challenges, fears, desires, and realizations of these minors living in Pangasinan, particularly in the municipality of Sison. The study used a qualitative research method using an unstructured interview anchored on the Social Exchange Theory, Family System Theory, Systems Justification Theory, Theory of Rationalization and Individual Deficiencies Theory. Purposive Sampling, Convenience Sampling, and Snowball Sampling was used to identify the participants of the study. The whole month of October 2024 was the period in the collection of data. The study had 10 participants in which all are from Sison, Pangasinan. Their responses were analyzed through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, particularly the Heideggerian type of phenomenology. The study revealed that poverty and dysfunctional family forces these minors into prostitution to earn money for themselves which is risky because they can get Sexually Transmitted Infections. At the lowest point of these minors, a gay patron comes along, offers them money, possibly inviting them to be a live-in partner which results to child grooming as a form of abuse, and then after time, the minor develops feelings to the gay patron and reciprocates the goodness showered unto him which results to Stockholm Syndrome. The findings of the study would form a basis of an intervention program. Moreover, expanding the scope of the research into other municipalities must be conducted to acquire more extensive and relevant data to explore the lived experiences of these minors.

Abstract If humanity can be considered a geological force at war with Earth, can Earth be considered a social force gravitationally imprisoning humanity? The answer is “yes,” and this explains why new concepts and hypotheses are advanced. Among others, these include the idea of the Gravity Wars, anthropomorphism, the anthropocentric picture of humanity as a geological force as the dual face of human vanity, and humanity's collective Stockholm syndrome, evident in its seeing itself as the sole actor in global warming.

Stockholm syndrome is a complex psychological phenomenon in which some trauma survivors develop strong emotional bonds with their abusers. Despite the absence of clear diagnostic criteria and its exclusion from official psychiatric classification systems, the term has gained widespread recognition in both the media and scientific literature. This phenomenon typically occurs in situations involving significant power imbalances-such as child sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, human trafficking, and hostage situations-where the victim may develop positive feelings toward the abuser in response to extreme stress. Initially observed during a 1973 bank robbery in Stockholm, the syndrome has since been identified in various contexts. Given its similarities to other psychiatric entities, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and identification with the aggressor, Stockholm syndrome remains a crucial area of research in understanding the psychological impact of extreme stress. This paper explores Stockholm syndrome from psychological, psychiatric, and neurobiological perspectives, highlighting its implications for mental health, criminology, and forensic science. Further investigation into this phenomenon is essential for improving trauma treatment approaches, legal frameworks, and therapeutic strategies, ultimately enhancing our understanding of victim-perpetrator dynamics in high-stress situations.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence with Stockholm Syndrome in B2B Purchasing: Why Do Customers Stick with Mediocre Suppliers?

This article explores the role of precedent phenomena in media texts. The study's primary goal and innovation lie in analyzing how universal precedent phenomena – such as Stockholm Syndrome, Achilles' Heel – are used in contemporary Kazakh, Russian, and English media. A key focus is on how these phenomena are perceived by students. To conduct the research, we utilized materials from mass media and online sources from Kazakhstan, Russia, and the USA. We employed contextual analysis, generalization, and comparative and descriptive methods to systematize the data. Google Forms served as a research tool, and a custom Python program was developed for linguistic analysis and to create a comprehensive database of precedent phenomena across these three languages. The study revealed how well-known concepts like “Stockholm Syndrome”, "Achilles' Heel” are represented in media texts across the three languages. It also assessed students' recognition and acceptance of these phenomena. Additionally, we developed a detailed characterization of 55 universal and national precedent phenomena in English, Russian, and Kazakh. Examples include "Romeo and Juliet”, "Red Rose”, "Phoenix”, "White Rabbit”, "Pandora's Box”, "Baba Yaga”, "Korkyt Ata”, and "Asan Kaigy”. This information was integrated into a Python program that automatically identifies these phenomena within texts and provides descriptions in all three languages. The database will continue to grow, aiding in the identification of precedent phenomena in media content and helping readers quickly understand their specific usage.

The Communist Party began to purposefully transform the public into the Soviet people by way of applying various means, repressions being the most severe among them. The bloody terror of the 1930s both physically destroyed and inflicted a major psychological shock to intellectuals and their close ones. So called ‘people’s enemies,’ ‘wreckers’ became victims of the repressions, and, owing to the instinct of survival, their family members had to conform with the Soviet system. In her book of stories Pebbles, from the tragic standpoint of an eyewitness, Zaira Arsenishvili tells about people’s desperate being within the dichotomy of the good and evil in the most troubled times, about timeservers and noble ones,, about so called Stockholm syndrome due to which the majority of people lost the capability to perceive reality and, in their imaginations, the definitions of the good and evil exchanged their places.

Ilona Karmel was a Holocaust victim. She endured diseases, Nazi ‘madness’, and imprisonment in the Krakow Ghetto and in concentration camps in Poland and Germany. At the end of World War II, she was abandoned to die by the retreating German enemy. Nevertheless, Victory Day in 1945 saw the beginning of another period of infirmity and confinement for Karmel, who was hospitalized in Sweden to treat leg injuries she had suffered by the Nazis. This essay, bringing together disability and Holocaust studies, explores harrowing post-Shoah sequelae in Karmel’s life, as reflected in Stephania (1953). To recover her sense of self after the bloodletting and to make visible physical impairment in her novel, Karmel creates the fictional Stephania: A Polish patient with spinal curvature worsened during wartime captivity who seeks medical treatment in Stockholm, all the while refusing to accept her body’s disfigurement. This article examines how disability and voluntary hospital confinement are portrayed in the novel Stephania and connected with Holocaust trauma. Despite memories of pain and incarceration invading their minds as survivors, Karmel and her creation Stephania inescapably must come to terms with their respective postwar impairments, heal from their emotional wounds, and cling to life during and beyond their convalescences.

This research is titled "The Phenomenon of Stockholm Syndrome in the Drama 3 Nen A Gumi: Ima Kara Mina-san wa, Hitojichi Desu by Komuro Naoko and Suzuki Yuma". The aim of this research is to determine several factors that cause stockholm syndrome and its symptoms that appear in the drama 3 Nen A Gumi: Ima Kara Mina-san wa, Hitojichi Desu by Komuro Naoko and Suzuki Yuma. Qualitative method is used in this research. This research uses literary psychology theory from Wellek & Warren (1989:90), Stockholm syndrome theory from Graham, et al (2015) and behavioristic theory from B.F. Skinner (1953). The results of this research shows that, Stockholm syndrome symptoms in the drama 3 Nen A Gumi: Ima Kara Mina-san wa, Hitojichi Desu by Komuro Naoko and Suzuki Yuma is caused by the hostages`s compulsion to adjust their feeling to the conditions caused by hostage taker and begins to show mercy to the hostage taker when he shows kindness from time to time. The conditions caused by the hostage taker include (1) violence, (2) prohibition on running away, (3) prohibition on contact with the outside world, and (4) the hostage taker showing kindness. Then the symptoms of Stockholm syndrome that the hostages experienced include (1) Feeling sympathy for the hostage taker, (2) Having trust in the hostage taker, and (3) protecting the hostage taker

This paper aims to analyze Pamela through the lens of Stockholm Syndrome, a condition where captives develop psychological bonds with their captors due to power imbalances. The paper contends that Mr. B’s coercive tactics amount to a form of legal abduction, with Pamela’s eventual affection for him indicating Stockholm Syndrome. This analysis also reflects on the broader context of women’s confinement in the 18th century, asserting that true love must be based on mutual respect and equality, not coercion and control. The research method includes a close reading of the novel, focusing on Pamela’s changing attitudes toward Mr. B. The study reveals that Mr. B’s coercive tactics amount to a form of legal abduction, with Pamela’s eventual affection for him indicating Stockholm Syndrome. The conclusion reflects on the broader context of women’s confinement in the 18th century, asserting that true love must be based on mutual respect and equality, not coercion and control.

Stockholm syndrome, a paradoxical phenomenon, characteristic of the particular psychological functioning of people in captivity and victims of mistreatment, sexual abuse and gender-based violence, arouses significant interest in psychological sciences. However, the related instrumentation remains limited, due to the fact that there is not a significant number of measurements that can evaluate it. In addition, the current main measure (the <i>scale for identifying “Stockholm Syndrome” reactions in young dating women/Escala para identificar reacciones de síndrome de Estocolmo (SISSR) relacionada con violencia de pareja</i>), only exists in the English and Spanish languages; which constitutes a linguistic obstacle for its administration to individuals who speak other languages, such as French. However, the simple translation of the items of a measurement does not guarantee its reliability from a psychometric point of view. In this vein, this study proposes the translation in French and validation of the Spanish version of this measure. It also proposes, as part of testing the predictive validity of the measure, to link the construct of Stockholm syndrome with gender-related ideologies and attitudes. The validation of the French version of the Stockholm syndrome measurement scale was carried out with two samples (N = 836) consisting entirely of women. The exploratory test (EFA) carried out with 400 participants reveals a reliable tri-factorial structure of 16 elements, after the elimination of 33 elements, due to factor loadings lower than .40. The confirmatory analysis of this factorial structure, using the Structural Equation Method (CFA-SEM), carried out on a sample of 436 participants, supports the tri-factorial structure which fits the data better. Tests of factorial invariance of the measurement, depending on marital status (n1 = 215 married women; n2 = 221 concubine) reveal a structural equivalence between the groups. The predictive validity of the measure reveals that Stockholm syndrome is linked to attitudes towards gender-based violence, sexism, feminism, non-justification of the gender system and gender-based social dominance.

Violences et maltraitances intrafamiliales (conjugales, infantiles et sur personnes âgées) : aspects épidémiologiques et approche psychopathologique

Abstract Fifty years ago, the infamous bank robbery and ensuing hostage crisis that took place in a Stockholm bank gave rise to the so-called ‘Stockholm syndrome’. Though never recognized as a valid medical diagnosis, the (allegedly) pathological relationship between kidnapper and hostage has become an omnipresent media phenomenon that inspires movies and television series to this day. However, this forced bond was not always seen as problematic. The years between 1860 and 1910 witnessed the rise of kidnappings in the Mediterranean world (Southern Italy, Greece, the Ottoman Balkan region, and Morocco) involving English, American, and European hostages. Today, we know about these incidents from autobiographical narratives by the former captives. They painted a surprisingly favourable picture of their captors – and found enthusiastic audiences for their stories. Looking at the interplay of feelings, coercion, and empowerment, the article opens up a new perspective on the history of emotions that brings both victims and perpetrators into the picture.