Stock Shortage Research Articles

REIT Performance and Option of Financing Real Estate Project in Developing Countries - (A Case of M-REIT and NREIT)

Performance of REITs have been largely measured using benchmark from the stock market indices (S&P500, Sharpe ratio, KLCI, etc) or correlation studies. The real world of REIT shows that both economic and environmental factors exert influence on REIT performance on a simultaneous nature. Adopting quantitative method, where secondary data were statistically analysed. We proposed the use of multivariate regression where REIT performance (Y) is the independent variable to be predicted by predictor variables of internal and external factors (X1–Xn). We equally proposed a possibility of REIT financing real estate project, against the existing regulations which prohibit such, using average return method of portfolio analysis on assumed numerical data. The study finds that economic factors jointly have a significant effect on REIT performance at P =0.044 while none of the factors has significant contribution individually. A benchmark REIT return of 5.3% is predicted. The study recommends a linear regression model analysis for REITs benchmark based on past performance for return measurement. REIT can only finance real estate project in the countries where there is acute shortage of fund and property stock. We suggest a modification of REIT laws to accommodate real estate financing by REITs.

Методика по оценке технического состояния вагонов-цистерн парка промышленных предприятий

The article proposed a method to evaluate the technical condition of tank wagons that are operated chemical industry. An algorithm for performing work on the evaluation of the technical condition of tank wagons was developed, which allows on the basis of diagnosis and analysis of current condition to justify a further period of operation. The complex of works on testing of the tanks and mathematical models for the implementation of calculations on the strength and reliability of the design were proposed. The article is devoted to solving the problem of the effective exploitation of the working fleet of tank wagons industries by detecting the presence of residual life and life extension. Opportunities for further exploitation of cars the complex of works on the assessment of technical conditions and the calculation of the stock of the resource in article are proposed. Operational research of the park chemical industries has reduced the shortage of rolling stock for transportation of ammonia. The analysis of the many faults of the chassis and the main elements of the support structure of tank wagons after 20 years of operation was made. The algorithm of determining the residual life of the specialized tank wagons operated in an industrial plant is proposed. Scientific novelty defined algorithm and the results obtained is the main justification of operational parameters for tank wagons carrying liquid ammonia, in accordance with the test load. The methodic for resource conservation of tank wagons carrying cargo under high pressure was proposed at first. In this article performance improved procedure for identifying residual life, this has both theoretical and practical importance

Symmetrel stock shortage

Symmetrel stock shortage

Stock shortages for Amdipharm Mercury

Stock shortages for Amdipharm Mercury

Optimal Inventory Model for Time Dependent Decaying Items with Stock Dependent Demand Rate and Shortages

This paper deals with in developing an inventory model for time dependent decaying items as bread, food stuff, green vegetables and medicine etc. The rate of deterioration is time dependent and considers a linear function of time. Demand rate is stock dependent in linear form. It is a common phenomenon observed in the super market that a large pile of goods attracts more customers. Shortages are allowed and shortages are completely backlogged. The numerical example is given to illustrate the model developed. The model is solved analytically by maximizing the total profit.

Transversal analysis of public policies on user fees exemptions in six West African countries

BackgroundWhile more and more West African countries are implementing public user fees exemption policies, there is still little knowledge available on this topic. The long time required for scientific production, combined with the needs of decision-makers, led to the creation in 2010 of a project to support implementers in aggregating knowledge on their experiences. This article presents a transversal analysis of user fees exemption policies implemented in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Togo and Senegal.MethodsThis was a multiple case study with several embedded levels of analysis. The cases were public user fees exemption policies selected by the participants because of their instructive value. The data used in the countries were taken from documentary analysis, interviews and questionnaires. The transversal analysis was based on a framework for studying five implementation components and five actors’ attitudes usually encountered in these policies.ResultsThe analysis of the implementation components revealed: a majority of State financing; maintenance of centrally organized financing; a multiplicity of reimbursement methods; reimbursement delays and/or stock shortages; almost no implementation guides; a lack of support measures; communication plans that were rarely carried out, funded or renewed; health workers who were given general information but not details; poorly informed populations; almost no evaluation systems; ineffective and poorly funded coordination systems; low levels of community involvement; and incomplete referral-evacuation systems. With regard to actors’ attitudes, the analysis revealed: objectives that were appreciated by everyone; dissatisfaction with the implementation; specific tensions between healthcare providers and patients; overall satisfaction among patients, but still some problems; the perception that while the financial barrier has been removed, other barriers persist; occasionally a reorganization of practices, service rationing due to lack of reimbursement, and some overcharging or shifting of resources.ConclusionsThis transversal analysis confirms the need to assign a great deal of importance to the implementation of user fees exemption policies once these decisions have been taken. It also highlights some practices that suggest avenues of future research.

Production locale des antisérums de groupe sanguin ABO

Summary In anticipation of experimental preparation of reagents for in vitro analysis, a pilot study was conducted at the department of radioimmunoassay kits production in collaboration with the National program of blood transfusion (PNTS) focused on the local production of polyclonal antisera anti-A and anti-B by immunization of living rabbits. This production of polyclonal antisera is an important alternative to the manufacture of sera-based assays of monoclonal antibodies obtained by hybridoma technology, expensive for our country and requiring specially trained personnel. The polyclonal antisera (anti-A and anti-B) produced in our laboratory respectively recognized the blood group antigens A and B and met the requirements and characteristics related to the preparation of reagents ABO blood group. However, a low reactivity of the antiserum anti-A was observed in vitro. This lack could be overcome by associating the techniques of neutral salt concentration of ammonium sulfate and column purification using G protein to improve significantly the analytical quality and macroscopic antisera produced locally. This study deserves to alleviate the problems of shortage of stock due to limited financial resources of our country and to ensure a permanent self-sufficiency in primary medical testing reagents commonly used for determination of ABO blood groups according to the method of Beth-Vincent in saline.

An economic production quantity model with a positive resetup point under random demand

In this paper, an extended economic production quantity (EPQ) model is investigated, where demand follows a random process. This study is motivated by an industrial case for precision machine assembly in the machinery industry. Both a positive resetup point s and a fixed lot size Q are implemented in this production control policy. To cope with random demand, a resetup point, i.e., the lowest inventory level to start the production, is adapted to minimize stock shortage during the replenishment cycle. The considered cost includes setup cost, inventory carrying cost, and shortage cost, where shortage may occur at the production stage and/or at the end of one replenishment cycle. Under some mild conditions, the expected cost per unit time can be shown to be convex with respect to decision parameters s and Q. Further computational study has demonstrated that the proposed model outperforms the classical EPQ when demand is random. In particular, a positive resetup point contributes to a significant portion of this cost savings when compared with that in the classical lot sizing policy.

Improving health in developing countries: reducing complexity of drug supply chains

Purpose – Uganda is one of many African countries struggling to develop adequate healthcare, particularly in regard to local treatment and access to drugs. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of how reducing supply‐chain complexity can improve health in developing countries.Design/methodology/approach – This study and evaluation included 50 interviews and 27 site visits of the public healthcare system in Karamoja, northeast Uganda. A mapping of drug‐supply chains was undertaken to identify causes of stock shortages and possible solutions. A model for logistics process redesign was used for the analysis. Results were quantified with use of a simple tool developed for this specific purpose.Findings – The main conclusion is that less supply‐chain complexity can produce higher customer service in terms of less stock shortages, while keeping costs down. By reducing lead times and uncertainty, increasing order frequencies, and moving order points and safety stocks, there may be bette...

Discovering Niche Market: Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Organic Pork

With the concern for environmental quality and food safety, organic food products are becoming more important in the global market. In recent years the organic food industry has been expanding and sales of organic products have been increasing. Abundant studies have been done focusing on organic fruits and vegetables which focused on the shortage of organic live stocks. In this paper we focus our attention on organic pork products. Using a sample of 400 Thais consumers, this study proposes the contingent valuation (CV) technique to measure the willingness of individuals to pay a price premium for organic pork in Thailand. In order to obtain the mean ”willingness to pay” (WTP), a bivariate probit model was applied to provide information about the crucial variables that affect the WTP. The study revealed that variables that better approximate WTP are based on the lifestyle and knowledge about organic foods rather than the usual socioeconomic factors. The mean WTP on the premium price for organic pork is approximately 34.30 Bath per kg. In order to access the market potential this study shows that the suitable attributes of organic pork which is consistent with consumer preferences are composed of modernized and environmental packaging with special product details. Marketing this product to the buyer it should be set at a reasonable price. Stimulating the market should be done by doing sales promotion and public relations on a regularly basis. In addition, organic pork should be available in any places and convenient for customers to buy.

Manejo da dor e dificuldades relatadas pela equipe de enfermagem na administração de opióides

O estudo teve como objetivos identificar a intensidade mínima de dor auto-relatada necessária para que técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem iniciem a terapêutica analgésica farmacológica, se esses profissionais avaliam a dor no período pós-procedimento, e quais as dificuldades que encontram para a administração de analgésicos. Estudo quantitativo, exploratório, realizado em um Hospital Universitário no norte do Paraná. Participaram 188 técnicos/auxiliares de enfermagem. Como resultados, 58,4% dos profissionais administram analgésicos diante do relato de dor leve, 39% de dor moderada e 2,6% de dor intensa. 85% dos profissionais avaliam a dor após a administração do analgésico. As dificuldades na administração referem-se à ausência de prescrição de analgésicos (65%) e a falta destes na farmácia (19%). O medo da dependência de opióides foi relatado por 76% participantes. Sugere-se que os pacientes tenham recebido uma analgesia insuficiente, o que propicia aumento do sofrimento no doente com dor. Descritores: Dor; Analgesia; Morfina; Cuidados de Enfermagem; Analgésicos Opióides.

Production risk management system with demand probability distribution

As market globalization has changed the nature of their business, the types of products are multiplied by customizing in order to seize each market segment. Moreover, model lifecycle have been shortened by releasing new models for stimulating customers. That makes it difficult to control the proper timing and volume of the product supply. Manufactures face the overstock risks and stock shortage risks. Each product needs its customized supply control to keep profitability. This study proposes a reproduction decision support system that measures demand risks through a sales forecasting method. This system gives manufactures the proper volume and timing guidance for daily reproduction of products. The system is applied to the case of a Japanese publisher. A three-month operational test of the system proved it able to provide the optimized supply volume options based on manufacturer’s decision strategies. The ratio of surplus stock decreased from 40% to 34% as a result.

Securing the supply chain

Summary Medicines are distributed through a complex supply chain which may be disrupted anywhere from manufacturing to dispensing. Factors that contribute to unanticipated shortages of medicines include manufacturing causes, logistical failures and unexpected or unpredictable disease outbreaks. Additionally, in the postmarketing environment unexpected safety signals may require recall of batches, with a consequential scarcity of remaining supplies at short notice. early identification of potential stock shortages and early engagement with the Therapeutic Goods Administration will facilitate a coordinated response in managing interruptions or changes to patient care. Pharmaceutical companies and the Therapeutic Goods

An inter-temporal resource emergency management model

One of the most important ways for promoting the service level during emergency management in public sectors is through enhancing management of strategic resources. From the perspective of vertical integration of operational process in emergency management, emergency resources can be classified as those resources used during the response period as well as those resources that are consumed during the recovery period. An inter-temporal integrated single-period resource model for solving optimal order quantity is proposed that meets the characteristics during the demand for the recovery resources depending on the stock shortage of the response resources. In the light of the classification of the dependent relationship of the two kinds of resources, namely deterministic or stochastic, the research investigates the analytical properties of the model, based on which, a genetic algorithm-based simulation approach is proposed. Finally, a real case with numerical example is provided to assess and validate our model, as well as managerial insights are obtained through key parameters sensitivity analysis.

Commitment-penalty contracts in drop-shipping supply chains with asymmetric demand information

We study a drop-shipping supply chain in which the retailer receives a customer’s order and the supplier fills it. In such a chain, the supplier keeps inventory and bears inventory risks; the retailer focuses on marketing and customer acquisition, and forwards the orders to the supplier. The retailer usually has better customer demand information, and may send an over-estimated demand forecast to maximize her own interest, which may result in overstock for the supplier. On the other hand, since the retailer does not own inventory, the main concern of the retailer is that the acquired orders may not be fulfilled because of the supplier’s shortage of stock. To cope with these challenges, we propose a menu of commitment-penalty contracts that can provide greater certainty of demand as well as greater certainty of supply. We focus our study in the asymmetric demand information case and we show that the supplier can obtain the retailer’s demand information by offering a menu of commitment-penalty contracts. Under this mechanism, we find the solution that maximizes the supplier’s expected profit.

The Accelerated Child Survival and Development programme in west Africa: a retrospective evaluation

UNICEF implemented the Accelerated Child Survival and Development (ACSD) programme in 11 west African countries between 2001 and 2005 to reduce child mortality by at least 25% by the end of 2006. We undertook a retrospective evaluation of the programme in Benin, Ghana, and Mali. We used data from Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys to compare changes in coverage for 14 ACSD interventions, nutritional status (stunting and wasting), and mortality in children younger than 5 years in the ACSD focus districts with those in the remainder of every country (comparison areas), after excluding major metropolitan areas. Mortality in children younger than 5 years decreased in ACSD areas by 13% in Benin (absolute decrease 18 deaths per 1000 livebirths, p=0.12), 20% in Ghana (21 per 1000 livebirths, p=0.10), and 24% in Mali (63 per 1000 livebirths, p<0.0001), but these decreases were not greater than those in comparison areas in Benin (25%; absolute decrease 36 deaths per 1000 livebirths, p=0.15) or Mali (31%; 76 per 1000 livebirths, p=0.30; comparison data not available for Ghana). ACSD districts showed significantly greater increases than did comparison areas in coverage for preventive interventions delivered through outreach and campaign strategies in Ghana and Mali, but not Benin. Coverage in ACSD areas for correct treatment of childhood pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria did not differ significantly from before to after programme implementation in Benin and Mali, but decreased significantly in Ghana for malaria (from 78% to 53%, p<0.0001) and diarrhoea (from 39% to 28%, p=0.05). We recorded no significant improvements in nutritional status attributable to ACSD in the three countries. The ACSD project did not accelerate child survival in Benin and Mali focus districts relative to comparison areas, probably because coverage for effective treatment interventions for malaria and pneumonia were not accelerated, causes of neonatal deaths and undernutrition were not addressed, and stock shortages of insecticide-treated nets restricted the potential effect of this intervention. Changes in policy and nationwide programme strengthening may have benefited from inputs by UNICEF and other partners, making an acceleration effect in the ACSD focus districts difficult to capture. UNICEF, Canadian International Development Agency, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior (Brazil), and Fulbright Fellowship.

Assessing the scale-up of child survival interventions

Two-thirds of the world's deaths in children younger than 5 years of age could be avoided by the implementation of known technologies. 1 Jones G Steketee RW Black RE Bhutta ZA Morris SS the Bellagio Child Survival Study GroupHow many child deaths can we prevent this year?. Lancet. 2003; 362: 65-71 Google Scholar Scaling up evidence-based interventions could therefore accelerate reductions in mortality beyond secular trends driven by socioeconomic development. 2 Schell CO Reilly M Rosling H Peterson S Ekström AM Socioeconomic determinants of infant mortality: a worldwide study of 152 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Scand J Public Health. 2007; 35: 288-297 Google Scholar , 3 GapminderUnveiling the beauty of statistics for a fact based world view. http://www.gapminder.org Google Scholar UNICEF's large Accelerated Child Survival and Development (ACSD) programme in west Africa set out to scale up evidence-based interventions in 11 countries between 2001 and 2005, spending some US$27 million in the process. Three implementation packages, two preventive and one curative, were supported through health-facility-based, outreach, and community approaches. In The Lancet today, Jennifer Bryce and colleagues 4 Bryce J Gilroy K Jones G Hazel E Black RE Victora CG The Accelerated Child Survival and Development programme in west Africa: a retrospective evaluation. Lancet. 2010; (published online Jan 12.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62060-2 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (67) Google Scholar present a large careful assessment of the programme in three countries. Using a retrospective design, the investigators found that vertically delivered preventive interventions for expanded immunisation and antenatal care showed improved coverage over time in ACSD focus districts compared with results in comparison areas, whereas health-systems-dependent curative care for children with malaria and pneumonia did not. Mortality decreased over the study period, but decreases in ACSD focus districts were not greater than were those in comparison areas. Evaluation: the top priority for global healthThis week, The Lancet publishes a UNICEF-commissioned evaluation of its Accelerated Child Survival and Development programme. The news is mixed. The results of this evaluation do not match with the extravagant claims UNICEF made about the programme in 2005, but show potential for advantages if sufficient resources are directed to interventions addressing the major causes of death. Full-Text PDF The Accelerated Child Survival and Development programme in west Africa: a retrospective evaluationThe ACSD project did not accelerate child survival in Benin and Mali focus districts relative to comparison areas, probably because coverage for effective treatment interventions for malaria and pneumonia were not accelerated, causes of neonatal deaths and undernutrition were not addressed, and stock shortages of insecticide-treated nets restricted the potential effect of this intervention. Changes in policy and nationwide programme strengthening may have benefited from inputs by UNICEF and other partners, making an acceleration effect in the ACSD focus districts difficult to capture. Full-Text PDF

Monopoly centrálních bank a emise peněz

The article deals with the role of the central banks in advanced market economies and the theoretical possibility of abolishing these institutions. Central banks have monopolies in some areas, especially regarding monetary policy. In many countries, central banks also have monopolies in other areas, for example in the payment and clearing transactions for banks and the state. In the context of the financial crises, there have been calls for the abolition of central banks and the restoration of money fully-backed by gold and issued by different subjects. The main reasoning behind these requests is connected with the accusation that central banks have been the basic culprits in the current crisis, because of their monopoly of the issuing money. This argument fails to recognize that central banks do not have a monopoly in issuing money as the dominant share of the money creation is attached with the process of multiplication of demand deposits by commercial banks. Restoration of the money backed by gold is furthermore completely unrealistic. The article discusses the shortage of gold stock as one of many reasons why gold is not suitable for monetary purposes.

Optimizing Inventory Using Genetic Algorithm for Efficient Supply Chain Management

Problem statement: Today, inventory management is considered to be an important field in Supply chain management. Once the efficient and effective management of inventory is carried out throughout the supply chain, service provided to the customer ultimately gets enhanced. Hence, to ensure minimal cost for the supply chain, the determination of the level of inventory to be held at various levels in a supply chain is unavoidable. Minimizing the total supply chain cost refers to the reduction of holding and shortage cost in the entire supply chain. Efficient inventory management is a complex process which entails the management of the inventory in the whole supply chain and getting the final solution as an optimal one. In other words, during the process of supply chain management, the stock level at each member of the supply chain should account to minimum total supply chain cost. The dynamic nature of the excess stock level and shortage level over all the periods is a serious issue when implementation was considered. In addition, consideration of multiple products leads to very complex inventory management process. The complexity of the problem increases when more distribution centers and agents were involved. Approach: In present research, the issues of inventory management had been focused and a novel approach based on genetic algorithm had been proposed in which the most probable excess stock level and shortage level required for inventory optimization in the supply chain is distinctively determined so as to achieve minimum total supply chain cost. Results: The analysis provided us with an inventory level that made a remarkable contribution towards the increase of supply chain cost. We predicted the optimal inventory levels in all the supply chain members with the aid of these levels. Conclusion: We concluded that it is possible to minimize the supply chain cost by maintaining the optimal stock levels that we predicted from the inventory analysis. This will make the inventory management further effective and efficient thereby enhancing the customer servicing levels.

The multi-item capacitated lot-sizing problem with safety stocks and demand shortage costs

We address a multi-item capacitated lot-sizing problem with setup times, safety stock and demand shortages. Demand cannot be backlogged, but can be totally or partially lost. Safety stock is an objective to reach rather than an industrial constraint to respect. The problem is np-hard. We propose a Lagrangian relaxation of the resource capacity constraints. We develop a dynamic programming algorithm to solve the induced sub-problems. An upper bound is also proposed using a Lagrangian heuristic with several smoothing algorithms. Some experimental results showing the effectiveness of the approach are reported.