Step Ladder Research Articles

Contributions of the extended ELISE and BATMAN Upgrade test facilities to the roadmap towards ITER NBI

ITER’s NBI systems are a first of its kind system with very challenging targets for the RF-driven ion source and the acceleration stage. In a step ladder approach, the ion source test facilities BATMAN Upgrade (BUG) and ELISE support the activities carried out at the Neutral Beam Test Facility, Padua, which is equipped with the ion source facility SPIDER and with MITICA being equivalent to the ITER Heating Neutral Beam injector (HNB), capable of operating at the full power and pulse length of the ITER HNBs. The contributions of the prototype ion source at BUG (1/8 scale) and the size scaling experiment ELISE (1/2 size ITER source) to the roadmap are manifold: for hydrogen operation the ion source performance is demonstrated in several sequential 1000 s pulses, whereas long pulse deuterium operation is limited by the heat load of the co-extracted electrons on the extraction grid. Measures like special magnetic filter field configurations or biasing of surfaces and improved Cs management are identified. Both facilities have recently been extended to full steady state compatibility and very first insights of the ion source performance with steady state extraction compared to the previously used beam blips (10 s extraction every 150 s) are already gained. A pulse length of 400 s, as required for the first deuterium campaigns at ITER, seems to be feasible soon, whereas the one hour pulse imposes the highest challenge to overcome. Investigations on beam divergence revealed a divergence at the upper limit of the acceptable value for the HNB. Measurements on the beam uniformity on the scale of beamlet groups and grid segments at ELISE demonstrated a uniformity of better than the required 90%. BUG and ELISE gave input to recent implementations at SPIDER; MITICA and ITER’s NBI. Still open points and challenges are addressed, for which a continuation of the step ladder approach is essential.

Step ladder VY advancement flap for lower eyelid reconstruction after resection eyelid malignant tumors

BackgroundIn oculoplastic surgery, reconstruction of a large defect after the removal of a massive malignant lower lid tumor still represents a unique challenge. We will report on this case, including a presentation of the case using step ladder V–Y advancement flap.MethodsDuring November 2018 to March 2023, five patients of lower eyelid malignant tumor had wide resection with safety margin and reconstructed using step ladder V–Y advancement flap. The flap was used step ladder V–Y advancement flap.ResultsNo complications, including ectropion deformity, occurred. This flap does not sacrifice healthy skin as seen with the cheek rotation flap, and the area of dissection is very small and can be performed in a short time.ConclusionsStep ladder V–Y advancement flap is highly useful in cases that require a reconstruction of a large defect after the removal of a massive malignant lower lid tumor from viewpoints of operating time, ease of procedure, aesthetics, and complications.

Minimal Approach to Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis Using the Japanese Step Ladder Technique: A New Technique in 2 Cases

Introduction: Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) refers to a pathological condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fat within the epidural space. It’s a rare but well-known condition, that is mostly associated with long-term corticosteroid therapy or elevation of endogenous steroids. Objectives: We aim to present a comprehensive account of our experience with SEL, while also introducing a novel technique and its outcomes. Our approach is informed by a rigorous review of the relevant literature. Results: We report 2 cases of lipomatosis seen in the neurosurgery department. The first was a case of SEL due to obesity, manifested by intermittent claudication. The second case followed a lumbar arthrodesis, with clinical signs associated with radiculopathy. Both patients were treated conservatively, with no improvement, after which we opted for surgical treatment. The postoperative evolution of the 2 cases was marked by regression of symptoms in both patients.

Risk factors contributing to weaning failure from continuous positive airway pressure to high flow nasal cannula in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome

Background Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is one of the most frequent causes of mortality and morbidity in neonates. High flow nasal canule (HFNC) is a step ladder modality of alternative oxygen therapy for weaning to reduce the workload of breathing and the need for intubation.
 Objective To identify the risk factors contributing to weaning failure from continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to HFNC in neonates with RDS.
 Methods This study was a retrospective observational study in neonates aged less than 36 weeks weighing less than 2500 grams who underwent CPAP to HFNC weaning from 2019 to 2021 in Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
 Results There were 108 patients included in this study. Our bivariate analysis found significant differences in gestational age, age at the start of weaning, body weight at the start of weaning, FiO2 levels, history of maternal chorioamnionitis, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), anemia, apnea of prematurity (AOP), and sepsis in neonates with RDS. Multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant factors were FiO2 levels of more than 25% at the start of weaning (OR11.16; 95%CI 1.83 to 63.12; P=0.009), anemia (OR 7.70; 95%CI 1.39 to 42.67; P=0.019), AOP (OR 19.64; 95%CI 4.27 to 90.35; P<0.001), and sepsis (OR 10.93; 95%CI 2.37 to 45.53; P=0.002)
 Conclusion FiO2 setting of more than 25% at the start of weaning, anemia, AOP, and sepsis produce a significant probability of HFNC weaning failure.

Evaluation of Different Regimens of Palliative Radiation Therapy for Symptomatic Bone Metastases: An Audit From a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jharkhand, India.

Background This study aimed to assess the efficacy of different radiation therapy regimens in treating patients with symptomatic bone metastases. Methodology A retrospective study was conducted by assigning patients with symptomatic bone metastases from different primary cancers into three groups, namely, Arms A, B, and C. The radiation dose delivered in each arm was as follows: 8 Gray (Gy) in a single fraction for Arm A, 20 Gy in five fractions at the rate of 4 Gy per fraction for Arm B, and 30 Gy in 10 fractions at the rate of 3 Gy per fraction for Arm C. Each arm consisted of 15 patients. A comparison was conducted across all three arms to evaluate pain relief based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), performance score improvement based on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), and analgesic requirement based on the World Health Organization (WHO) step ladder at one week, one month, and three months. Results The pain relief was measured using the VAS in three different arms, i.e., Arm A, B, and C. After one week, the pain relief was 66.67%, 60%, and 60%, respectively. After one month, it was 73.33% in all three arms. At three months, it was 80%, 86.67%, and 86.67%, respectively. The study also measured the improvement in the ECOG performance score. The improvement in all three arms was 60% after one week and 66.67% in Arm A and 73.33% in Arms B and C after one month. After three months, the improvement was 73.33%, 80%, and 80% in Arms A, B, and C, respectively. The decrease in analgesic usage was also measured in all three arms. After one week, it was 60% in all three arms. After one month, it was 66.67%, 73.33%, and 73.33% in Arms A, B, and C, respectively. At three months, it was 73.33%, 80%, and 80% in Arms A, B, and C, respectively. No significant statistical difference was found between the three arms. Conclusions The efficacy of a single 8 Gy arm was almost equivalent to that of other arms of multifractionated regimens in terms of improvement in pain and performance score and decreased use of analgesics for a short duration of follow-up. For high-volume cancer centers and patients with economic constraints, a single-fraction regime provides effective palliation for painful bone metastases.

Analisis Pengaruh Pemberian Latihan Two Step Ladder Drill Terhadap Agility Dan Speed

In futsal, players are required to always move quickly and control the ball in order to increase their chances of scoring goals in the opponent's goal. This requires good physical condition, especially in the components of endurance, strength, speed, agility, flexibility and coordination. However, according to the results of observations and observations of athletes in the 12 year old birth category at the Gresik Futsal School, they showed weaknesses in their physical condition, especially in agility and speed. So this research aims to analyze the effect of providing two step ladder drill training on agility and speed in 12 year old athletes at the Gresik Futsal School. This research is a quantitative research with an experimental approach involving 14 samples. Data collection was carried out using the pretest and posttest method, then a statistical test was carried out in the form of a paired T test. Through this statistical test, for both agility and speed, a p-value of 0.000 was obtained. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of providing two step ladder drill training on increasing agility and speed in Gresik Futsal School athletes born aged 12 years.

Addressing Ergonomics in Paddy Milling: Insights from RULA, Nordic Body Map, and Anthropometry

A majority of the rice milling process in Indonesia has been categorized as small and medium enterprises that rely heavily on human labor during their operations. Such activities put human operators at high ergonomic risks, particularly in relation to the onset of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to postural stress, repetitive exertions, and sustained or static exertions. Ignorance of these ergonomic risk factors is likely to cause permanent disabilities in the future. As such, this study aims to identify ergonomics risk factors in the milling rice process using both the subjective method by Nordic Body Map Questionnaire and the observation method through Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). The results show that all milling rice operators reported symptoms in their shoulders and low back pain. The final score of RULA was seven or very high risk, indicating that investigation and changes are required immediately. A redesign of the existing step ladder was proposed, developed by an anthropometry-based design approach. The proposed design is expected could reduce the score to 4 or medium risk level

Addressing Ergonomics in Paddy Milling: Insights from RULA, Nordic Body Map, and Anthropometry

A majority of the rice milling process in Indonesia has been categorized as small and medium enterprises that rely heavily on human labor during their operations. Such activities put human operators at high ergonomic risks, particularly in relation to the onset of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to postural stress, repetitive exertions, and sustained or static exertions. Ignorance of these ergonomic risk factors is likely to cause permanent disabilities in the future. As such, this study aims to identify ergonomics risk factors in the milling rice process using both the subjective method by Nordic Body Map Questionnaire and the observation method through Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). The results show that all milling rice operators reported symptoms in their shoulders and low back pain. The final score of RULA was seven or very high risk, indicating that investigation and changes are required immediately. A redesign of the existing step ladder was proposed, developed by an anthropometry-based design approach. The proposed design is expected could reduce the score to 4 or medium risk level

Pain and Palliative Management in Advanced Gastrointestinal Malignancies – How Are We Doing?

Aims: The aim of the study is to study the different methods and their efficacy in pain management in advanced gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Methods: The study included patients with advanced and inoperable GI malignancies. Demographic data, laboratory parameters and radiological investigations, baseline visual analog scale (VAS) score, and subjective global assessment (SGA) were recorded on the first contact along with details of medical, endoscopic, and palliative interventions as performed. Analgesic pain step ladder approach was followed for pain management. Follow-up to assess response was done using VAS score and SGA at the end of 3 months or death within this period. Results: Seventy-one patients were included. Most of them were elderly males. Out of 7 malignancies noted, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was the most common tumor (41; 57.8%). Thirty-five patients (49.3%) had vascular invasion, while 29 (40.8%) had metastatic cancer. The most common vascular invasion was the portal vein (29; 40.8%). The liver was the most common metastatic site (12; 16.9%). The baseline mean VAS score was 5.13 ± 2.38 and the highest was in carcinoma gallbladder patients (8.0 ± 2.0). Most patients were having baseline SGA rating B (69%). Tramadol was the most commonly used analgesic (35.22%) followed by a combination of tramadol and fentanyl (26.76%). The most common palliation was transarterial chemoembolization in HCC (80.5%) and biliary self-expandable metallic stent in carcinoma pancreas (77.8%). There was a statistically significant reduction in VAS score in HCC (P < 0.001), carcinoma pancreas (P = 0.009), and colorectal cancer (P = 0.022). One-sixth patients moved from SGA rating B to rating A, 9.9% moved from SGA rating B to rating C, and 9.9% moved from SGA rating C to rating B. Conclusion: There was an improvement in quality of life at 3-month follow-up. There was significant pain improvement in the studied patients. However, almost one-third patients did not get adequate pain relief.

Emergence and highly directed output of long-lived resonances in photonic step ladder structure

A bound state eigenfunction is defined here to be strictly localized within a subspace of a system and has no decreasing behavior. Its eigenvalue can be within state continua. Bound states in the continuum (BICs) and long-lived resonances have become a unique way to produce the extreme localization of light waves. In this communication, we present a theoretical and numerical demonstration of infinite bound states in the continuum (IBIC) and long-lived resonances in photonic ladder-like structures with four semi-infinite leads, together with their existence conditions. IBIC states are localized in an infinite subspace domain. Some of these states are inactive in the scattering and induce output zeros. Other are scattering active and induce output ones in the middle of long-lived resonances. Several continua of IBIC states remain hidden. They are bound in one of two infinite guides and some of them also in the closed loop. These discoveries are reported here for the first time to our knowledge. The ladder reference structure is composed of connected open loops of lengths L1 and L2 and four semi-infinite leads. The obtained results take due account of the state number conservation between the final system and the reference one. This conservation rule enables to find all the states of the final system and among them the bound in the continuum ones. In addition, we show the existence of long-lived resonances in each of two parallel output lines and long-lived anti-resonances in each of the two other output lines, when one uses two identical parallel simultaneous inputs. The analytical results are obtained by means of the Green’s function technique. The structures and the long-lived resonances presented in this work may have potential applications, in particular in sensing, filtering and communications.

A conditionally constrained compound sub‐gradient method for distributed energy coordination

AbstractA conditionally constrained compound (CCC) sub‐gradient method typically involves solutions by multi‐agents, which have important applications in distributed energy resources (DER). The proposed DER system structure model uses operating state switching to analyze the characteristics of the model transformation. The work proposes that energy storage (ES) transformation is the main factor that influences the transformation in the DER model. For solving this optimization problem, this study uses a compound sub‐gradient method that is distributed among the agents. Compared with the conventional analysis methods, a system configuration and equivalent model of distributed power is obtained using the sub‐gradient method, and the power distribution characteristics of the DER in the off‐grid state are further given. Using a time‐based representation, this method can be applied to complex distributed new energy access applications and uses an iterative compound step ladder algorithm with a specific step size for switching. The compound distributed gradient algorithm further determines the selected range of algorithm parameters. Finally, the results of the convergence rate explicitly characterize the effectiveness of the method.

Enhanced Effectiveness in Various Ladder Graphs Based on the F-Centroidal Meanness Criterion

Graph labeling allows for the representation of additional attributes or properties associated with the vertices, edges, or both of graphs. This can provide a more comprehensive and detailed representation of the system being modeled, allowing for a richer analysis and interpretation of the graph. Graph labeling in ladder graphs has a wide range of applications in engineering, computer science, physics, biology, and other fields. It can be applied to various problem domains, such as image processing, wireless sensor networks, VLSI design, bioinformatics, social network analysis, transportation networks, and many others. The versatility of ladder graphs and the ability to apply graph labeling to them make them a powerful tool for modeling and analyzing diverse systems. If a function Υ is an injective vertex assignment in {1,2,…q+1} and the inductive edge assignment function Υ* in {1,2,…q} is expressed as a graph with q edges, defined as Υ*(uv)=2[Υ(u)2+Υ(u)Υ(v)+Υ(v)2]3[Υ(u)+Υ(v)], then the function is referred to as F-centroidal mean labeling. This is known as the F-centroidal mean criterion. Here, we have determined the F-centroidal mean criteria of the graph ladder, slanting ladder, triangular ladder, TLn∘Sm, SLn∘Sm for m≤2, double-sided step ladder, Dn*, and diamond ladder.

Step Ladder Expansive Cranioplasty: A Novel Perspective in Cranial Volume Augmentation Surgery.

Background In face of a refractory raised intracranial pressure (ICP), surgeons most commonly resort to decompressive craniectomy (DC). Procedure leaves an unprotected brain underlying the craniectomy defect and Monro-Kellie doctrine: disrupted. Different variants of hinge craniotomies (HC) have been used with clinical outcomes comparable to DC as single stage alternatives. However, both DC and every variant of HC have a limit to the achievable volume augmentation and all invariably cause a compression of the cerebral cortex and its vasculature at the craniotomy site. We believe both these limitations adversely affect the outcome. Methods A team of neuroscientists in Indian Armed Forces Medical Services has been working for the last 9 years toward developing a novel surgical technique that can mitigate both these drawbacks. Desired procedure should take the centripetal pressure exerted by the combination of the tensile strength of the scalp (with or, without an underlying bone flap) and atmospheric pressure off the brain surface while achieving an assured augmentation of intracranial volume that can be optimized on a case-to-case basis. We call it a "step ladder expansive cranioplasty." Results The distance of the parietal eminence was found to have increased by 10.2 mm on the operated side after expansive cranioplasty. Conclusion From drawing board to bedside, we have made some progress toward our goal, but it is still far away from completion. More studies are required to fill in the gaps in our knowledge necessary to optimize the various parameters of the surgery. Procedure has promise to be of special role in in war and disaster scenarios.

Early presentation of complete branchial fistula with review of literature

Branchial anomalies are rarely seen in clinical practice. They arise as a result of aberrations of the branchial apparatus during fetal development. Though present since birth, they are usually diagnosed in the first or second decade of life. Second arch anomalies are by far the most common and present as a neck mass or discharging sinus that may be complicated by infection. Clinical examination often reveals the lesion to be related to the junction of the upper two thirds and the lower one third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Branchial fistulas often present as a discharging sinus in the neck. The fistulous tract may extend for a variable distance within the neck. However complete branchial fistula of the second cleft with an internal opening in the tonsillar area and an external opening in the skin is rare. Surgical excision using the step ladder approach was used. No recurrence was seen at one year follow up. The incidence of such lesions presenting within first two years of age is extremely rare. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for branchial anomalies. We present the case of a two-year-old female patient with complete branchial fistula and discuss the clinical presentation and surgical management of such lesions, while reviewing the relevant literature.

Functional and Aesthetic Outcome of Macgregor and Z Plasty (Step Ladder) Approach for Lip Splitting in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The aim of the study is to compare the functional and esthetic results of two lip splitting approaches-McGregor incision and stepladder Z plasty for surgical resection of primary Oral Squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Prospective study involved 24 patients who had modified radical neck dissection for OSCC between 2018 and 2020. Predictor variables were drawn from demographic characteristics (age and gender), primary site, extent of the primary lesion. Patients were divided into two groups randomly with group I McGregor lip splitting incision and group II step ladder Z plasty, with subjective and objective assessment. In the overall comparison of the oral incontinence between the two groups, there was no statistically significant results. Z plasty group had better outcome with lesser degree of drooling and good cosmesis. There was no difference between the speech efficiency between the two groups. Subjective assessment of the appearance of lips and face was better in Z plasty group. Subjective assessment of inversion and eversion was better in McGregor group. Cosmesis was assessed objectively by Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale (SBSES). Group 1 had a mean score of 2.92 out of 5 and Group II mean score of 4.08 out of 5. Cosmesis was better in Z plasty group. Z plasty was found as a superior option when it comes to cosmesis due to its geometric nature which allows accurate approximation. McGregor offers better functional outcome in terms of lip movement and oral incontinence.

Intussusception related to Ogilvie's syndrome caused by herpes zoster infection

A case of intestinal pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) caused by herpes zoster infection, likewise appendicitis in infants and newborns is very rare. An understanding of the rare association is important to provide proper management and prevent associated morbidity and mortality. A 5-year-old female child was brought to dr. Soebandi General Hospital by her parents with constipation, vomiting, and enlarged stomach. In the physical examination there were distended abdomen, increased bowel sound, and tenderness throughout the abdomen, initially diagnosed as peritonitis due to perforated appendicitis. Plain abdominal x-ray shows intestinal gas enhancement and bowel dilatation and in the left lateral decubitus (LLD) position photo revealed multiple step ladder appearances. Then this patient was performed an exploratory laparotomy. There we found peritonitis with intussusception. This bowel obstruction was associated with red vesicles that indicate the herpes zoster virus infection. This patient was suffering intussusception related to Ogilvie's syndrome caused by herpes zoster infection. Intussusception can induce Intestinal pseudo-obstruction or total obstruction. Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) is a disorder characterized by acute dilatation of the colon in the absence of an anatomic lesion that obstructs the flow of intestinal contents.

Use of whole blood and dried blood spot for detection of HIV-1 nucleic acids using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification

For monitoring viral load (VL) or Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV-1, real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) is used to perform on plasma or Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sample. The qPCR method is expensive and requires sophisticated equipment. Therefore, there is a requirement for newer and cheaper technology for VL measurement or EID. In this analytical study, a Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was optimized and applied for amplification of HIV nucleic acids (NA) extracted from plasma, heat-treated plasma, heat-treated whole blood and lysis buffer-treated dried blood spot (DBS). The amplified product of RT-LAMP assay was detected by color change of Hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) dye, step ladder pattern band on agarose gel after electrophoresis and sigmoid-shaped curve in the real-time thermal cycler. Comparing the results from RT-LAMP testing of all conditions with the results obtained by RT-qPCR results, viewed as the gold standard; a relative analytical sensitivity and specificity of RT-LAMP was calculated as 100 % and 90 % respectively. The corresponding positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 93.75 % and 100 %, respectively. The percentage of agreement between the RT-LAMP and RT-qPCR was 88.46% and Cohen’s kappa value was 0.75 shows a substantial agreement between the two tests. This study suggests that whole blood or DBS may be useful specimens for analysis by HIV-1 specific RT-LAMP, to provide a cost effective alternative to RT-qPCR for the detection of HIV-1 nucleic acid at the point of care, or in early infant diagnoses.

A complete second branchial fistula in a four years old child.

Introduction and importanceSecond branchial anomalies either cyst, sinus, or fistula are the top differential diagnosis of lateral neck masses or swelling in pediatrics age group. Yet, it is very rare for the branchial fistula to have two openings.Case presentationHere we present a four years old child diagnosed with complete branchial fistula by CT scan with dye injection throughout the fistula tract. We successfully managed him by complete surgical resection. Also, we provide the current literature that aids in the diagnosis and treatment of complete second branchial fistula.ConclusionComplete second branchial fistula is not that common anomaly; however, we must consider it as a differential diagnosis in any lateral neck masses. Complete surgical resection, step ladder approach, which will minimise the recurrence rate is the treatment of choice.

"The Average Counsellor Wouldn't Know": Exploring How General Health Practitioners Understand and Respond to Domestic Violence.

Individuals experiencing and perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV) are frequently in contact with general health and mental health services. Health service providers, including nurses, thus have a key role in identifying and responding to initial indicators of IPV risk. The present study provides descriptive information about current assessment and intervention practices of health and mental health service providers when patients are presenting with concerns about IPV. A secondary data analysis of interviews with general health practitioners (n = 17) were coded and dominant themes analyzed through thematic analysis. The present study uncovered ways in which IPV-related risks are, and are not, recognized and responded to. A metaphorical visual display in the form of a "domestic violence supply room" depicts the level of access and degree of competency described by practitioners in respective areas of practice. Within reach for all practitioners is the knowledge of factors that increase risk and vulnerability to IPV. Out of reach is a comprehensive understanding of the needs of children and perpetrators as well as the consistent ability to consider intersectionality and be reflexive when working with culturally and linguistically diverse populations. The step ladder to improved IPV response, including formal supports such as training and procedures, is frequently described as lacking. A consistent and empirically supported approach to IPV assessment and response is rare to find across generalist service provision. Although service providers possess basic knowledge of risk factors, organizational direction is needed to allow providers to address IPV confidently and effectively.

ESG Poster ESG2: Quantifying the reduction of rehabilitation needs and safety risks in the use of innovative well and flowline decommissioning tools

Poster ESG2 This paper identifies, measures and demonstrates both the reduction in safety risk and in Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) factors, associated with the traditional cut and cap methods for gas/oil wells and flowlines compared to new innovative internal cutting methods. In 2017 Summit Canada recognised the need to improve the safety of personnel in the oil and gas fields of Canada, during decommisioning of both wellheads and flowlines. The traditionally established method was to excavate a bellhole around the infrastructure and to subsequently cut the wellhead or flowline at 1.5 m below ground level using an oxy-torch. This usually involved an individual standing on a step ladder under a suspended load in an excavation which was often a confined space, not adequately benched or sloped. Comparative data from 5 years of North American and 2 years of Australian experience in decommissioning old wells using internal cuts as opposed to the excavation method are used in the study. The safety risk associated with each method can generally be quantified and given a Hazard Ranking established from crew sizes, kilometres driven and work methods undertaken. Similarly, the ESG factors associated with each method can be quantified in terms of area of disturbance, as well as landholder inconvenience and emissions resulting from number of trucks and personnel movements. A significant reduction in safety risk was the key finding, with the silver lining of also reducing the ESG impacts of gas well and flowline decommissioning activities. To access the poster click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here