Statutory Regulators Research Articles

A Novel Content and Usability Analysis of UK Professional Regulator Information About Raising a Concern by Members of the Public.

Health and social care regulators ensure that professionals have the correct qualifications and experience to practice in their profession. Globally, there are over 130 regulators of nursing alone and 13 health and social care statutory regulators in the United Kingdom. The public are the largest source of concerns to regulators about the registrants' fitness to practise (FtP). This study aimed to examine the amount, type and content of the information available from UK regulators and evaluate the usability of the process for members of the public considering raising a concern with a regulator about a registrant's fitness to practise (FtP) and the experience of those who had recently raised a concern. The websites of the UK's 13 statutory health and social care regulators were searched between November 2021 and February 2022 for information about the process of raising a concern. Webpages and public-facing documentation were downloaded, and qualitative content analysis was conducted. The usability of regulator websites and the concerns referral form were assessed by 11 people using an adapted 'system usability scale'. Seven interviews, a focus group (n = 5) and a survey (n = 62) of people who had raised a concern were used to explore their experiences to validate our findings and recommendations. Themes were identified related to format and layout, the process and support to raise a concern, with wide variation found between regulators. Focus groups, interviews and surveys validated these findings. Information and the ease of finding this information are fundamental in promoting public confidence and trust in regulator purpose and process. When raising a concern, it is important that information is honest, clear and accurate and available in a range of different formats so that it suits the diverse needs of members of the public. Improvements in these processes could support regulators to better achieve their primary purpose of protecting the public. The public were consulted on our findings using two focus groups, seven interviews and 62 survey respondents. Our project advisory group of people with lived experience of involvement in FtP discussed the findings and contributed to the recommendations. N/A.

Audit Quality Assessed through Independence Indicators

Audit quality is one of the most important concerns of audit firms, statutory audit regulators and academia. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the influence of auditor independence indicators on the quality of services provided. Based on the data available in the Audit Analytics database, a sample of 31 companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange was selected, for which 124 observations were reported during four consecutive years. The results of the quantitative analysis performed demonstrated the existence of a significant and positive correlation between the variables that measure auditor independence, such as the provision of non-audit services, financial independence, Big 4 membership and turnover and the dependent variable - the quality of audit services.

Confidentiality and public interest disclosure: A framework to evaluate UK healthcare professional regulatory guidance

Confidentiality and disclosure of information in the public interest present difficult dilemmas for healthcare practitioners and call for clear legal and regulatory guidance. The common law duty of confidence, and established exceptions to it, are shaped by medical practice and detailed guidance produced by the General Medical Council. Guidance issued by other healthcare regulators in a highly fragmented environment is at best unclear and at worst inaccurate. This article assembles and justifies a framework of evaluation against which regulators’ guidance can be assessed, focussing on the specific issue of when the duty of confidentiality can be set aside in the public interest. Comparison of statutory regulators’ guidance reveals wide variation which creates uncertainty for practitioners confused by inconsistency between guidance documents. The results of this analysis raise questions about the relationship between common law and regulatory guidance, in particular, whether it is appropriate to recognise different standards for different healthcare professions. This article argues that there is an opportunity to correct this anomaly and ensure appropriate consistency as part of a wider review of healthcare professional regulation.

English

Local content development is a strategic management issue for multinational extractive companies in Africa with significant business implications. As local content statutory regulators aim to increase the average local content value in the Nigeria oil and gas industry from 26% in 2017 to 70% in 2027, supply chain managers need strategies to increase local content. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies supply chain managers in the multinational oil and gas companies in Nigeria use to increase local content. The participants comprised eight supply chain managers and leaders in multinational oil and gas companies and the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board involved in local content development activities. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and secondary documents. Thematic analysis generated two themes: Business value drivers for local content development and overarching local content development strategies. A key recommendation is for supply chain managers to document business value drivers for implementing local content development strategies. Future research recommendations include review and ranking of strategies by using a quantitative methodology, and an assessment of the relationship between local content development expenditure and tangible business value created.   Key words: Nigeria, Oil and Gas, local content, supply chain.

Regulating the Regulators through Codes of Corporate Governance for Public Institutions in Nigeria: Using INEC as a Case Study

In Nigeria, there exists numerous policies, laws and regulations regulating one aspect of the society, economy or polity. Among them are the laws establishing INEC as the umpire body over the conduct, supervision and collation of electoral process. Beside these core roles, INEC is the regulator over political parties and their activities in Nigeria but the question this article asks is that who regulates INEC itself? A similar question also applies to other public regulators such Corporate Affairs Commission, Human Rights Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission, Central Bank of Nigeria, Economic and Financial Crime Commission and many others that exists within the legal system in Nigeria? Alternatively, should we leave these statutory public regulators to operate and regulate other artificial persons under them without questioning some of their policies even when they are anti-public or anti-people or non-compliant? The article adopts the doctrinal legal research methodology to argue the need to regulate the regulators who are governmental agencies otherwise known as public regulators in Nigeria and indeed, in all nations in order to ensure sanity in the system and avoid a situation where a regulator appears to be above the law. It first examines the constitutional and statutory duties of INEC being the agency in perspective. It argues that the basis for the supposed regulation of these regulators should be the basic principles of corporate governance such as: responsibility, accountability, financial transparency/auditing, stakeholders’ participation, ethnical standard and sustainability in the affairs of the nation's electoral governance. The article concludes that there is possibility of non-compliance with statutory mandates by most regulators in Nigeria without being checkmated and until codes are put in place to regulate them, one can say that the country is being ill-governed. It also posits that in the absence of this desired codes on the Commission especially during the periods of transition, electioneering, campaign and voting, any acclaimed free and fair election is a deception and hypocrisy to the confessed electoral values and extant laws. The article therefore recommends that a Unit known as Corporate Governance Monitoring Unit be established in all regulatory agencies to ensure compliance with the ideals of corporate governance. It further suggests inclusion of neutral (non-political) experts in the governing board of INEC and/or management of election process, who will first be trained before discharging their duties rather than those who are co-opted on a temporary basis each time election is to be conducted to act as collation and returning officers. Keywords : Regulating, Regulators, Corporate, Governance, Electoral, Process, INEC. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/11-7-05 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

Leaving Hospital: A Step too Far for Risk-Based Regulation?

Discharges from hospital are internationally recognised as a dangerous time in the care pathway of a patient, posing a risk to both their physical wellbeing and dignity. This article examines the effectiveness of risk-based regulation as a tool to address patient safety incidents linked to the hospital discharge process within the English National Health Service. It examines how the risk of this process is identified, conceptualised, and prioritised amongst the relevant statutory regulators, and argues that the risk is neither uniformly recognised by the statutory regulators within the English NHS, nor sufficiently addressed. Professional regulators in particular appear to have a poor awareness of the risk and their role in addressing it. Until these issues are resolved, patients leaving hospitals will continue to be exposed to patient safety incidents which should be avoidable.

DIGITAL CONFIDENCE ENVIRONMENT IN PROCEDURE RELATIONSHIPS

The implementation of the legally proclaimed ideas and principles is ensured by the mechanism of intersectoral regulators which, being in constant relationship contribute to the solution of tasks set. But the mechanism established at the level of legal regulators cannot be isolated from the environment in which certain rules of conduct should be guided. This is due to the possible “artificiality” of the rules of behaviour, which can be expressed either in the fact that the rule exists, but there are no really existing social relations that can fall under the regulatory influence in this sector, or statutory regulators no longer meet the needs of social development due to their inability to regulate actually existing relations. All this determines the importance of studying the environment in which the system of statutory regulators will be created to achieve a specific goal and task. The strategy for the development of the information society in the Russian Federation for 2017 - 2030 defines the development of the information society as the goal and objective of the application of information and communication technologies. The construction of the information society, which will exist within the framework of the "electronic state", involves the "digitalization" of all sections of public relations, including such an important area as the administration of justice. Thus, the digital environment should also organically include procedural relationships that make it possible to exist

Participatory Accountability at the Dawn of Artificial Intelligence

In making a myriad things more efficient and convenient, advanced data analytics are also opening our lives to unjustifiable biases and unseen manipulations. It is, however, less often considered that algorithmic decision making is also progressively changing the nature of liberal democratic forms of governance. In particular, they are rendering direct public participation in transparency and accountability mechanisms unsustainable. In this paper, I address that question in three steps. First, using the idea of participatory accountability, the paper explains the importance of information access rights to public engagement in governance. Outwardly, these rights are dispersed across distinctively different fields of law, including freedom of information, data protection and litigation laws and procedures. Yet, in practice, they not only share similarities in design and application, but also benefit from a contemporary political ethos that celebrates public knowledge and scrutiny of authority and power. Their impact on liberal democratic governance, moreover, often lies in their mass and random power to force the disclosure of information. Participatory accountability in the United Kingdom, however, is largely focused on these transparency tools, leaving citizens to pursue accountability as they see fit through diverse processes of litigation, judicial review, regulatory complaint or media publicity. Second, the paper turns to the complexity and opacity of data analytics and the challenge this poses for direct public participation in algorithmic governance. This challenge goes well beyond a lack of technical expertise in the general public. Deliberately restricted by design and doctrine to limit compliance burdens and disclosure risks, public information access rights cannot be used to compel controllers of algorithmic decision making to provide systemic explanations of their data sources, purposes and outputs. In short, participatory accountability is under-equipped for the future and is, consequently, losing its force and direction. Solutions will, furthermore, need to be as transformational as the societal consequences of data analytics. The answer does not, however, lie in enhanced access rights enabling the public to demand systemic explanations at will. The compliance and disclosure harms of that mass empowerment would undoubtedly outweigh its public transparency benefits. Third, the paper proposes workable solutions that avoid both the harms of mass empowerment and the alternative of remote and paternalist forms of algorithmic governance. Taking inspiration from the European Court of Human Rights judgement in Magyar Helsinki Bizottsag v. Hungary recognising an ECHR Article 10 derivative information access right, I argue that enhanced public access rights, including a power to compel systemic explanations of algorithmic decision making, should be recognised for qualifying media and societal watchdog organisations and individuals. In addition, where full public transparency is not possible, regulatory and self-regulatory mechanisms should be opened up to greater public participation, in particular for such watchdog organisations. As trusted intermediaries representing the public interest, statutory regulators should, in particular, resist the current rationales of paternalism in algorithmic governance. Relaxation of legal barriers to direct public agency in accountability processes, as exemplified by the Court of Appeal’s recent judgement in Lloyd v Google regarding representative actions, should also be pursued. While a cautious approach to enhanced litigation rights is understandable, more flexibility in representative actions will be necessary as data analytics move beyond the knowledge and resources of the average citizen or consumer and the assistance of better equipped watchdog organisations becomes essential.

Oil and gas infrastructure decommissioning in marine protected areas: System complexity, analysis and challenges

Many offshore oil and gas production facilities are nearing the end of their operational life, with decommissioning now becoming a global challenge. The compatibility of decommissioning operations to marine protected areas (MPAs) creates further challenges. The recently-developed DAPSI(W)R(M) problem structuring framework (covering Drivers, Activities, Pressures, State changes, Impacts (on Welfare) and Responses (as Measures)) was applied here to interrogate the complexity of decommissioning oil and gas infrastructure within MPAs, with outputs feeding into the development of a novel database tool for Screening Potential Impacts of Decommissioning Activities (SPIDA). In meeting the current requirements of the marine regulatory regime, SPIDA provides a more streamlined, evidence-based process which can be applied by industry, statutory nature conservation bodies and regulators for identifying and evaluating evidence that supports the implications of decommissioning alternatives on the condition of MPAs. SPIDA has been developed to be adapted for other activities and sectors, including offshore renewables.

Voluntary registers no longer have gravitas

Journal of Aesthetic NursingVol. 7, No. 3 EditorialFree AccessVoluntary registers no longer have gravitasCheryl BartonCheryl BartonSearch for more papers by this authorCheryl BartonPublished Online:4 Apr 2018https://doi.org/10.12968/joan.2018.7.3.125AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail There was a markedly mixed response to the long-awaited launch of the Joint Council for Cosmetic Practitioners (JCCP) last month. The House of Lords reception saw the great and the good of the aesthetic sector gathered together to congratulate and applaud themselves, while also recognising the implementation of an education framework for non-surgical cosmetic practice and hair restoration surgery, published by Health Education England, and adopted by the JCCP and its sister organisation, the Cosmetic Practice Standards Authority.The overarching principle of the JCCP is to oversee both patient safety and public protection within the non-surgical cosmetic sector in the UK. It claims to be the recognised self-regulator of the field, the point of access for the public seeking information about aesthetic treatments and, where appropriate, the organisation with which to raise concerns about practitioners and their services. At last, an organisation putting patients first, with safety at the top of its agenda—who in their right mind would want to argue with that?Except something of a backlash ensued just as the JCCP launched; many aesthetic doctors, dentists and nurses were very unhappy indeed at being ‘lumped together on a register with hairdressers, nail technicians and beauticians’. They maintained that this new voluntary register, rather like previous voluntary registers, founded on self-regulation, simply does not go far enough in protecting the public.Just last month, we have witnessed failures of two cosmetic voluntary registers. First, BBC News (Roberts, 2018) reported the failings of the Breast and Cosmetic Implant Registry, launched in October 2016 following the Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) breast implant scandal. This was followed by the removal of Professional Standards Authority accreditation from another voluntary register, Treatments You Can Trust.The JCCP register has several parts, however it is the inclusion of beauticians who are setting clinical standards of competence for those who are aligned with statutory regulators that appears to have caused concern for doctors, dentists and nurses in aesthetic practice. Lay groups have much to offer us in a patient setting—they have contributed to positive improvements in the NHS with regard to whistleblowing, ethics, leadership and transparency. But clinical standard-setting appears to be one step too far, and this has alarmed a large group of clinicians who took to their social media pages to voice their opinions. The majority are deeply disappointed at never being given a chance to vote on this in their own professional membership organisations, namely the British College of Aesthetic Medicine and the British Association of Cosmetic Nurses. They quickly organised themselves into a campaigning group, the British Association of Aesthetic Nurses Doctors and Dentists, and took to the air on BBC Radio 4 to call for a mandatory register with underpinning legislation. On 12 March 2018, they featured on the ‘Botox Bother’ feature on current affairs programme You and Yours to discuss the launch of the JCCP register, and were again invited to speak on the programme on 13 March.If we are serious about safety, we can no longer accept that voluntary is OK. This is fundamentally flawed by the mere use of one single word—voluntary. Nurses are mandated to protect the public, and the Nursing and Midwifery Council exists to ensure they fulfil this duty. No voluntary register will ever be able to exact the same gravitas without relevant underpinning legislation. References Roberts M. Women missing from breast implant register. 2018. https://tinyurl.com/y9cc6g8o (accessed 27 March 2018) Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2 April 2018Volume 7Issue 3ISSN (print): 2050-3717ISSN (online): 2052-2878 Metrics History Published online 4 April 2018 Published in print 2 April 2018 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Regulatory Responsiveness in India: A Normative and Empirical Framework for Assessment

This paper seeks to measure the extent to which Indian regulators are responsive in the performance of their functions. The paper focuses on one function common to all Indian statutory regulators, namely, regulation making. To measure responsiveness, the paper constructs an index of benchmarks of responsive conduct, with corresponding quantifiable outputs. It empirically measures the responsiveness of the four statutory regulators in India, on this index. The paper finds that there are significant differences among the laws governing Indian regulators in the context of the requirement to be responsive, and that the degree of responsiveness of Indian regulators is directly proportional to the legal requirement for following participatory processes.

Establishing a design for passive vertical flow constructed wetlands treating small sewage discharges to meet British Standard EN 12566

ABSTRACTOwing to legislation change (which made General Binding Rules effective from 1 January 2015) unless discharge is to specified environmentally sensitive sites, small sewage discharges (SSDs) in England – that is, <2 m3 d−1 to ground; <5 m3 d−1 to surface waters – no longer require an Environmental Permit (EP) and need not be registered for exemption, provided discharge to surface waters is preceded by treatment using equipment complying with BS EN 12566. This effectively excludes the use of treatment wetlands, unless covered by an EP, because the cost of certification to EN 12566 for bespoke designs is prohibitive. EPs take up to four months to obtain. Therefore, the new legislation has created a commercial disadvantage for constructed wetlands treating SSDs, compared with mass-produced sewage treatment plants. However, the UK statutory pollution regulators have maintained a dialogue with the Constructed Wetland Association (CWA), with a view to assessing whether treatment of SSD using constructed wetlands might be allowable, without requiring EPs. This paper presents treatment performance data obtained over 15 years, from a variety of full-scale operational treatment wetlands, as supporting evidence for design guidelines, proposed by the CWA to the UK regulators, for the implementation of constructed wetlands continuously passively treating SSD to 20:30:20 mg l−1 BOD/SS/NH4-N under a wide range of loading rates. Relevant experience of UK designers, installers and operators since the early 1990s is included, resulting in recommended physical design criteria and loading rates for compact vertical flow reed beds, presented here as key elements of the draft guidelines.

Towards the integration of urban planning and biodiversity conservation through collaboration

Abstract Despite aspirations to halt biodiversity loss by 2020 under the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, urban development continues to negatively impact UK wildlife and habitats. Reasons behind continued biodiversity decline are examined through the use of semi-structured interviews with ecologists, statutory regulators and land developers. It is found that despite strict legislation and best practice, for both planning and ecology, there is still much room for subjectivity regarding the protection of specific ecological features and the implementation of the mitigation hierarchy. Interviews also revealed that such subjectivity often facilitates the prioritisation of commercial over ecological benefits during site design. Furthermore, many felt an over reliance on the protection of individual animals, as opposed to maintaining functional connectivity for conservation of wider populations was detrimental to both the development industry and ecology. Our findings support the case for further research into the development of innovative geographical information systems to allow spatial deliberation, and collaborative decision-making between the three stakeholder groups.

A global view of osteopathic practice – mirror or echo chamber?

The Osteopathic International Alliance (OIA) released a report in 2013 entitled, ‘Osteopathy and osteopathic medicine. A global view of practice, patients, education and the contribution to healthcare delivery’. The report was widely circulated by the statutory regulator in New Zealand. It is said to be a representative document by the OIA. Two osteopathic professional streams were identified – osteopathic physicians (and surgeons) and osteopaths. Other than by ancestry, it is apparent that these two streams are not comparable. The claim of a shared ‘core practice’ between the streams is not upheld by the data, which also appear to indicate a dichotomy between a claim of evidence-based practice and the nature of practice itself. The response rate to unpublished surveys does not appear to support the notion that the OIA report is representative of global osteopathic practice. The data within the OIA Report identifies the most frequently utilised form of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) as osteopathy in the cranial field (OCF). These issues are explored further by comparing the bibliographies of a systematic review of cranial osteopathy conducted 12 years ago with a current snap-shot summary (2013) published by the UK National Council for Osteopathic Research. OCF appears to be an unfalsifiable practice that has become professionally institutionalised. Far from being marginalised this practice now holds a central position, one inconsistent with a claim of ethical, evidence-based best practice, and one seemingly endorsed by statutory regulators. From these perspectives then, the report appears closer to an echo chamber of belief than an accurate reflection of contemporary osteopathic practice.

Наука: этика и культура

Usually the impact of the science in the civilization development is identified as scientific-technical progress. Impact of the science in the moral and culture is important never the less. It is determined by peculiarities of the scientific argumentation, experiences. All of these obvious facts, however, relate only to the first round of correlation ethical themes with modern science. We are talking about the socio-cultural context of perception of science and its results of the society, that is, the ethical factors acting on the outside with respect to the position of science, is not inherent in science itself. The second round of the ethical issues in relation to science related to the problem of rationality. Post positivism demonstrated the role and importance of the normative, regulatory and valuable moment in the content of theoretical knowledge. In this regard, even the question arose about the different types of scientific rationality and normatively. In this case we are talking about statutory regulators built into the very content of scientific knowledge, internally inherent therein. There is another circle in which there are ethics and science. It is a question of ethics, regulations, acting in the scientific community, to be exact communities. There is impossible to get adequate understanding of the genesis of the liberalism, multiculturalism without take into account this role of science.

The Discretion Afforded to Statutory Regulators in Public Law

The Discretion Afforded to Statutory Regulators in Public Law

Pharmacy (ISSN 2226-4787) — A Journal of Pharmacy Education and Practice

Pharmacy (ISSN 2226-4787) — A journal of pharmacy education and practice is an international scientific open access journal on pharmacy education and practice, and is published by MDPI online quarterly. The practice of pharmacy is changing at an unprecedented rate as the profession moves from a focus upon preparation and supply of medicines to a clinical patient-facing role. While an understanding of the science related to medicines remains core to pharmacy education, the changes in practice are driving changes to the traditional methods of pharmacy education. This is reflected at an international level by major changes in the educational standards set by statutory regulators and by policy statements from bodies such as the World Health Organisation. These changes reflect an increasing trend to look at educational policy at a supra-national level, typified by the “Pharmine Project” led by the Association of European Faculties of Pharmacy. [...]

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIVACY ADJUDICATIONS BY THE UK PRESS COMPLAINTS COMMISSION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE FUTURE OF JOURNALISM

Privacy is one of the key ethical restrictions for journalists. It is the ethical dilemma that most often, and certainly most contentiously, collides with the right to freedom of expression that is used as the rationale to underpin press freedom. The attempts by UK courts to determine this balance by developing the law of privacy through the law of confidence and the Human Rights Act, have attracted much attention and often condemnation by a UK media concerned that their freedom to publish popular, but intrusive, celebrity news might be more tightly controlled. Court cases won by celebrities have sparked outrage in the press as they have tightened the definition of confidence, so making intrusion in some cases more difficult. However, definitions of privacy are also being tightened by regulators, including the statutory broadcast regulators and the Press Complaints Commission (PCC; which covers press and many news Internet sites) following a number of important incidents requiring adjudication—many of which have received very little attention. Broadcasting has been more prominent with a couple of cases seizing the headlines, but the PCC has been working more quietly although just as importantly, defining new levels of privacy with a series of cases that will set the standard for photographs and reports concerning suicide, as well as privacy over health issues—all elements a good deal more central to standard reporting than their titles suggest. As the PCC is self-regulatory, the press it controls must either agree its rulings or risk making it unworkable; as doomed as its predecessor the Press Council. This study of its key judgements in this area over the past five years is therefore important since it is likely that these rulings will have far more effect on the future of reporting in the press and on the Internet than any of the much-criticised cases from the courts.

A New Approach to Sustainable Canal Sediment Management in Scotland

Abstract British Waterways is a public corporation which owns and manages 3220 km of canals and navigable rivers in Britain. Maintaining a safe navigation channel requires the regular removal of large quantities of accumulated sediment (150,000 tons per annum)Please note tons in this paper refers to metric tones, i.e., 1000 kg. which is often contaminated with a “cocktail” of organic and inorganic materials derived from both current and former industrial and agricultural activities. Over the past 15 years, British Waterways has developed and refined a sediment sampling and analysis protocol which takes account of the behavior of contaminated compounds in aqueous environments. This protocol has been developed in consultation with waste and soil chemistry experts and the statutory regulators to accommodate the changing legislative requirements over this period. The protocol facilitates the assessment of hazardous status and selection of appropriate uses for the sediment post removal. A menu of sediment reuse, including soil improvement and creation on agricultural land and recreational areas, production of soil alternatives, landfill capping material, and use as an engineering material is under development to reduce the dependency on landfill. Some of these options may require the sediment to undergo some form of treatment. Until recently, treatment options in the United Kingdom were limited. Now with the requirement for waste to be pretreated before being landfilled, treatment sites and mobile treatment plants are more common. Parallel to this process, British Waterways keeps a watching brief on proposed changes to relevant waste management legislation across the UK and lobbies, where appropriate, for changes which promote sustainable management of canal sediments. Review of, and involvement in, longer term catchment management policies and legislative controls through, inter alia, the European Water Framework Directive, aim to reduce the sediment management burden in the long term. A review of the European Waste Framework Directive is ongoing, which may bring legislative changes related to disposal and reuse of sediments, or both. A series of case studies in the Lowlands and Highlands of Scotland is presented to illustrate the practicalities of this process.

Criticality, research, scholarship and teaching: Osteopaths as educators – what makes a good teacher?

Current educational healthcare practice expresses curriculum content in conceptual themes which include attributes required by competent professionals. These together with the demands of statutory and voluntary osteopathic regulators provide a challenge to osteopathic teachers on account of the various models employed in the delivery of osteopathic education. There is an expectation that, in addition to being a competent osteopathic practitioner, the osteopathic teacher has to demonstrate professional and educational expertise, together with a self-awareness of their personal limitations. They have to be a role model and mentor to students, as well as being able to make professional judgements about students' performance. Furthermore, the osteopathic teacher is expected to know what they should be teaching and what students are required to learn.