Stepwise Decrease Research Articles

Lipoprotein(a) and prothrombotic effects: Evidence from a genetic association study.

Lipoprotein(a) and prothrombotic effects: Evidence from a genetic association study.

Abstract 5066: Single-cell characterization of airway field alterations in patients with lung squamous premalignant lesions

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and there is a critical need for early detection strategies to reduce its burden. In high-risk individuals, low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces lung cancer mortality by detecting cancer at earlier stages. Gene expression obtained from bronchial and nasal brushings effectively discriminates benign from malignant lung nodules detected via LDCT. Lung premalignant lesions (PMLs), precursors to cancer, represent an opportunity for further mortality reduction, but detection methods remain underexplored. This study uses single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate molecular and cellular alterations in the airway field of patients with PMLs. Endobronchial biopsies from lung sites with suspect PMLs and bronchial and nasal brushes from normal-appearing epithelium were collected from high-risk patients (n=46). Epithelial and immune cells were profiled using scRNA-seq via the CEL-Seq2 protocol (n=9405 biopsy, n=3416 bronchial brush, and n=2002 nasal brush cells). Cell and gene clustering were performed via Celda. Co-expressed gene modules and cell-type abundance differences by sample type, smoking status, and lesion histology were identified with differential composition analysis and linear mixed models. Gene module associations with phenotypes were validated in independent bronchial brushes profiled by bulk mRNA-seq (n=89 samples, n=30 patients). Clustering of epithelial cells (40 cell clusters, 70 gene modules) showed nasal brushes are enriched in cells from 9 cell clusters (p<0.001) with high expression of detoxification and mucous production gene modules. Nine gene modules associated with smoking status (p<0.001) across sample types were enriched for xenobiotic metabolism genes. The effect of smoking on these gene modules was strongest in bronchial biopsy samples, decreased in bronchial brushes and weakest in nasal brushes. This stepwise decrease was significant for each pairwise comparison (p <= 0.001). Five basal cell clusters enriched with carcinoma in situ lesion or tumor cells (termed high-grade basal cells) expressed 7 gene modules linked to keratinization and inflammation (p<0.01). Cells from a bronchial brush sample clustered with high-grade basal cells. The expression of a gene module upregulated in high-grade basal cells was associated with the worst lesion histology sampled during the procedure (p=0.006) in bronchial brushes profiled by bulk RNA-seq. This study identifies smoking and lesion severity associated molecular and cellular alterations in the airway fields of patients with PMLs. These findings suggest that airway field brushings may be useful in detecting the presence of high-grade PMLs. Citation Format: Regan D. Conrad, Conor Shea, Lukas Kalinke, Kitty De Jong, Sherry Zhang, Zhihan Li, Gang Liu, Erin Kane, Emily Siedlecki, Kelsey Simon, Kate E. Otter, Kate Gowers, Mark Hennon, Sai Yendamuri, Steven Dubinett, Avrum Spira, Mary Reid, Sam Janes, Marc Lenburg, Sarah Mazzilli, Joshua Campbell, Jennifer Beane. Single-cell characterization of airway field alterations in patients with lung squamous premalignant lesions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 5066.

MSEPT9 performs better than CEA in NAT response and MRD assessment and recurrence prediction of stage III CRC.

This study aimed to investigate the capability of methylated SEPT9 (mSEPT9) assay in assessing the neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) response,the minimal residual disease (MRD) and predicting the recurrence of stage III colorectal cancer (CRC). We prospectively recruited 124 stage III CRC patients. All patients received pre-surgical NAT and subsequent curative surgery, and were followed up to 627 days. Blood samples were collected before NAT, after NAT and after surgery. Measurements of mSEPT9 and CEA were performed. mSEPT9 exhibited a positive detection rate (PDR) of 82.6% for stage III CRC, significantly higher than that of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (60.3%,p < 0.001). The levels of mSEPT9 and CEA significantly decreased after NAT. This can be observed for patients with complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and tumor regression grade (TRG) 1-3 in mSEPT9 and patients with PR, SD and TRG 2-3 in CEA. Stepwise percentage decrease of marker levels was more prominent in mSEPT9 than in CEA following NAT and surgical treatment. Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested that mSEPT9 significantly stratified the patient recurrence-free survival(RFS) before NAT, after NAT and after surgery. In contrast, CEA significantly stratified RFS after NAT and after surgery, while CEA levels before NAT did not significantly stratify RFS. mSEPT9 exhibits better applicability than CEA in assessment in terms of patient coverage, sensitivity and the pre-NAT recurrence prediction.

Money Matters: The Effect of Income on Postsurgical Outcomes in Stage IA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Treatment of non-smallcell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains challenging; 5-year survival is as low as 24% for resectable disease. However, the outlook for stage IA NSCLC is favorable, with 5-year survival exceeding 74% and with surgery often being curative. Despite this positive prognosis, low socioeconomic status has been shown to correlate with nonstandard treatment and worse overall survival specifically in stage IA. This study sought to examine income-based disparities in postsurgical survival which has yet to be discussed in the current literature. The National Cancer Database was retrospectively queried from 2004 to 2017 to identify patients with pathological stage IA NSCLC following surgical resection; survival/patient characteristics were analyzed by income quartiles and eras (2004-2007, 2008-2012, and 2013-2017). Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariable Cox hazard modeling were used to estimate survival and construct hazard ratios, respectively. Inclusion criteria identified 138,219 patients. Overall, a stepwise decrease in 5-year survival was observed as income quartile decreased (Q4: 72.0%; Q3: 67.8%; Q2: 66.1%; Q1: 64.2%). Hazard modeling implicated income level as an independent predictor of mortality; patients of the lowest income quartile exhibited a hazard ratio of 1.26 (95% confidence interval 1.21-1.31; p < 0.001) relative to the highest. Although overall survival increased within each income quartile over consecutive eras, income-based survival disparities continued to be observed. Lower-income patients with stage IA NSCLC display elevated mortality risk over 5 years than higher-income patients despite receiving potentially curative surgery, with income being an independent risk-factor. This difference may also be attributed to stacked risk-factors in lower-income patients.

Positive correlations in susceptibility to a diverse panel of viruses across Drosophilidae host species.

Our ability to predict the emergence of novel viruses relies on there being generalisable patterns in the susceptibilities of hosts to novel infections. Studies investigating variation in susceptibility among host species have consistently shown that closely related hosts share similar susceptibilities to a given virus. However, the extent to which such phylogenetic patterns of susceptibility are correlated amongst diverse sets of viruses is unclear. Here, we investigate phylogenetic correlations in susceptibility among Drosophilidae hosts to a panel of eleven different invertebrate viruses, comprising seven unique virus species, six unique families, and both RNA and DNA viruses. The susceptibility of hosts to each pair of viruses tested was either positively correlated across host species or did not show evidence of correlation. No negative correlations, indicative of evolutionary trade-offs in host susceptibility to different viruses, were detected between any virus pairs. The strength of correlations were generally higher in viruses of the same species and family, consistent with virus phylogenetic patterns in host infectivity. Our results suggest that generalised host susceptibility can result in positive correlations, even between highly diverged viruses, while specialised interactions with individual viruses cause a stepwise decrease in correlation strength between viruses from the within-species, to the within-family, to the across-family level.

The impact of age at surgery on short-term outcomes and readmissions following open reduction internal fixation for distal radius fractures.

The impact of age at surgery on short-term outcomes and readmissions following open reduction internal fixation for distal radius fractures.

Pallidal and motor cortical interactions determine gait initiation dynamics in Parkinson's disease.

Gait initiation is a fundamental human task, requiring one or more anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) prior to stepping. Deviations in amplitude and timing of APAs exist in Parkinson's disease (PD), causing dysfunctional postural control which increases the risk of falls. The motor cortex and basal ganglia have been implicated in the regulation of postural control, however, their dynamics during gait initiation, relationship to APA metrics, and response to pharmacotherapy such as levodopa are unknown. To address these questions, we streamed electrocorticography (ECoG) potentials from the premotor and primary motor cortices, as well as local field potentials (LFPs) from the globus pallidus in five people with PD exhibiting gait and balance dysfunction during a cued gait initiation task. Amplitude and timing of APA were evaluated with force plates and synchronized to the neural data. Subjects performed gait initiation trials under ON and LOW levodopa conditions to assess effects of medication on APA metrics and underlying neural dynamics. All subjects demonstrated pallidal and cortical oscillatory changes during different phases of gait initiation. Grouped analysis revealed that from quiet standing to the first foot step, pallidal beta power showed stepwise decrease and broadband gamma power increases, whereas cortical potentials showed low frequency (theta, alpha, beta) power decrease during gait initiation, regardless of medication state. The pallidum and motor cortices also became increasingly coherent during gait initiation compared to quiet standing prior to APA onset. Using linear mixed models, we found that while pallidal gamma powers are predictive of APA scaling, pallidal-cortical coherence (theta, alpha, beta) and premotor-M1 gamma coherence are predictive of APA timing. Our study is the first detailed characterization of basal-ganglia cortical circuit dynamics during human gait initiation. We identified significant pallidal motor cortical power and coherence changes that underlie the amplitude and timing of APA which appear to be independent of medication states of the study subjects. Our results provide evidence for a model where synchronized premotor and motor cortical activities transiently couple with the globus pallidus to regulate the timing of postural responses, and local pallidal activity regulate the amplitude of postural changes during gait initiation. It suggests that abnormal pallidal outflow and synchronization between the pallidum and motor cortices may be a pathophysiological mechanism underlying disordered postural response in Parkinson's disease.

The onset of continental weathering recorded in Archean banded iron formations

Early landmass emergence impacted marine chemistry and biosphere evolution by supplying nutrients through continental weathering. However, uncertainties persist regarding the timing of emergence and onset of early continental weathering. We present a compilation of germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) in banded iron formations (BIFs) to assess Archean weathering. By leveraging the inverse correlation between Ge/Si ratios and Si contents in BIFs, we interpolate the evolution of Archean seawater Ge/Si for the first time. Our analyses reveal a stepwise decrease in Ge/Si, from near-hydrothermal values to those resembling continental input, at ca. 3.5 Ga. Based on a Ge-Si mass balance model, we propose that this shift is attributable to increased riverine fluxes, coinciding with the rapid emergence of continental crust. Significantly, this implies that two crucial prerequisites for the establishment of a marine biosphere were fulfilled in the early Archean: (1) the presence of marginal marine environments suitable for benthic and planktonic communities; and (2) a supply of terrestrially sourced nutrients.

The Ladder of Inference as a tool to reduce implicit bias in pediatric clinical practice.

Implicit bias in healthcare professionals is a widespread phenomenon that leads to worse healthcare outcomes for marginalized patient populations. One tool that can help providers identify when biases are impacting the clinical care they are providing and enable them to take corrective action in real time is the "Ladder of Inference" (LOI). The LOI is an instrument that elucidates the process by which we take in information about another person, filter that data through our own interests, needs, perspectives and biases, and then use it to draw conclusions about the individual. These conclusions are often profoundly inaccurate, yet we then act upon them. Thus, we propose the LOI as an "implicit bias detection tool" for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) clinical practice. We demonstrate on two common NICU cases how utilizing the LOI can uncover mechanisms by which positive and negative feedback loops secondary to unregulated implicit bias lead to a stepwise increase or decrease in the quality of care. As the cases demonstrate, the subtle differences in individual steps up the ladder can lead to care differences of a large magnitude in either direction, hugely positive or detrimentally negative. This shift in the quality of care, then, may contribute to the significant neonatal outcome disparities in infants from minoritized groups. Using the LOI as a practical tool, we demonstrate how it becomes possible to detect one's own implicit biases and thus to consciously monitor the inferences we are making about patients and their families in order to counteract them.

Abstract 4140656: Educational Attainment Level and Risk of Mortality and Cardiopulmonary Outcomes in High-Risk Cardiovascular Disease Patients: The INVESTED Trial

Background: Social determinants, such as educational attainment level (EAL), are indicators of socioeconomic status and have been shown to be inversely related with adverse health outcomes. However, the association between EAL and risk of cardio-pulmonary events in heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (MI) survivors has not been extensively investigated. Methods: In the INVESTED trial, 5260 patients from the US and Canada with recent HF or MI hospitalization were randomized 1:1 to high-dose trivalent or standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine from Sep 2016 to Jan 2019. We examined the association between EAL and risk of adverse clinical outcomes for each participant across all enrolling seasons using Cox models adjusted for treatment assignment and clinically relevant confounders and stratified by trial entry year. Participants were categorized by EAL (high school or less [HS], post-high school or trade [post-HS/T], and college or more [Col+]). Results: Of the 4,912 participants (mean age: 65.5 years, 28% females, 80% White, 39% with MI and 61% with HF hospitalization as qualifying event) with EAL information, 43% were in the HS group, 28% were in the post-HS/T group, and 29% were in the Col+ group. At baseline, those with higher EAL were more likely to be White or Asian, be married/with long-term partner, have higher left ventricular ejection fraction, have lower NYHA class, and less likely to have cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors than those with lower EAL. During follow-up (median: 9 months [6-16]), 1,706 (35%) participants experienced the composite of all-cause death or cardiopulmonary hospitalization. Compared to HS, higher EAL was associated with a stepwise decrease in the risk of the composite outcome (post-HS/T: HR: 0.88 95%CI: [0.79-0.99]; Col+: HR: 0.71 95%CI: [0.63-0.81], overall p-value &lt;0.001). A similar protective effect of higher EAL was observed for additional adverse clinical outcomes (Figure). Conclusion: High EAL is independently associated with a decreased risk of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with high-risk cardiovascular disease, highlighting the need to consider EAL in risk assessment and target additional resources towards those with low EAL to improve prognosis.

Abstract 4138985: Prescription Pattern, Medication Burden, and Transplant-Free Survival in the Adult Fontan Population

Introduction: There are limited data on the medications taken by patients with Fontan circulation in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) clinics. Research Questions/Hypothesis: We aim to describe the type and frequency of medications prescribed to adults with Fontan circulation and hypothesize that patients with higher medication burden have worse outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults with Fontan circulation followed in an outpatient ACHD clinic between 2009 and 2023. Demographics, clinical variables, and all prescribed outpatient cardiac medications were abstracted. The outcome of interest was transplant-free survival. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of medication type and burden on survival. Results: There were 429 patients (55.2% male, 72.5% White, 49.7% systemic left ventricle) with median age 29 years (IQR 25-35) at last visit. The commonly prescribed medication classes were antiplatelet agents (74.6%) followed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (59.0%), beta blockers (44.8%), anticoagulants (44.0%), loop diuretics (39.6%), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) (31.5%), antiarrhythmics (19.6%), and pulmonary vasodilators (16.1%). There were a smaller number of patients prescribed sacubitril-valsartan (0.9%) and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (1.9%). Being prescribed loop diuretics, antiarrhythmics, pulmonary vasodilators, or MRA was associated with decreased transplant-free survival (Table). There is a stepwise decrease in transplant-free survival with increasing number of cardiac medication classes prescribed (Figure). Conclusions: We report one of the first large-scale studies of prescription patterns in adult patients with Fontan circulation in a single ACHD clinic. We demonstrate an association between increasing number of medications with transplant-free survival.

Influence of diet nutrient density and a multicarbohydrase containing α-galactosidase on performance, carcass characteristics, breast myopathies, and nutrient utilization of broilers reared from 1 to 42 days of age

Influence of diet nutrient density and a multicarbohydrase containing α-galactosidase on performance, carcass characteristics, breast myopathies, and nutrient utilization of broilers reared from 1 to 42 days of age

National investigation of bisphenols in the surface soil in China

National investigation of bisphenols in the surface soil in China

Cross-scale study of heat transfer performance in metal rubber with complex topological structures

Cross-scale study of heat transfer performance in metal rubber with complex topological structures

Modifiable risk factors and incident cardiovascular events in gout patients

Abstract Background Gout is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular events. However, it remains uncertain whether achieving the control targets for risk factors can attenuate this risk. This study evaluated the association between the attainment of targeted seven risk factors and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACCE) among patients with gout. Methods From the UK Biobank database, we analyzed data from participants diagnosed with gout at baseline (2006-2010). These individuals were followed to monitor the incidence of MACCE. Gout patients were stratified based on the achievement of seven predefined risk factor targets at baseline: body mass index 18.5-24.9, adherence to a high-quality diet, engagement in regular exercise, non-smoking status, abstention from alcohol, hemoglobin A1c &amp;lt;48 mmol/mol, and serum urate &amp;lt; 360 μmol/L. The primary outcome was the incidence of MACCE, encompassing all-cause death, stroke, or myocardial infarction. Cox model was used to identify independent predictors of MACCE. Results After a median follow-up of 14.1 years, 1,318 of 6,273 gout patients developed MACCE. Among individuals with gout, the risk of MACCE decreased stepwise with the number of optimally managed modifiable risk factors. For participants exhibiting 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 optimal modifiable factors, the hazard ratios (HRs) were 0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26-0.58), 0.30 (95%CI: 0.20-0.44), 0.28 (95%CI: 0.19-0.41), and 0.24 (95%CI: 0.16-0.36) respectively, showing a significant trend towards risk reduction (Ptrend &amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion Among individuals with gout, there is a stepwise decrease in the risk of MACCE with every additional risk factor that is optimally controlled.Study flowStratified analysis for adjusted HRs

Echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular performance in VA-ECMO weaning: results from a observational monocentric prospective study

Abstract Background Although temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices are increasingly used in the management of cardiogenic shock (CS), several open question regarding the kind of support and timing of institution/weaning remains open. Echocardiography is widely applied to drive the weaning process and decision although there are no standardized protocols for the trial nor accordance on the parameters to apply. Purpose We sought to evaluate the overall accuracy of echocardiographic indices in predicting successful weaning from VA ECMO in patients with CS. Specifically, we tested total isovolumic time (tIVT), an index of ventricular performance, and longitudinal function (MAPSE) on top of the commonly used parameters (left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF; left ventricular velocity time integral, LV VTI; TAPSE; right ventricular S’ at tissue Doppler imaging, RV S’). Methods Monocentric prospective study on adults receiving VA-ECMO due to refractory CS and/or cardiac arrest (CA) from 2012 to 2020. Echocardiography was performed at VA-ECMO placement and during the weaning trials. Weaning trials were performed daily, starting 48 hours after VA-ECMO institution, when patients were hemodynamically stable: mean arterial pressure &amp;gt;65 mmHg, no or minimum adrenergic support (vasoactive inotropic score &amp;lt;10), heart rate &amp;lt;110 bpm, lactate &amp;lt;2 mmol/L, and no signs of respiratory distress. Weaning trials were performed with a stepwise decrease of VA-ECMO blood flow until reaching 1 or 1.5 L/min under adequate anticoagulation. Successful weaning was defined as removal of VA-ECMO with no requirement for further MCS in the following 30 days. Results 76 patients were enrolled (23.8% female, 54.2±10.6 years-old), 52.6% due to CA. Median duration of VA-ECMO was 58 hours; 47 (61.8%) had intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) inserted upfront. In-hospital mortality was 62.4% overall, 40% for CS without CA. 6 of the 32 weaned patients died for multiorgan failure due to septic shock. The baseline echocardiographic parameters associated with successful weaning were (table): stroke volume &amp;gt;13.9 mL (p 0.002), tIVT &amp;gt;23.6 min/sec (p 0.053), LV VTI &amp;gt;6.6 cm (p&amp;lt;0.001), MAPSE &amp;gt;6.15 mm (p 0.001), TAPSE &amp;gt;11 mm (p 0.023), RV S’ &amp;gt;10 cm/s (p 0.012). LVEF did not reach the statistical significance. Figure shows Kaplan-Meier analysis on echocardiographic indices collected at time of cannulation (panel A) and during the last weaning trial (panel B). Conclusions Echocardiography is pivotal in defining cardiac recovery and monitoring the weaning trial. Indices reflecting ventricular performance and delivered flow from LV were associated with weaning success both at VA-ECMO institution and throughout the weaning trials. Considering the known limitations of LVEF (heart rate, loading and left ventricular dyssynchrony dependence), tIVT and MAPSE should be introduced in the standard evaluation of patients in the acute setting.TableFigure

Temporal changes in characteristics, incidence, and mortality in patients undergoing surgical intervention for mitral stenosis

To examine temporal changes in patient characteristics, the incidence rate of surgical intervention, and the three-year mortality rate for patients undergoing surgical intervention for mitral valve stenosis (MS) from 2001 to 2021 in Denmark. Utilizing Danish nationwide registries, we identified all adult patients undergoing first-time surgical intervention for MS (2001–2021). Temporal changes in the incidence rate of surgical intervention across calendar periods were investigated (2001–2005, 2006–2010, 2011–2015, and 2016–2021). Using Kaplan-Meier estimates, we computed temporal changes in three-year all-cause mortality across calendar periods. With multivariable Cox regression analysis, we assessed the adjusted rates of mortality. We included 256 patients (median age 60.3 years, 31.3% males). A stepwise decrease in the burden of chronic heart failure was identified (2001–2005: 54%, and 2016–2021: 20%, p-value < 0.001 for trend), while the burden of atrial fibrillation seemed stable (2001–2005: 51%, and 2016–2021: 46%, p-value = 0.27 for trend). The proportion of patients with rheumatic MS was 64% in 2001–2005 and 33% in 2016–2021, p-value < 0.001 for trend. 28 patients (10.9%) had mitral valve surgery prior to the first-time surgical intervention for MS. A stepwise decrease in the incidence rate of surgical intervention was observed: 3.3 cases per million person-years in 2001–2005 and 2.2 in 2016–2021. The incidence of patients diagnosed with first-time MS remained stable over calendar periods (2001–2005: 54.5 incidences per million person-years, and 2016–2021: 41.9, p-value = 0.46 for trend). The in-hospital mortality was 8.6% and the three-year mortality after surgical discharge was 9.0%, and we found no difference over calendar periods in either crude estimates or adjusted analysis. From nationwide data across three decades, we identified that the incidence of surgical interventiondecreased significantly within the past 20 years, while all-cause mortality remained stable. The burden of heart failure decreased, while the burden of atrial fibrillation remained stable over the study period.

Assessment of two diet types in reduced-crude protein diets with or without phytase supplementation – implications on key phenotypic responses in 21-day-old broiler chickens

ABSTRACT 1. Two concurrent experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of using the crude protein (CP) value of supplemental amino acids (AA) in formulating reduced-crude protein (RCP) diets. The RCP diets formulated without accounting for CP values of supplemental AA (RCPN) or otherwise (RCPY) or a positive control (PC) diet were fed without (Experiment 1) or with (Experiment 2) phytase. 2. Each experiment utilised 105 male broiler chicks. Birds were provided a common starter diet from d 0–7. On d 21, ileal digesta were collected from the distal half of the ileum. For mRNA expression analysis, tissues were collected from the mid-jejunum and the liver. Excreta grab samples were collected for analysis for N content. 3. In Experiment 1, there was a stepwise decrease (p < 0.01) in weight gain and excreta N for birds receiving PC, RCPN and RCPY diets. The coefficients of ileal digestibility of His, Leu, Phe and Trp were greater (p < 0.05) in birds that received RCPY rather than the PC diets. The relative mRNA expression of CAT1 was greater (p < 0.05) for birds that received the PC diet. 4. In Experiment 2, growth performance and excreta N were not different between the PC and RCPN diets, but weight gain, feed intake and excreta N were greater (p < 0.01) in birds receiving PC or RCPN diets. The coefficients of digestibility were greater (p < 0.01) in RCP than PC diets for Lys, Thr, Cys, Gly and Ser. The mRNA expression for S6kinase and PRKAβ2 was greater (p < 0.05) for birds fed RCPN compared to PC. 5. In conclusion, accounting for the N content of supplemental AA during feed formulation for RCP diets will influence the effect of CP reduction on growth performance and ileal amino acid digestibility.

Examining the Influence of the Route of Administration and Dose of Estradiol on Serum Estradiol and Testosterone Levels in Feminizing Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy

Examining the Influence of the Route of Administration and Dose of Estradiol on Serum Estradiol and Testosterone Levels in Feminizing Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy

Numerical study of the vortex-induced vibrations of a cantilevered pipe with a concentrated mass end using a wake oscillator model

Numerical study of the vortex-induced vibrations of a cantilevered pipe with a concentrated mass end using a wake oscillator model