Origin Status Research Articles

Correlation of microstructure and hardness distribution of high-speed train wheels under original and service statuses

High-speed train wheels have complex service environments during wheel–rail contact, and a comprehensive understanding of the microstructural inhomogeneity at the rim is critical for service safety assessment. The local quenching process in the vicinity of the rim will cause a difference in microstructure, directly affecting the service performance of the material. In this study, high-throughput characterization method based on material genome engineering was used, the methods for characterising and identifying the microstructure of wheel steel were developed using high-throughput scanning electron microscopy, and the accuracy and reproducibility of the methods were evaluated. A point-to-point research scheme for microstructure image and hardness data was designed based on the concept of statistical mapping characterization. The area fraction of the proeutectoid ferrite and micro-Vickers hardness distribution in a large size range of the key area of the rim and their internal correlation was obtained, these helped avoid statistical and representativeness limitations of traditional local selection analysis of microstructure and hardness. The results indicates that the area fraction of proeutectoid ferrite and micro-Vickers hardness showed a clear gradient distribution, and opposite distribution trend, with a high negative correlation. In addition, by observing the correlation between microstructure and hardness, and studying the evolution of microstructure, it was found that the microstructure and hardness of the rim near the tread demonstrated a significant synergistic evolution law under the influence of service, this was observed both statistically and microscopically. These findings enhanced the application prospects of the microstructure-performance statistical mapping method, and were beneficial in efficiently evaluating the service life and safety of key components.

Critical analyses of Latina mortality: disentangling the heterogeneity of ethnic origin, place, nativity, race, and socioeconomic status

Despite the significant body of research on social determinants of health (SDH) and mortality, limited knowledge is available on the epidemiology of aggregated Latino health overall, and by women and subgroups. In population health studies, U.S. Latinos often are considered a monolithic population and presented as an aggregate, obscuring the diversity and variations within and across Latino subgroups, contributing to missed opportunities to identify SDH of health outcomes, and limiting the understanding of health differences. Given diverse environmental, racial, class, and geographic factors, a specific focus on women facilitates a more in-depth view of health disparities. This paper provides a scoping review of current gaps in research that assesses the relationships between SDH and mortality rates for the five leading causes of chronic-disease related deaths among Latinas by ethnic origin, place, race, and SES. We analyzed 2020 national mortality statistics from the CDC WONDER Online database jointly with reviews of empirical articles on Latina health, employing the EBSCOhost MEDLINE databases. These findings challenge the phenomenon of the Hispanic paradox that identified Latinos as a relatively healthy population compared to non-Hispanic White populations despite their lower economic status. The findings confirm that prior research on Latino women had methodological limitations due to the exclusion of SDH and an overemphasis on culturalist perspectives, while overlooking the critical role of socioeconomic impacts on health. Findings indicate major knowledge gaps in Latina mortality by SDH and subgroups that may undermine surveillance efforts and treatment efficacy. We offer forward-looking recommendations to assure the inclusion of key SDH associated with Latina mortality by subgroup as essential to inform future studies, intervention programs, and health policy.

Impact of Large-Scale Fire and Habitat Type on Ant Nest Density and Species Abundance in Biebrza National Park, Poland

Fire can have negative effects on the ant community by reducing species abundance through direct mortality, changes in resource availability, or foraging activity. Fire can also have positive effects, especially for opportunistic species preferring open or disturbed habitats. We assessed the direct effects of a large-scale fire on ant communities in open habitats (grassland and Carex) and moist forested peatland (birch and alder) sites in Biebrza National Park, testing three hypotheses: (i) the large-scale fire had more significant effects on ant nest density in forests than in open habitats, (ii) the post-fire ant diversity changes within sites are stronger in forests than open habitats, and (iii) ant species preferring disturbed habitats are favoured by the fire event. The fire had negative effects on ant nest density only in the Carex and grassland sites but not in the birch and alder sites, suggesting that fire had a stronger impact in open habitats than in forests. Temporal post-fire ant diversity changes within sites were stronger in forests than in open habitats. We observed higher beta diversity changes between the first and second year of the study in the burned forest sites due to colonisation, indicating a greater fire impact on species community composition followed by a higher recolonisation rate. Ant species preferring disturbed habitats were favoured by the fire. The seed-eating ant species Tetramorium caespitum, a thermophilous and opportunistic species, dominated the burned grassland site. This contrasts with other species, e.g., Lasius alienus, for which nest density decreased after fire, underlining the importance of food resource availability as a major driver of community changes after fire. Our study also underlines the importance of periodic biodiversity monitoring in conservation areas for assessing the recovery of the original status after disturbances and revealing possible habitat changes endangering the survival of local biotic communities.

التبنِّي في التشريع التونسي ضمان نسبي للمُتبنَّى

The Tunisian legislator tried, through the adoption institution, to elevate the adopted son to the status of a legitimate son and enable him to have the same rights and duties as the latter. However, in reality, these guarantees did not reach in their content the required level of permanence, stability and stability due to the possibility of their expiration as soon as factors emerged that could affect the interests of The the adopted person, which often leads to him being returned to his original status through a ruling reversing the adoption. This research studies the mechanisms of the adoption institution in dealing with the dilemma of a child losing his original family and elevating him to the status of a legitimate son by discussing the issue of the lack of achieving similarity between the adopted son and the legitimate son, as well as the issue of the disappearance cessation of adoption. The study concluded that the Tunisian legislator worked hard to enable the illegitimate son to live in an environment similar to that of the legitimate son, by approving the institution of adoption. However, the guarantees provided by this institution remain incomplete and inconsistent, and it recommends the need for the Tunisian legislator to intervene again and review the provisions it has enacted, especially setting strict laws that prevent reversal in adoption and stipulating them in Law A. 27 of 1958, dated March 4, 1958, relating to public guardianship, sponsorship, and adoption, in an attempt to address cases of reversal in adoption, which have a severe impact on the adoptee, whether on the psychological or material physical level. It must be emphasized that the best solution to guarantee the rights of all parties is to follow the instructions of Islamic law regarding the issue of adoption.

Initial microbiome and tree root status structured the soil microbial community discrepancy of the subtropical pine-oak forest in a large urban forest park.

Plant-microbe-soil interactions control over the forest biogeochemical cycling. Adaptive plant-soil interactions can shape specific microbial taxa in determining the ecosystem functioning. Different trees produce heterogeneous soil properties and can alter the composition of soil microbial community, which is relevant to the forest internal succession containing contrasting stand types such as the pine-oak forests. Considering representative microbial community characteristics are recorded in the original soil where they had adapted and resided, we constructed a soil transplant incubation experiment in a series of in situ root-ingrowth cores in a subtropical pine-oak forest, to simulate the vegetational pine-oak replacement under environmental succession. The responsive bacterial and fungal community discrepancies were studied to determine whether and how they would be changed. The pine and oak forest stands had greater heterogeneity in fungi composition than bacteria. Original soil and specific tree root status were the main factors that determined microbial community structure. Internal association network characters and intergroup variations of fungi among soil samples were more affected by original soil, while bacteria were more affected by receiving forest. Specifically, dominant tree roots had strong influence in accelerating the fungi community succession to adapt with the surrounding forest. We concluded that soil microbial responses to forest stand alternation differed between microbiome groups, with fungi from their original forest possessing higher resistance to encounter a new vegetation stand, while the bacteria community have faster resilience. The data would advance our insight into local soil microbial community dynamics during ecosystem succession and be helpful to enlighten forest management.

Купчая на вологодский двор 1624 г. из собрания Slovanská knihovna

The article is devoted to the analysis of a unique document from the collection of the Slavonic Library in Prague (Slovansk knihovna). According to the assumption of E. F. Maksimovich these acts belonged to V. O. Kliuchevskii in his time. Most of the acts in this collection are related to noble land ownership and come from family archives, some are related to monasteries and bishop's chairs, as well as to state institutions (the Pomestniy Prikaz, the Alatyr congress hut). Sources that do not belong to these groups are particularly interesting. Among them is the bill of sale of Tretiak Kondratyev, the son of Pustokhin, for the yard of Patrikeev’s druzhina, the son of Dylev, in the Kirillovsky Sorok of Vologda dated November 9, 1624 - the earliest document related to Vologda from the collection of Russian acts in this archival repository. This charter reveals the peculiarities of real estate transactions of the Vologda posadki people. This document is one of the rare examples of a private deed, when none of the counterparties is a representative of the Church. The biographies of the parties to the transaction, their origin, and social status can be found out thanks to the prosopographical base compiled on the basis of a wide range of sources (primarily city cadastres, customs books and deeds), which contains information about more than five thousand townspeople who lived in Vologda in the second half of the 16th - second half of the 17th centuries. The bill of sale supplements the prosopographical base with information about ordinary Vologda people. In addition, it describes in detail the composition of the yard, which includes a hut, gate, cellar, barn, bathhouse and other outbuildings, vegetable garden and well. It should be noted that the document contains unique indications on old boundaries and rules of maintenance of hedges between yards. The bill of sale was executed by the court scrivener Osip Semyonov, with the involvement of other court scriveners Efim Lumpov and Denis Panov as servants. Later, the assignment of notarial functions to court scriveners was reflected in the norms of the 1649 Code of Regulations. The document contains an indication of their appearance before the local authorities - voivode Vasily Fyodorovich Buturlin and clerk Vasily Larionov. A corresponding note was made on the charter, and information about the transaction was recorded in the "books", which indicates state registration of transactions with city real estate. Such a set of information in the majority of similar documents is extremely rare.

ЛИНГВОПОРТРЕТИСТИКА И АРХЕОЛОГИЯ ЗНАНИЯ: ВЕНСКИЕ ОРИГИНАЛЫ В ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ ОККУПИРОВАННОЙ АВСТРИИ

The proposed article addresses the phenomenon of the Viennese urban originals on the example of three personalities with official original status, special entourage, idiolect, idiokinesics and perlocutive impact on the Viennese and generally Austrian public. The aim of the paper is to investigate the Viennese originals’ fate during the National Socialist dictatorship after the “Anschluss” of Austria. The relevance of the article is connected to the development of the methodology of a new direction in Language and Culture Studies – Linguistic Portraiture that is regarded as a kind of archaeology of knowledge about real culturally significant personalities of specific countries. This direction differs from Linguistic Personology in its orientation: it is not aimed at generalizing cultural types reflected, first of all, in the phraseological fund of languages and their literary tradition, but at the study of dissipative groups encompassing personalities that can be regarded as living cultural phenomena, to which urban originals doubtlessly belong. The methods used in the article include systematization, classification, interpretative and contextual analysis, and metacritical analysis of biographical and scientific literature. The article speculates on the specificity of the discourses that took shape around Helmut Qualtinger, Beatrice Triangi and Karl Sesta, drawing on biographical materials, investigative journalism, works on linguocultural studies and texts produced by Viennese originals. The study is an attempt to reconstruct the intellectual discourse of the Austrian capital in the first half of the twentieth century.

Peripheral T-cell subsets in radiofrequency ablation for tumors from different origins

BackgroundsRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is known to destroy tumoral tissue and activate immune cells. This study aimed to investigate the impact of RFA on peripheral T-cell responses and its relationship with tumor origin and hepatitis status. MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 62 patients with various types of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and others, who underwent RFA treatment between June 2017 and December 2018. Blood samples were collected before and one day after RFA treatment. The peripheral T-cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry, and their changes were analyzed. ResultsThe study found a decrease in the CD4+CD8-and CD4-CD8+ T-cell subsets after RFA, but no significant changes were observed in the populations of CD4+CD8+ and the CD4+CD8-/CD4-CD8+ ratio. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in peripheral T-cell subsets concerning tumor type or hepatitis status. ConclusionsThe study suggests that RFA treatment may have a short-term impact on peripheral T-cell responses, characterized by a decrease in certain T-cell subsets. However, these changes do not seem to be related to the tumor type or hepatitis status of the patients.

Fishery and conservation implications of molecular characterization and traceability of ceviche samples from Pacific Panama

Genetic analysis of 111 samples from ceviche cocktails and fish fillets used for ceviche, obtained from fish markets and processing plants in the Pacific zone of Panama were conducted to determine species composition, trace origin (native, nonnative or imported frozen species) and CITES species status. A total of 21 species were detected (20 fishes and one invertebrate): Coryphaena hippurus (dolphin fish), Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (basa), Trachinotus falcatus (pompano), Cyclopsetta querna (toothed flounder), Atheresthes stomias (arrow-tooth flounder), Lobotes pacificus (Pacific tripletail), Bagre panamensis (Chihuil sea-catfish), B. bagre (Coco sea-catfish), Ariopsis seemanni (Tete sea-catfish), Aspistor luniscutis (yellow sea-catfish), Centropomus viridis (white snook), C. undecimalis (Union snook), Sphyrae naensis (Mexican barracuda), Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia), O. mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia), Cynoscion praedatorius (Boccone weakfish), Protonibea diacanthus (blackspotted croaker), Gadus chalcogrammus (Alaska pollock), Sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerhead shark), Makaira nigricans (blue marlin) and Dosidicus gigas (giant Humbolt squid). Native species found in ceviche samples were reduced in numbers compared with imported and cultivated ones. Thus, the most common detected fish species was basa, followed by the Nile tilapia and the dolphin fish. This is a positive result in terms of sustainability of local fisheries, since basa is imported as frozen fish meat from Asia. The same applies for Nile tilapia, a cultivated freshwater species not captured from local fisheries. For the dolphin fish, despite being common and exploited in Pacific waters, previous studies suggest its fishery is sustainable in Panama waters. In terms of conservation status, one species cataloged by IUCN as vulnerable (VU), the blue marlin (M. nigricans) and one as critically endangered (CR), the scalloped hammerhead shark (S. lewini) were detected. Sphyrae lewini is also catalog as CITES appendix II. The giant Humbolt squid (D. gigas), classified by IUCN as data deficient (DD), was the only invertebrate detected in samples obtained from a ceviche processing plant. Two sets of primers and dual labeled probes were designed for qPCR eDNA detection of the only CITES species, S. lewini. These represent the first qPCR markers for eDNA detection of S. lewini. Results from this project promote the sustainable use of fishery resources and might provide ceviche producers with a certificate from MarViva Foundation certifying that their ceviche is free of sharks or species threatened/protected by law, giving added value to their product. Molecular detection and molecular traceability are sensitive and species specific, what makes of this tool a reliable method to combat IUU (illegal, unreported and undocumented) fishing.

Typological passport of Basque as a minority language

The aim of the research is to make an inventory of the most salient typological traits of Basque as one of the extant minority languages, whose origin and typological status have been debated ever since the 16th century. Despite the well-meaning attempts to compile a unified standard of Basque, the majority of its speakers communicate using one of its numerous dialects. Apart from that, most of the contemporary coursebooks of Basque convey contradictory messages about its main grammatical features. This lack of uniformity acts as an impediment on the way to learning Basque or forming a well-defined concept of its typology. To enhance and spread knowledge about Basque typology, the present research adopts the methodology of contrastive-typological studies, namely, the method of typological passport developed by Professor V.D. Arakin. The empirical data for the research were drawn from the courseand textbooks recommended by The Royal Academy of the Basque Language. Research results revealed a number of universal typological traits shared by Basque with well-studied languages of the world, such as the presence of articles, cases, assimilation, post-modifying adjectives, etc. However, from the perspective of contrastive typology, it is the unique typological features that are most typologically and conceptually salient, such as voiced and devoiced aspiration, variations in the pronunciation of diaphonic sounds, non-systematic (non-pleonastic) marking of number, conceptual salience of specific numerals (2, 4, and 11), neutral and emphatic world-building patterns as well the absence of some models altogether (blending, shortening, back-formation). Research results show that the typological passport of Basque can be defined as an agglutinative language with suffixes, syntactic agreement and fusions at morphemic junctures. One of the avenues for further research is a multifactorial analysis with a view to obtaining statistical data about typologically significant categories of Basque.

OGLE-BLAP-009 – a case study for the properties and evolution of blue large-amplitude pulsators

ABSTRACT Blue large-amplitude pulsators (BLAPs) make up a rare class of hot pulsating stars with effective temperatures of ≈30 000 K and surface gravities of 4.0–5.0 dex (cgs). The evolutionary origin and current status of BLAPs is not well understood, largely based on a lack of spectroscopic observations and no available mass constraints. However, several theoretical models have been proposed that reproduce their observed properties, including studies that identify them as pulsating helium-core pre-white dwarfs (He-core pre-WDs). We present here follow-up high-speed photometry and phase-resolved spectroscopy of one of the original 14 BLAPs, OGLE-BLAP-009, discovered during the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. We aim to explore its pulsation characteristics and determine stellar properties such as mass and radius in order to test the consistency of these results with He-core pre-WD models. Using the mean atmospheric parameters found using spectroscopy, we fit a spectral energy distribution to obtain a preliminary estimate of the radius, luminosity, and mass by making use of the Gaia parallax. We then compare the consistency of these results to He-core pre-WD models generated using Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics, with predicted pulsation periods implemented using gyre. We find that our mass constraints are in agreement with a low-mass He-core pre-WD of ≈0.30 M⊙.

Phenotypic characterization of Pomeranians with or without Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia.

Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) are frequently diagnosed conditions in small and toy dog breeds, such as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and Griffon Bruxellois. CM/SM is only rarely reported in Pomeranians in literature to date. The aims of this study are to 1/describe the phenotype of Pomeranians with or without CM/SM and 2/evaluate for differences and associations between CM/SM and owner-reported clinical signs (ORCS) or signalment factors. From February 2015 to June 2023, historical data and signalment (including country of origin, pedigree, sex and neuter status, age, and body weight) and ORCS of Pomeranians were recorded at multiple institutions. MRI studies of all dogs were evaluated for classification of CM/SM. Additionally, quantitative measurements were performed for SM. A total of 796 dogs from 22 different countries were included. Total prevalence of CM was 54.9% (437/796) and the prevalence of SM was 23.9% (190/796). The top 5 ORCS included 1/scratching with skin contact, rubbing head or ears, or both (57.6% of dogs with ORCS), 2/air licking (30.7% of dogs with ORCS), 3/spontaneous signs of pain (26.0% of dogs with ORCS), 4/persistent licking front and/or hind paws (22.6% of dogs with ORCS), 5/phantom scratching (22.6% of dogs with ORCS). Phantom scratching, vocalization, head shaking, spontaneous signs of pain, and air licking were associated with having SM. There were no statistically significant associations between quantitative syrinx measurements and ORCS. There were statistically significant associations between CM classification and 1/country of origin, 2/having a pedigree, and 3/age. There were statistically significant associations between SM classification and 1/age and 2/body weight. This is the first large study evaluating CM/SM in the Pomeranian dog breed. Veterinary clinicians can use these findings to increase the likelihood of correctly determining the presence or absence of CM/SM in Pomeranians. Breeders may consider using the information regarding signalment factors as well as ORCS associated with CM/SM classifications to select dogs for screening procedures. But an MRI-based diagnosis is needed to properly ascertain the exact CM/SM status of their breeding stock until a fool-proof characteristic or genetic marker is found.

<i>Elytroatra</i> Daccordi, status novus, e descrizione di <i>E. caroli</i>, species nova, di Bolivia con brevi note su alcuni generi di Chrysomelinae Doryphorini neotropicali ad esso affini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Elytroatra Daccordi, status novus, and description of E. caroli, species nova, from Bolivia with brief notes on some related neotropical genera of Chrysomelinae Doryphorini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Elytroatra Daccordi 2008 is raised to genus level from its original status as subgenus of Proseicela Chevrolat 1836. The new status is proposed in consideration of the wide clypeus, almost smooth, the supra-orbital area strongly raised, with the eyes placed at its vertex so that the head appears notably transversally widened, absence of metathoracic wings, elytral shape elongate with a narrow apical angle (nearly 60°), for the presence of a wide, continuous, bulgy elytral lateral callus, narrow and elongated femora and particularly narrow and elongated tibiae. Type species of the genus is Elytrosphaera melas Jolivet 1950. Elytroatra caroli sp. n. is here described from the same biogeographic region of the Bolivian Yungas. and is the second known species of the genus. Elytroatra caroli sp. n. can be separated at first glance from its relative E. melas for its thoroughly shining black coloration, absence of two symmetrical pores at sides of pronotal disc, the shape of aedeagus with the apex narrower and elongated and shorter and less arcuate tegmen. [Article in Italian]

Current status, challenges, and future pathways of chemical industrial park safety in China

China is currently the largest producer of chemicals in the world, through its chemical industrial parks (CIPs) scattered across the country. In recent years, the Chinese government has issued a series of laws, regulations, standards, and guidelines, highlighting its commitment to improving CIP safety. However, the increasing number of severe and higher-level chemical accidents (SHLCAs) occurring in China's CIPs has become a major problem for CIP safety. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the current challenges and future needs of CIP safety in China by systematically investigating its current status. This paper first analyzes the origin, evolution, and current status of CIPs in China. Second, based on the collected investigation reports of SHLCAs that occurred in Chinese CIPs in 2011–2022, the characteristics and causes of 90 SHLCAs are analyzed in detail. Third, the national laws, regulations, standards, and guidelines closely related to CIP safety in China since 2011 are also analyzed. Finally, a safety assessment of 100 representative CIPs is conducted to identify the common problems faced by the current safety improvement of China's CIPs. Based on the research findings, the challenges CIP safety faces in China are systematically analyzed, and possible future pathways to improve CIP safety are discussed based on the following resilience capabilities: absorption (including resistance and mitigation), adaptation, restoration, and learning capability. This study provides not only basic data and information for future studies on CIP safety, but also presents valuable insights for the improvement of CIP safety in other countries.

부동산의 처분과 사해행위 취소의 효력

The title of this thesis is ‘Real estate disposition and the Effect of the Revocation of Fraudulent-Subject Case: The Supreme Court of Korea Decision 2015Da217980 on March 09, 2017-’. The obligor will be free to dispose of his own property at his will, and no obligee will be able to dispute it, but our civil law allows the obligee to interfere with the obligor’s liability in special cases in order to preserve the substantial value of the bond. Under the Korean civil law, the Obligee's Right of Subrogation to Obligor(the Subrogation Claim of a Creditor) and the Obligee’s Right of Revocation(the Revocation of Fraudulent Act) are in place. The Subrogation Claim of a Creditor allows the obligee to exercise the obligor's property rights on behalf of the obligor in the event that the debtor does not exercise his or her rights, thereby preserving the liability property. The Revocation of Fraudulent Act is the right that entitles the obligee to revoke fraudulent transaction and to claim restitution of its original status, in case an obligor prejudices and does harm to the obligee(s) by transferring his property to a third party and increasing debt and obligations over assets resulting in insolvency. The Revocation of Fraudulent Act under the Korean Civil Law was introduced by the Japanese Civil Law which was enacted following French models, and in the process, the concept of reinstatement was added along with cancellation. For this reason, a unique form of the Revocation of Fraudulent Act was developed which is basically similar to but different from that of France and Japan. On the basis of the relative nullification theory, the debtor cannot be a defendant in a suit to cancel the fraudulent act and considering the subjective scope of the judgment power in a suit to cancel an act of harm (article 218 of the Civil Procedure Act), in which only the beneficiary or the former beneficiary can be a defendant, the debtor is neither party or subject to a lawsuit (article 84 of the Civil Procedure Act) seems to be able to be regarded as having difficulty in settling the grounds for cancellation of the liability. This paper will examine the significance and limitation of the above decision, and also suggest the effective application of creditor’s revocation based on the relative effect of the revocation of fraudulent and the Article 407 of the Civil Act.

결합범과 신분범, 실행의 착수시기

The target ruling determines that the crime of home invasion rape is a status crime and the starting point of its execution is the point of assault and threat for rape, which is a subsequent act.
 However, as seen earlier, in a combined crime, the preceding act is an ‘act’-related element as the first act, and together with the subsequent act, which is the second act, it forms one constituent element as a whole. Therefore, the attitude of the precedent that ‘act’-related prior acts act as status elements is not considered to be a conclusion faithful to the concept of status.
 In addition, if the crime of home invasion rape is a combined crime, it is reasonable to view the start of execution as the time when the home invasion began.
 Since the appellate court ruled that “the defendant appears to have already intended to commit sexual crimes such as pseudo-rape against the victim when he dragged her into the bathroom,” the intention for the crime of home invasion-like rape was committed from the beginning - that is, the first act, home invasion. The appellate court also acknowledged that there was intent to commit sexual assault and intent to commit pseudo-rape, which was the second act. Nevertheless, the appellate court judged that the starting point of execution was not the first act, the time of intrusion into a home (the point of dragging someone to the bathroom), but the second act, the moment of attempted pseudo-rape (the point of assault and threats), which means that the point of execution in a combined crime is There appears to be a lack of consistency in judgment regarding launch. Why did the precedent take this attitude? When the crime of home invasion rape is considered a combined crime, it can be understood that although it is logical that the starting point of its execution is a preceding act, the logical contra- diction of viewing it as a subsequent act is an attempt to overcome the contradiction by viewing the preceding act as a status element. Of course, from a macro perspective, it is more advantageous for the defendant to set the starting point of execution on the subsequent act rather than the preceding act. In addition, viewing a criminal as a status criminal rather than a non-status criminal requires a judgment on the presence or absence of a status criminal, so it is inevitably a judgment that is more favorable to the defendant. From the defendant's perspective, he or she can claim that he or she has no status, and even if he or she does have status - even if the home invasion has been completed - he or she can claim that he or she has not yet begun the act.
 Meanwhile, in the target ruling, the court may be seen as implying that it is different from the original status crime by expressing it as “a type of identity crime…” However, in the reference case, it is said to be a type of identity crime, but mentions the possibility of establishing an accomplice under Article 33. Therefore, we cannot help but say that the type of identity crime expressed in precedents is in fact the same as “identity crime.” And the use of such ambiguous terms can add to the complexity of interpretation theory due to the ambiguity. I believe that clarifying whether or not a person is a status offender is consistent with the principle of clarity and can prevent confusion between theory and practice.

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma CNS Relapse Prophylaxis with Intrathecal or High-Dose Intravenous Methotrexate

Introduction: Central nervous system (CNS) relapse is a relatively infrequent but often fatal complication of the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Median overall survival (OS) after DLBCL relapse in the CNS is about 4 months. Despite identifying patients at high risk of developing CNS relapse using the CNS international prognostic index (CNS-IPI) score, it has been difficult to validate any specific strategy. Various chemotherapies and administration methods have been tested. Thus far, only the addition of rituximab to chemotherapy has yielded significant results. Our objective is to determine if administering prophylactic chemotherapy is efficacious in preventing DLBCL relapse in the CNS. Methodology: We collected retrospective data for patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL treated with rituximab and anthracycline-based chemotherapy from 2010 to 2020 in the Northwell Health system to determine the efficacy of CNS prophylaxis. Patients with CNS disease at diagnosis, primary testicular lymphoma, primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, and HIV-associated lymphoma were excluded from this study. CNS prophylaxis was defined as receiving at least two doses of prophylactic chemotherapy, whether intravenous or intrathecal. Follow up for at least one year after diagnosis was required for inclusion. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time difference between the date of definitive diagnosis to death or last date of contact. Other potential prognostic factors including double hit status and cell of origin, germinal center B-cell (GCB) vs. non-germinal center B-cell (non-GCB), were also evaluated. Pearson's chi-square analysis was used to compare the rate of DLBCL relapse in the CNS based on whether patients received CNS prophylaxis. Low risk was defined as CNS-IPI score 0 to 3 and high risk as CNS-IPI score 4 to 6. Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank (Mantel-Cox) testing was used to determine if any significant OS benefit was observed for the low and high-risk groups based on CNS-IPI score. Results: Of the 437 charts reviewed, 127 were eligible for inclusion. Most patients were male (56.7%). Median age was 69 years and median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status was 1. Most cases were non-GCB (44.9%, as 25% of cases were missing data) and not double hit (85%). Of the 35 patients at high risk for CNS relapse, 27 (77%) received prophylaxis. Intrathecal methotrexate (IT MTX) was given to 26 patients (96%) and high dose intravenous methotrexate (HD MTX) was given to 1 patient. CNS relapse occurred in 6 patients, of which 5 had a low-risk CNS-IPI score. One of the five patients in the low-risk group and the one patient in the high-risk group that had CNS relapse received prophylaxis. No significant difference in overall relapse rates were observed based on whether prophylaxis was given, X 2 (1, N = 127) = 0.30, p = .59. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no difference in OS after stratification of patients by CNS-IPI score into the high-risk ( p = .50) and low-risk ( p = .24) groups. HD MTX was not administered frequently enough to determine its efficacy. Neither cell of origin (X 2 (1, N = 95) = 2.95, p = .086) nor double hit status (X 2 (1, N = 127) = 1.512, p = .22) had any significant effect on OS. Conclusions: We did not observe any clear benefit for administering IT MTX to prevent DLBCL relapse in the CNS. Most of the CNS relapse events occurred in the low-risk group, even though 8 patients in the high-risk group did not receive any CNS prophylaxis. This study did not have sufficient power to make a definitive conclusion. As CNS relapse is a rare event, a much larger sample size is required to determine the true efficacy of CNS prophylaxis. Non-GCB cell origin and positive double hit status are not included in the CNS-IPI score but their potential association with risk of DLBCL relapse in the CNS is understudied. Future studies should build upon these findings.

Unlocking Local Union Meeting Attendance for Employees Identified by Gender, Minority Status, and Language of Origin: Psychological Safety and Meeting Effectiveness

AbstractViewing the problem of chronic low local union meeting attendance through a psychological lens, we sampled employees from 22 unions and 64 locals who attended meetings in the last 12 months (N = 130) to replicate a mediation model presented in Mellor (Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal,35, 189–208, 2023), in which psychological safety at meetings is linked to meeting attendance through rated meeting effectiveness. Support for replication was shown, in which employees who experienced more safety at meetings were more likely to rate meetings as effective, and in turn were more likely to indicate meeting attendance in the next 12 months. Because gender, minority status, and language of origin were linked to model variables in the Mellor study, and because discussions with local officers (“local reps”) about the problem of low attendance indicated interest in these demographics, the demographics were positioned as moderators in the mediation model. Test results for the expanded model indicated support, in which mediation was stronger for minority employees and for employees for which English is a Second Language, specifically links between safety and effectiveness ratings and between safety and attendance through effectiveness ratings. Model relationships are discussed in relation to future sampling, modeling, and intervention.

AN OUTSIDE PERSPECTIVE ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND (Second Half of the Nineteenth – Early Twentieth Centuries)

In historical sources we find numerous positive reviews about the industrial development of the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the 19th century, even from those persons whose origin and social status predetermined their critical attitude towards Poland. The ever-increasing competition of Polish goods in relation to Russian in the second half of the 19th century, as well as the growth of German land ownership in Polish lands, once again increased the interest of the imperial government in the “Polish question”. To study the current situation in 1886, by order of the Minister of Finance, Nikolai Bunge, a special “Commission for the study of border factories” was created on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. In the conclusions of this commission, in particular the factory inspector of the Moscow district, prof. Ivan Yanzhul, as well as in the scientific works of the Warsaw University professor Gregori Simonenko, the reports of the economist Sergei Sharapov, we meet a high assessment of the industrial development of the Kingdom of Poland. In all compared processes and phenomena, such as the rate of industrial growth, the technical equipment of enterprises, the qualifications of workers, wages, working hours, medicine and insurance at enterprises, success was on the side of Poland, and not the Moscow region. The Commission, as well as representatives of Russian scientific thought, considered the effective economic policy of the Russian Empire to be the main reason for the development of the Kingdom of Poland. According to prof. Yanzhul, problems such as German land ownership in Polish territories, smuggling of German goods to the market of the Russian Empire, more favorable conditions for the development of Polish industry than the Moscow economic region should be radically resolved, namely: to provide Poland with full political independence.

Income-based differences in healthcare utilization in relation to mortality in the Swedish population between 2004–2017: A nationwide register study

Background Despite universal healthcare, socioeconomic differences in healthcare utilization (HCU) persist in modern welfare states. However, little is known of how HCU inequalities has developed over time. The aim of this study is to assess time trends of differences in utilization of primary and specialized care for the lowest (Q1) and highest (Q5) income quantiles and compare these to mortality. Methods and findings Using a repeated cross-sectional register-based study design, data on utilization of (i) primary; (ii) specialized outpatient; and (iii) inpatient care, as well as (iv) cause of death, were linked to family income and sociodemographic control variables (for instance, country of origin and marital status). The study sample comprised all individuals 16 years or older residing in Sweden any year during the study period and ranged from 7.1 million in year 2004 to 8.0 million year 2017. HCU and mortality for all disease as well as for the 5 disease groups causing most deaths were compared for the Q1 and Q5 using logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, marital status, and birth country. The primary outcome measures were adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and regression coefficients of annual changes in these ORs log-transformed. Additionally, we conducted negative binominal regression to calculate adjusted rate ratios (RRs) comparing Q1 and Q5 with regard to number of disease specific healthcare encounters ≤5 years prior to death. In 2017, for all diseases combined, Q1 utilized marginally more primary and specialized outpatient care than Q5 (OR 1.07, 95% CI [1.07, 1.08]; p < 0.001, and OR 1.04, 95% CI [1.04, 1.05]; p < 0.001, respectively), and considerably more inpatient care (OR 1.44, 95% CI [1.43, 1.45]; p < 0.001). The largest relative inequality was observed for mortality (OR 1.78, 95% CI [1.74, 1.82]; p < 0.001). This pattern was broadly reproduced for each of the 5 disease groups. Time trends in HCU inequality varied by level of care. Each year, Q1 (versus Q5) used more inpatient care and suffered increasing mortality rates. However, utilization of primary and specialized outpatient care increased more among Q5 than in Q1. Finally, group differences in number of healthcare encounters ≤5 years prior to death demonstrated a similar pattern. For each disease group, primary and outpatient care encounters were fewer in Q1 than in Q5, while inpatient encounters were similar or higher in Q1. A main limitation of this study is the absence of data on self-reported need for care, which impedes quantifications of HCU inequalities each year. Conclusions Income-related differences in the utilization of primary and specialized outpatient care were considerably smaller than for mortality, and this discrepancy widened with time. Facilitating motivated use of primary and outpatient care among low-income groups could help mitigate the growing health inequalities.