Steady Work Research Articles

Thermodynamic study on an enhanced humidification-dehumidification solar desalination system with weakly compressed air and internal heat recovery

Humidification-dehumidification (HDH) process has proved to be a promising technology for obtaining drinkable fresh water. Traditional HDH process exhibits limitations in steady working due to the dependence in the stability of heat and cold sources. A combination of heat pump and HDH has been proposed to solve effectively above challenge. However, the energy equalization between heat source and cold source must be guaranteed to maintain the continuing water production. A novel enhanced HDH method with weakly compressed air and internal heat recovery based on traditional mechanical vapor compression is therefore developed, in which moist air instead of vapor is used as the work fluid. Solar energy is required only for the system start-up, and cooling seawater and additional heat sources are no longer needed during steady operation stage. Meanwhile, the restrictions of evaporation and condensation temperature in the HDH process driven by heat pump can also be completely solved. It is found that the system performance can be significantly improved by increasing spraying seawater temperature. When the spraying seawater temperature is 70 °C, the maximum specific energy consumption and gained-out-ratio (GOR) are 18.35 kg/kWh and 12.24 respectively, and GOR is much larger than that of tradition HDH process (normally less than 6) driven by heat pump or solar energy. This new approach provides the possibility for high-efficient, steady and small-scale drinkable water production.

Sawdust-Derived Biochar Much Mitigates VFAs Accumulation and Improves Microbial Activities To Enhance Methane Production in Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion

Sawdust-derived biochar (SDBC) was added to an anaerobic digester at 15g/L for thermophilic codigestion under semicontinuous operation for more than 130 days. With a stepwise increase of organic loading rate (OLR) from 1.6 to 5.4 gVS/L·d–1, steady CH4 yields achieved between 462.3 and 500.1 mL/gVS. In contrast, for the control digester (without biochar addition) and another digester added with sewage sludge-derived biochar (SSBC), a steady working condition could only be maintained for about 80 days with OLR and CH4 yields up to 2.7 gVS/L·d–1 and 322.3–337.9 mL/gVS, respectively. The total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation up to about 30gCOD/L tended to be the threshold to restrain steady CH4 production, but this occurred much earlier for the control and SSBC digesters at much lower OLR. By batch experiments of digestion in a methanogenesis inhibition condition and with propionate or butyrate as the sole substrate, it was found that with SDBC addition, the substrate was oxidized steadily in the 40-...

Working Mechanism of Nonresonance Friction in Driving Linear Piezoelectric Motors with Rigid Shaking Beam

A kind of nonresonance shaking beam motors is proposed with the advantages of simple structure, easy processing, and low cost due to its wide application prospects in precision positioning technology and precision instruments. The normal vibration model between the stator and slider is divided into contact and noncontact types to investigate the nonresonance friction drive principle for this motor. The microscopic kinematics model for stator protruding section and the interface friction model for motor systems during both operating stages are established. Accordingly, the trajectory of the stator protruding section consists of two different elliptical motions, which differ from those of resonance-type motors. The output characteristic of the nonresonance shaking beam motor is proposed under steady working conditions with reference to the research method of standing-wave-type ultrasonic motors. Numerical analysis is used to simulate the normal vibration and mechanical output characteristics of the motor. Experimental and theoretical data fitting validates the numerical analysis results and allows the future optimization of nonresonance-type motors.

Transient vibration analysis of unit-plant structure for hydropower station in sudden load increasing process

Abstract The vibration problem of hydraulic generating unit and plant structures in hydropower station influenced mainly by pressure fluctuation of draft tube and other factors during the transient process is dramatic, whereas the relevant theoretical research is seriously lagged behind the actual engineering practice. Aiming at this present condition, firstly, a mathematical expression of hydraulic excitation induced by draft tube vortex under different load conditions is proposed from the perspective of theoretical analysis. Then, based on the hydraulic-mechanical-electrical-structural model of hydroelectric generation system established previously, the sudden load increasing transition process is incorporated into the investigation system of unit-plant structure vibration, and the corresponding dynamic characteristics under this non-stable operation condition are studied. The calculation results show that, compared with steady working condition, the operation stability of unit shaft system is decreased and the matching vibration amplitude is obviously increased during the transient process. Meanwhile, in contract to the unit shaft system, the oscillation phenomenon of generator floor in hydropower plant is more significant. In particular, the vertical direction vibration is extremely prominent that the displacement amplification can even reach several times of that when the system is operated stably. The research in this paper can not only reflect the vibration behavior of unit-plant structure in sudden load-up process to some extent, but also provide reasonable and reliable analysis model and method for dynamic response exploration, stability investigation, as well as fault diagnosis for the hydraulic generating unit and hydropower plant structures.

La función de la evaluación docente dentro del sistema complejo de la educación en México

En este artículo se retoman aspectos que contextualizan la evaluación docente hacia la segunda década del siglo XX en México (en particular en el Estado de México) y se analiza este proceso como parte del sistema complejo de la educación. Se realizó un estudio documental de diferentes fuentes enfocadas a la teoría de sistemas de Niklas Luhman para entender al sistema de la educación como parte de los sistemas sociales; así como el proceso que ha tenido la evaluación de la educación, la postura del snte en la reconstrucción de este proceso y estadísticas de participación de los profesores en la evaluación docente. El análisis de la información recabada revela, por un lado, que la intención primordial de la evaluación docente es elevar la calidad de la educación en México; por otro lado, que tiene un alto impacto en los profesores con respecto a la certeza laboral; también se identificó que el SNTE participa activamente para informar y acompañar a sus agremiados en el complejo camino de la evaluación. En este estudio se plasma la necesidad de mejora en aspectos claves de la evaluación docente y se vislumbran otros que no se contemplaron en un inicio como medios de oportunidad para lograrlo; entonces se puede mencionar que la evaluación docente es un proceso necesario, sin embargo, falta puntualizar criterios de evaluación para cumplir con su intención. Este proceso a la fecha se encuentra inconcluso.

Analysis on the heat-recuperable hybrid cycle for micro swing engine with a non-isometric multi-chamber structure

With low efficiency and insufficient power, the conventional micro swing engine has not been available for portable power source. Therefore a novel hybrid thermodynamic cycle with heat recuperation ability, which is suitable for the micro swing engine, is proposed to overcome the above defects, whose thermodynamic characteristics are investigated in details, indicating a great improvement for the engine performance. Firstly, the micro swing engine is modified to be a three-arm engine with a non-isometric multi-chamber structure. Driven by the hybrid cycle, the engine body and a specially designed spiral recuperator work together successfully in theory. Thus, the entire efficiency is increased by heat recovery from hot exhaust and restriction of structural heat leakage. In consideration of flow leakage effect, simulation models of the steady working process of the engine in hybrid cycle are established. Numerical results reveal that, thermal performance of the hybrid cycle has an obvious advantage over the single thermal cycle. Moreover, the hybrid cycle is composed of two single four-stroke cycles and two two-stroke cycles. The two adjacent cylinders, between whom the flow leakage happens, are with different cycles, and hence distinct thermal performances. Finally, with the application of this heat recovery process, the efficiency of the four-stroke cylinders is improved relatively by 45.31% and the total engine efficiency is increased by 14.09%. Effectiveness and practicability of the hybrid cycle with heat recuperation are demonstrated theoretically, which is of great significance for the progress in micro heat engine field.

See-Through Girls

See-Through Girls Adrienne G. Perry (bio) We were girls you could see through. There was nothing extraordinary about us. Nothing supernatural like in a sci-fi freak show fantasy. We had thighs and torsos. Clavicles we could pinch. Boobs no bigger than a C cup until it came time for our monthlies. Wild: what non-brown, non-down folks might call the hair we teased and waxed into bushy plumes. Beneath that in-yo-face hair, what? Exquisite brains, lustrous as black pearls. Problem was, outside of family, most folks weren't checking for me and Aimee. Least not in that way. Professors? Nope. Classroom compatriots? Was that even a thing? No strangers on the downtown 1 train, no boyfriends or girlfriends. No roommates, no sweethearts. Nobody-knows-the-trouble-I-seen-but-Jesus kind of nobody. Sorry to say, but this state of affairs felt, you know, kind of inflected, kind of, like, racial. And so tired, y'all. One-hundred-fifty years after Emancipation. Forty-six after Loving v. Virginia, and most white Americans were blissfully unaware, isolated in their brains. White America glanced over its shoulder at a freakishly abridged history—say, at the civil rights movement or at the Black president born of a white mamma that it had, mind you, elected and reelected—and that America rolled its eyes. Hard. That America thought, "Get over it," unaware that it had had this thought, or that such thoughts crossed and recrossed its subconscious mind, undetected, on the regular. But let's go back. Get over what, exactly? Get over it how? To keep from crying, Aimee and I used to laugh. Once we caught on for real for real, we'd laugh, strolling down Broadway shouting at the sleepers, "Excuse you! Excuse you!" until our voices were raw as ground round. We were like vague apparitions—ghosts to them as they to us. Earbuds shoved deep, steady working on their widow's humps, noses practically giving head to their phones, these sleepers stared through the two goddesses on their path like we were a mist off the Hudson River. Funny at times, but other times it stung to have a white woman, Upper East Side face melted by plastic surgery, gaze blankly into the negative space above our shoulders, for we were but a smudge on her Dior sunglasses. And can I speak the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help me? Has my maker endowed me with enough love and trust to do that? What do I—we—owe you, and what do we owe ourselves? Alright, I'll say it, because sometimes, y'all, it felt like our people, Black folks, could come just as fucked up. Do I long for acceptance? Of course. Do I sound pitiful? Maybe so, but when sisters breezed by us on those Brooklyn and Harlem streets, craning their necks to avoid our smiles and hellos and solidarity nods, as if Aimee and I were no more than two light-skinned saditty bitches—well, it was like a punch in the ovaries. [End Page 5] I've discovered there is an infinite number of ways to be rendered, if not invisible, insignificant by the very folks from whom you crave and from whom you expect a teaspoon of recognition. The whole mess has been a depressing education. Still, our "close encounters" with white women felt different. They stoked rage. The cure for a brush with such ignorance? Sulk to one of our Barnhart dorm rooms. Wring and beat body-length pillows to Lady Gaga. Pretend those pillows are the brittle necks of those precious, unconscious, snowy-white hens. Typically, our smack downs left me and Aimee feeling a little bit yucky, a little bit guilty, so we would remind ourselves over cheese puffs and mugs of steaming cocoa that these bitches weren't like the white folks, and for sure not the Black folks, in our families. They weren't like our mothers and fathers, uncles, nanas, cousins, and aunties. Were they? When the world is a muddle, you've got to make sense of it for yourself. So, eventually, Aimee and I decided...

Pachappa Camp

Ahn Chang Ho (also known by his pen name, Dosan) moved to Riverside, California, in March 1904 and soon established the first Koreatown on the U.S. mainland, known as Dosan's Republic or Pachappa Camp. Dosan helped found a local employment agency and negotiated relations with citrus farmers to find work for Koreans who lived in the community. With steady work available, Riverside became a popular destination for Korean immigrants and was thus an ideal location for the Gongnip Hyeophoe, or Cooperative Association, which Dosan created to foster a sense of community. The Gongnip Hyeophoe later expanded to Korean settlements throughout California and eventually developed into the Korean National Association, which proved especially significant in organizing immigrants to fight for Korea's independence in the wake of Japanese colonization in 1910. Pachappa Camp helped anchor its residents’ identity and supported Koreans’ struggles to support themselves and to fight for Korean sovereignty. The experiences of the Koreans in Pachappa Camp reflected not only exceptional moments in Korean American history, as the first Koreatown in the United States and one of the seats of the independence movement, but also the ubiquitous experiences that typified immigrant lives in the United States. The City of Riverside erected a statue of Ahn Chang Ho in 2001, and designated the original site of the camp as a “Point of Cultural Interest” in 2017, to honor Dosan and to teach about his legacy and connection to Riverside. Because the historic Koreatown no longer exists, the designation and statue stand as the only remembrances of this pioneering community.

Parameter optimization of PEMFC stack under steady working condition using orthogonal experimental design

Operating parameters have a huge impact on the output characteristics of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. In this study, to optimize the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, 4 sets of operating parameters, which include working temperature, cathode stoichiometric, relative humidity, and backpressure, were optimized by means of the orthogonal experimental design. The experiment was developed with the help of 4-factor and 3-level orthogonal table. Nine orthogonal experiments were performed, and the polarization curve, local current density distribution, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of each experiment were obtained. It is observed that cathode stoichiometric and working temperature have much stronger effects on the output voltage and output consistency of stack than that of relative humidity and backpressure. Using comprehensive equilibrium method, the optimized combination of each parameter was achieved as follows: the working temperature was 75°C, cathode stoichiometric was 2.5, relative humidity was 50%, and backpressure was 1 bar. The on-site test result showed that when the cathode stoichiometric was low, and some part of the stack would be in a starvation condition and when the temperature was low, it might cause mass transfer problems.

Study on the maximum stable output of a novel s-band micro-pulse electron gun

A novel S-Band Micro-Pulse electron Gun (MPG) which works at the left crossover point energy EcI on the Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) curve was proposed. The working principles of the MPG were presented. The maximum output beam current limited by space charge effects and beam loading effects was investigated by theoretical analysis. The result shows that the maximum beam current is decided by the parameters of the MPG such as resonant frequency, cavity length, shunt impedance and the secondary emission property of the cathode and grid, having nothing to do with the power flowed into the cavity. The low shunt impedance and the low slope of the SEY curve can help increasing the maximum beam current. According to the principles, a MPG with the frequency of 2.856 GHz has been designed and constructed. The steady working state was achieved by using oxygen free copper and molybdenum grid with different transmission coefficient. It was found a good agreement between the analysis and the experiments.

In-situ grown nanoporous Zn-Cu catalysts on brass foils for enhanced electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide

In-situ grown nanoporous Zn-Cu catalysts were prepared by simply annealing a commercial brass foil at 500 °C in air, followed by electrochemical reduction. During the annealing process, Zn preferentially melted and migrated out of the framework of the alloy to form a thin layer of ZnO on its surface. Subsequent electroreduction created nanoporous Zn-enriched surface. The Zn concentration increased from 36% to 50% by 10 min, to 81% by 3 h, and to 87% by 12 h annealing treatment while the average pore size decreased from 290 nm to 120 nm as the annealing time increased from 1 h to 12 h. Faradaic efficiency of CO2 reduction to CO and HCOOH was enhanced by nearly 4 and 6 times, respectively, as compared to untreated brass foils. The nanoporous Zn-Cu catalyst presented a stable ratio of CO/H2 and a steady working current density in a continuous electrolysis of 18 h in 0.5 M KHCO3 solution.

Effect of Evidence-Based Supported Employment vs Transitional Work on Achieving Steady Work Among Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often interferes with a person's ability to obtain or sustain employment, which leads to premature exit from the labor force and reduced income. To determine whether individual placement and support (IPS)-supported employment is more effective than stepwise vocational rehabilitation involving transitional work assignments at helping veterans with PTSD attain steady, competitive employment. The Veterans Individual Placement and Support Toward Advancing Recovery (VIP-STAR) study was a prospective, multisite, randomized clinical trial that included 541 unemployed veterans with PTSD at 12 Veterans Affairs medical centers. Data were collected from December 23, 2013, to May 3, 2017. Intent-to-treat analysis was performed. Individual placement and support is a supported employment intervention that rapidly engages people with disabilities in community job development to obtain work based on their individual job preferences. Transitional work is a stepwise vocational rehabilitation intervention that assigns people temporarily to noncompetitive jobs as preparation for competitive employment in the community. A priori hypotheses were that, compared with those in transitional work, more participants in the IPS group would become steady workers (primary) and earn more income from competitive jobs (secondary) over 18 months. Steady worker was defined as holding a competitive job for at least 50% of the 18-month follow-up period. A total of 541 participants (n = 271 IPS; n = 270 transitional work) were randomized. Mean (SD) age was 42.2 (11) years; 99 (18.3%) were women, 274 (50.6%) were white, 225 (41.6%) were African American, and 90 (16.6%) were of Hispanic, Spanish, or Latino ethnicity. More participants in the IPS group achieved steady employment than in the transitional work group (105 [38.7%] vs 63 [23.3%]; odds ratio, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.46-3.14). A higher proportion of IPS participants attained any competitive job (186 [68.6%] vs 154 [57.0%]; P = .005) and had higher cumulative earnings from competitive jobs (median [interquartile range] $7290 [$23 174] in IPS vs $1886 [$17 167] in transitional work; P = .004). This multisite trial demonstrated significantly greater effectiveness of IPS-supported employment over stepwise transitional work vocational rehabilitation for veterans living with chronic PTSD. The results provide supporting evidence for increasing access to IPS for veterans living with PTSD. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01817712.

Interface Anchored Effect on Improving Working Stability of Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode Using Graphene Oxide-Based Fluoropolymer Encapsulant.

The graphene oxide (GO)-based fluoropolymer is first proposed as an interface encapsulant to improve the light extraction efficiency and achieve the ultralong working stability of deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs), benefitting from its superior interface performance based on an anchored effect. For the GO-based fluoropolymer composite, the anchored structure is designed to effectively and tightly rivet the quartz lens on the DUV-LED chip by using the interface reaction between GO embedded in fluoropolymer and 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane grafted on the surfaces. Experimental results show that on the basis of the interface anchored effect, the air voids in the interface layer of DUV-LED are reduced by 84%, leading to an improvement of the light output power by 15% and a decrease of the junction temperature by 5%, by virtue of the sealing characteristics of the 0.10 wt % GO-based fluoropolymer. In addition, the steady working time is dramatically improved by 660% and it was attributed to the good interface anchored bonding of the 0.10 wt % GO-based fluoropolymer. This novel graphene oxide-based fluoropolymer is believed to provide a feasible and effective interface encapsulant to improve the performance of DUV-LEDs.

VORTEXGAS-LIQUIDSEPARATOR

Results of a research of the vortex contact device of the tangential type intended for separation of drops and cleaning of industrial emissions of gaseous inclusions in rectifying and absorbing columns, hydrolysis devices, dryers, evaporators, scrubbers, gas-liquid reactors are presented. In which removal of disperse particles from a stream and absorption of components of gas is carried out directly in the rotating gas-liquid layer of absorbent in the field of the greatest influence of forces of inertia and a high-speed pressure of gas. What allows to reach the high speed of the movement of a gas stream and to provide catching of drops up to 0.4 kg on one kilogram of air. In work, two types of zavikhritel are investigated and the main modes of interaction of gas with liquid bubbling and ring are revealed. The size of coefficient of hydraulic resistance of the contact device was equal 0.8–1.1, and a share of a bryzgounos – less than 0.01. It is established that at an expense of drops in a gas stream up to 0.01 kg/s, the size of coefficient of resistance has increased by 1.25 times. Values of superficial coefficient of a massootdacha at gas absorption by liquid are reached equal to 0.9·10-3 m/c., and the interphase surface has made equal 0.1–0.9·10-3 m/c.Advantage of the specified device is his steady and effective work in the wide range of loadings on gas, liquid, rather low hydraulic resistance, and small metal consumption. Dependences for determination of gas content, angular and linear speed, height of the rotating layer of liquid and size of coefficients of a massootdacha allowing to carry out calculation of industrial samples of the corresponding equipment are presented.

You Could Only Know Us

You Could Only Know Us Boyce Upholt (bio) Every evening, without fail, Fennimore Peterson took his seat in the tavern, ordered a whiskey, and read aloud the news of the world: a notice about a railway, the first one built in New Zealand; dispatches from Memphis, where troops were beginning to lay siege to the city. Even in the months after the visitors left town, he never found word of what they thought we were, or what it meant. Constable Dolliver would stand in the corner, leaning on a beam, chewing his lower lip. His eyes stayed cold and steady. He was young then, still impatient, and he often took his leave while old Fennimore had pages left to go. Time churned on. Fennimore and his generation passed, and the constable retired. Our town grew: the empty blocks were filled, the roads tarred, the first snuffling cars appeared. And when they buried the constable—survived by his wife, and a shame, everyone thought, that the couple had no children—no one spoke of the wings. They just said that he was one in whom we ought to take some pride: our former sheriff and longtime clerk, a man whose [End Page 102] steady work and quiet valor had been essential to our town's survival in its early, tenuous days. ________ The first was Mrs. Gavins, a widow. Two boys wandering in the after-blizzard snow found her body in the fields. By the time Dr. Thompson performed the autopsy, the weather had turned and an April sun was speeding the melt. As he pressed the scalpel to her puckered skin, sweat was tickling his ribs. The doctor used his back shed as a morgue. Being there reminded him, as always, of his advancing age. There was something odd about the alignment of the widow's spine, so he turned her on her belly. Cutting into the muscles below her shoulder blade, he felt an unfamiliar tissue, thin and brittle like old waxed paper, as if a reed was wedged into the flesh. He sliced another line down the back, made a connecting horizontal incision, then peeled back the skin. A hinge unfolded and two stalks rose up, trembling and bent, like legs of a spider grown to human size. Two jointed, brittle rods—twenty inches long, he guessed, translucent and almost silver in the light. Constable Dolliver had delivered the body, and was sitting on the doorstep rolling a cigarette in the new sunshine. When he heard Thompson shout he raced inside. At first he assumed the doctor, a known drinker, was playing a bad joke, or had assembled these desiccated appendages in a misguided bid for fame. But that was not the doctor's way. He was an important man, a friend, a patron of sorts—one of the elders who'd pressed on Dolliver the lawman's badge. [End Page 103] "What on earth?" the constable asked. The appendages did not look like a bird's wings. There were no feathers, just skeletal frames, barren and fragile, their gray-white pallor almost glowing in the dim light angling through the slats in the walls. The doctor said nothing. As they stared at each other, a bead of sweat fell from his forehead onto the shining muscle. The doctor returned to his labors. Over the next three hours, he exposed the wings' mechanics with deep and careful cuts. There were seven bones, he found, which together formed three segments, each meeting the next at a near-right angle. At the center of each shoulder blade he found a small divot, to which the rounded end of the innermost wingbone was attached. There was a sheath of red muscle, woven with tendon, all of it stringy and underdeveloped. But the strangest thing, the doctor thought, was the cleft through the back of the ribs: rather than the simple curve to which he was accustomed, each rib bone bent inwards in the shape of a sharpV. These together formed a valley through the back, in which the impossible bones had lain hidden. Afterward the pair stood over the body, their fists pressed to their hips, each considering his fellow witness...

Women in the World of Frederick Douglass by Leigh Fought

Reviewed by: Women in the World of Frederick Douglass by Leigh Fought Carol Faulkner (bio) Women in the World of Frederick Douglass. By Leigh Fought. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. 401. Cloth, $29.95.) In this original and engaging interpretation of the life of Frederick Douglass, Leigh Fought argues that black and white women were essential to his career as an abolitionist and civil rights activist. But what did women want from Frederick Douglass? They wanted a husband, father, friend, or cause, competing roles that Douglass did not fulfill to anyone's satisfaction. In her intricate analysis of his relationships with different women, Fought illuminates the fundamental tensions between Douglass's private and public worlds, between his African American family and the white female abolitionists who encouraged his activism. In doing so, she also challenges the racial and class assumptions that have informed previous interpretations of Douglass's intimate and interracial relationships. The most important woman in Douglass's life was Anna Murray, a free woman whom he met in Baltimore when he was still enslaved. Their marriage lasted for forty-four years, yet scholars have struggled to understand Anna's continued illiteracy, and they have relied on critical outsiders for comments on her housekeeping skills as well as her unfriendliness, ignorance, and dark coloring. Behind these earlier analyses of the Douglass [End Page 543] marriage was the implication of Frederick's dissatisfaction or unhappiness. Instead, Fought shows that the domesticity of Anna Douglass was a deliberate strategy to counter racism. She saw her role as wife, mother, and homemaker as a privilege and a necessity. In contrast to white assumptions of inferiority or dysfunction, the Douglasses proved they could create an enduring family. Their shared project was not easy. Neither Anna nor Frederick predicted his success as a writer and speaker, which took him away from Anna and their children and moved his family from Massachusetts to New York to Washington, D.C. His career also brought educated, middle-class white women into their lives, destabilizing Anna's authority in her own home. Though she acknowledges Frederick Douglass's charisma, Fought believes that historians have been too quick to accept rumors of his infidelity with white women such as Julia Griffiths, a British abolitionist, and Ottilie Assing, a German journalist. Both women sought Douglass's friendship, supported his public career, and lived in his home for extended periods of time. While he appreciated their companionship and professional assistance, Anna Douglass viewed them as intruders who monopolized her husband. She also believed their presence attracted unwanted attention to his family life. Some white abolitionists, who worried that Frederick Douglass was garnering financial support from British abolitionists that rightfully belonged to the American Anti-Slavery Society, called Julia Griffiths a "jezebel" to undermine her alliance with Douglass (96). In addition, rather than the reciprocal intimacy portrayed in Maria Diedrich's Love across Color Lines: Ottilie Assing and Frederick Douglass (1999), Fought argues that Assing's emotional attachment to Douglass reveals her own dependence on their friendship. As products of a famous and model African American family, Douglass's children came under special scrutiny. Rosetta, his oldest child, was caught between the domestic sphere of her mother and the activist sphere of her father. Her parents prioritized and politicized her education, sending her to Albany to be educated by abolitionist sisters Lydia and Abigail Mott when Rochester schools proved unwelcoming. For a time, Rosetta worked as a teacher, living with black families in Philadelphia and Salem, New Jersey, but she believed her every move and action came under judgment. Rather than pursue the public career of her father, she chose to create her own family by marrying a former slave named Nathan Sprague. Sprague struggled to find steady work, and Frederick Douglass was critical of his inability to support Rosetta and their children. Rosetta did not abandon her husband and worked to support the family, at times taking in sewing or working for her father in the Recorder of Deeds office. When Douglass [End Page 544] remarried, she was critical, viewing this act as a betrayal of her mother and other African American women. After the Civil War, women became...

Pamiętnik Heleny Wróblewskiej, mieszkanki Ziem Zachodnich

Pamiętnik nauczycielki Heleny Wróblewskiej, która przyjechała na Pomorze Zachodnie z Kresów Wschodnich II RP. W powojennej Polsce zdobyła wykształcenie, wykonując najpierw prace biurowe, a następnie spełniając swoje marzenie – po uzupełnieniu wykształcenia, rozpoczęła pracę w zawodzie nauczycielki. Jej losy to ilustracja awansu społecznego, stopniowej i konsekwentnej pracy kobiety, która spisała swoje wspomnienia z perspektywy osoby o stabilnej sytuacji zawodowej i materialnej, i to mimo rozpadu jej małżeństwa. Autorka opisuje swój udział w odbudowie kraju z wojennych zniszczeń, a także w rozwoju szkolnictwa i opieki nad młodzieżą.

Cooling-capacity characteristics of Helium-4 JT cryocoolers

Cooling capacity of a Helium-4 JT cryocooler may be achieved at a temperature higher than liquid helium temperature. The latent cooling capacity, which should be obtained at liquid helium temperature, is defined as a special part of cooling capacity. With the thermodynamic analysis on steady working conditions of a Helium-4 JT cryocooler, its cooling capacity and temperature characteristics are presented systematically. The effects of precooling temperature and high pressure on the cooling capacity and latent cooling capacity are illustrated. Furthermore, the JT cryocoolers using hydrogen and neon as the working fluids are also discussed. It is shown that helium JT cryocooler has a special cooling capacity characteristic which does not exist in JT cryocoolers using other pure working fluids.

Introduction: Steady Work and "Noise Level Zero"

Pignatelli introduces two narratives by Tom Roderick and John Wolfe that test our belief in public education as a special space where American society holds fast to its promise to vanquish inequity, to assure equal opportunity, and to nurture a kinder, more just citizenry.

Steady Work

Roderick's remarks made on the occasion of receiving an honorary doctorate from Bank Street College of Education in 1999. He speaks about his steady work in conflict resolution programs, because there is always a need for conflict resolution in a world where conflict is natural but violence is taught.