CNNs vs. transformers: A benchmark for multi-class marine debris identification.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is marked by persistent airflow limitation. Blood eosinophilia has emerged as a potential biomarker for predicting the risk of exacerbations as well as response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). However, its impact on lung function in stable COPD remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of blood eosinophilia in stable COPD patients and explore its relationship with lung function, exercise capacity and exacerbation history. A total of 60 stable COPD patients were included in this cross-sectional study, selected according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Blood eosinophil counts were measured, with eosinophilia defined as ≥2%. Lung function was evaluated through spirometry, while exercise capacity was assessed using the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Statistical tests were applied to compare data between the eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic groups. Eosinophilia was present in 21.67% of patients. Eosinophilic patients had a higher rate of exacerbations (53.85%) and a lower FEV1 (mean 39.46% predicted) as compared to non-eosinophilic patients (17.02% and 50.79%, respectively). The 6MWT distance was shorter in eosinophilic patients (249.38 meters) as compared to non-eosinophilic patients (274.17 meters). Eosinophilic inflammation in COPD significantly impacts exacerbation risk, lung function and exercise capacity . Eosinophil counts may prove to be a useful biomarker for identifying COPD patients who are more likely to benefit from targeted treatments, such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).

Automatic emotion recognition plays a critical role in areas such as mental-health monitoring, human–robot interaction, and personalised learning systems, yet current multimodal approaches often struggle with high intra-class variability and the limited discriminative power of raw audio–visual features. Existing methods typically rely on direct classification of audio or facial data, which does not explicitly enforce a structured joint embedding in which emotional categories become separable. This paper addresses this limitation by proposing a supervised contrastive feature-mapping algorithm that transforms temporal audio and video features into a representation that minimises intra-class distances while maximising inter-class distances. In contrast to prior work, which usually focuses on handcrafted feature engineering or end-to-end classifiers, our approach explicitly learns a discriminative metric space that enhances the geometry of the feature distribution. The method is evaluated on the RAVDESS and CREMA-D benchmark datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed mapping yields consistent accuracy improvements over strong machine-learning baselines, with gains of up to approximately 6%, achieving 96.07% accuracy on RAVDESS and competitive performance on CREMA-D, while outperforming or matching recent state-of-the-art multimodal emotion-recognition pipelines. Statistical tests (Kruskal–Wallis and paired t-tests) confirm that the learned representation significantly increases class separability ( ). While the method assumes the availability of paired audio–visual inputs without requiring explicit temporal alignment, the learned feature space is compact, discriminative, and well suited to downstream tasks such as affect-aware dialogue systems, rehabilitation monitoring, and adaptive educational interfaces. These results demonstrate that contrastive feature mapping provides a robust and generalisable framework for multimodal emotion analysis. • We propose a supervised contrastive model that maps temporal audio-visual features into a joint representation, minimizing intra-class variations to enhance the separability of emotional classes in the transformed feature space. • We provide an in-depth analysis of feature distributions before and after transformation, demonstrating improved class discrimination. • Our algorithm achieves superior performance compared to existing approaches, and we publicly release the software for further research and development.

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral disease caused by a group of enteroviruses within the Picornaviridae family, specifically Coxsackie A16 (Cox A16) and Enterovirus 71 (EV71). Symptoms of HFMD include fever, mouth ulcers and skin rash. It is usually mild and self-limiting but some people may have a serious illness that requires hospitalization due to neurological complications and severe organ impairment, which can result in long-term morbidity and mortality. In rare cases, it can even lead to death. There is no specific treatment for severe cases of HFMD. Objective of the study was to evaluate the Clinico-etiological features and immediate outcome of HFMD. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Outpatient department of Paediatrics and department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The sample included 87 children with clinically diagnosed HFMD aged between 1 month and 12 years. Written parental consent was obtained after primary selection and a detailed medical history and physical examination were performed on each participant. All information collected was recorded in a semi-structured questionnaire and the data was analyzed with SPSS version 22.0. The chi-square test was used as a statistical test and a p-value 0.05 was considered significant. The 87 HFMD patients had a Mean age 2.40±2.0 years, with 69.0% male and 31.0% female. The male to female ratio was 2.2:1. Most patients were from urban areas, followed by 2.3% from rural areas. 92.0% of the children were from middle-income families. According to the clinical information, 100% of patients had fever, rash and oral ulcers. High grade fever (≥101.30°F) had in 66.7% and low grade fever (<101.30°F) had in 33.3%. Rash was noted in 100.0% of patients on the hand, 90.8% on the feet, 82.8% on the knee and 79.3% on the buttocks. The rash was painful in 74.7% of cases and itchy in 73.6% of cases. Painful oral ulcers occurred in 80.5% of cases and painless oral ulcers in 19.5% of cases. This study found that Coxsackie virus A6 (Cox A 6) was the most important etiologic agent in 87 clinically diagnosed HFMD patients. Of the 87 patients, 78(89.7%) were RT-PCR positive, including Cox A 6 [75(86.2%)], Cox A 16 [1 (1.1%)], other enterovirus 2[2nd (3.0%)] and only 9(10.3%) patients RT-PCR negative. The immediate outcome was fever resolved within 5 days in most patients (58.6%) and within 5-7 days in 23.0%. The rash resolved within 7 days in 68.8% of cases (completely resolved in 24.1% of cases, 24.1% resolved but hyper-pigmented areas, 14.9% hypo-pigmented areas and 5.7% had mild lesions). Oral ulcerations resolved within 5 to 7 days in 51.8% of cases, followed by 24.1% within 5 days. No complications were found in the examined patients. The prognosis was usually good.

We present the methods and results for automatic identification system (AIS) vessel tracking data analysis to support port operations and simulation efforts in the Houston region. While AIS data have been widely used to measure port performance, we specifically study the validity of assuming a Poisson arrival process for the Houston anchorage and quantify observed anchorage waiting behavior for container, noncontainer cargo, and tanker vessels in a longitudinal analysis from 2019 to 2024. Statistical testing and graphical analysis are used to examine the interarrival times. We contend that the Poisson assumption is likely valid for container and noncontainer cargo vessel types, but less clear for tanker vessels. The queue analysis shows that the Houston anchorage is dominated by tanker vessels, of which a majority experience waiting, and that deviations in container vessel queue size and duration were observed in late 2021 and 2022, corresponding to the global demand surge for container cargo. These findings directly support simulation studies for the Port of Houston and provide empirical evidence of long-term vessel arrival and waiting behaviors in the Houston anchorage.

Subcutaneous Port Implantation Without Tunneling Site Anesthesia: A Feasible and Efficient Approach?

The role of serum subfatin levels in the diagnosis of epileptic seizures: A case-control study.

The objectives of this study were to estimate and compare the 1-year clinical success rates of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), double antibiotic paste (DAP), calcium hydroxide (CH) within regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) on permanent necrotic immature teeth. Trials investigating REP success were searched through MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, GOOGLE Scholar (last update December 2025). Primary study quality was evaluated through the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for Randomised Trials (RoB2). Pooled success rates with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were assessed. Heterogeneity was investigated with the Cochran's Q and quantified with I2: The random-effects model was preferred to the fixed-effect model for I2 > 50%. Sensitivity (study quality, publication bias, study inclusion) and subgroup (scaffold type, world Region) analyses were made. The differences in pooled success rates between protocols were assessed and were evaluated using an equivalence range of -2.5%/+2.5%. The GRADE system was employed to evaluate the Quality of Evidence of the pooled success rates. Twenty-four studies of average quality were included involving 544, 64, 183 patients, for TAP, DAP, CH, respectively. The pooled success rates (tooth survival after 1 year with periapical healing, absence of signs and symptoms of pathology) were TAP 96.7% (95% CI, 94.8%-98.0%), DAP 84.2% (95% CI, 73.2%-92.0%), CH 97.4% (95% CI, 93.9%-99.1%). The pooled differences in success rates were TAP-DAP 12.5% (95% CI, 2.8%-22.1%, TAP superiority demonstrated), TAP-CH -0.7% (95% CI, -0.9%-2.5%, TAP/CH equivalence demonstrated), CH-DAP 13.2% (95% CI, 3.3%-23.0%, CH superiority demonstrated). Secondary analyses corroborated these results, although the overall statistical test power was low due to small sample sizes. The GRADE quality of evidence was high for TAP and CH, and low for DAP, due to substantial imprecision attributed to the small number of studies with small sample sizes. The lack of direct comparisons between protocols and of a common comparator did not allow for more robust analyses. Nevertheless, the use of TAP and CH as intracanal medicament within REPs resulted equivalent in eradicating the infection and promoting periapical healing in permanent necrotic immature teeth at 1-year follow up, and these protocols resulted superior over DAP. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023484189.

The natural protection offered by saltmarsh and mangrove wetlands is increasingly recognised and there is widespread interest in understanding this phenomenon to assist nature-based coastal interventions. Roughness plays a fundamental role in shallow-water hydrodynamic process and hence is a critical parameter for simulating flow over coastal vegetation and the resulting dynamics of surge and wave attenuation. This study provides a comprehensive review of our understanding of the Manning’s coefficient (T/L 1/3 ) in saltmarsh and mangroves. The literature was screened using a rigorous selection procedure to identify studies relevant to saltmarsh and mangrove hydrodynamics and bed roughness. Considering all the numerical, laboratory and field studies that used Manning’s coefficient in saltmarsh and mangrove ecosystems, 36 papers were identified and assessed. The results indicate an interquartile range of Manning’s coefficient (s/m 1/3 ) from 0.04 to 0.08 for saltmarshes and 0.10 to 0.14 for mangroves, providing indicative ‘global’ estimates for these two coastal wetland types. Geographic location, tidal range and temperature showed no statistical relationship, supporting the use of global indicative values. However, statistical testing reveals that the Manning’s coefficient for saltmarshes and mangroves do show significant cross-shore variability with increasing values from the seaward to landward direction. This should be considered and further assessed, especially in more detailed studies. Hence, this analysis provides an indicative ‘global’ constant estimate of Manning’s coefficient for saltmarshes and mangroves, as well as suggestions for more systematic future research on wetland roughness. • A global review of Manning’s number in saltmarsh and mangrove wetlands is presented. • Global assessment of supporting nature based solutions restoring coastal wetlands • Indicative Manning’s values: 0.04–0.08 for saltmarsh and 0.10–0.14 for mangroves. • No statistical link found between Manning’s number and location, tide or temperature. • Cross-shore variability of roughness is significant and needs further investigation.

Shifts in pediatric orthopedic injury patterns in the emergency department before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles enables transient and noninvasive blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening, facilitating targeted drug delivery. However, accurate treatment planning remains difficult due to inter-patient anatomical variability and the common assumption in simulations that brain tissues behave like water. To develop and evaluate MODFUS ( ), an in silico acoustic simulation framework that integrates a high-resolution anatomical head model to quantify the impact of intracranial tissue heterogeneity and probe alignment on transmitted acoustic pressure, supporting treatment planning for BBB opening. MODFUS integrates an anatomical head model comprising 115 tissue types and Computed Tomography (CT)-derived skull properties. FUS simulations were conducted using a 250 kHz single-element transducer at 13 distinct skull entry locations. Two modeling approaches were evaluated: a classical model, in which the skull was embedded in water and brain tissues were homogenized as water, and an heterogeneous anatomical model. To further assess robustness, an additional set of 50 simulations introduced controlled perturbations in probe positioning, consisting of angular deviations ( ) and translational offsets ( 7 mm) relative to the reference configuration. Model- and configuration-dependent differences were quantified using peak positive pressure (PPP), peak negative pressure (PNP), and potential therapeutic volume. Statistical significance was assessed using Wilcoxon rank-sum or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests ( = 0.05). For Classical vs Realistic models, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were applied to PPP, PNP, and BBB exposure volume, and Levene's test assessed variance differences across 13 positions. Multiple testing was controlled using the Holm-Bonferroni procedure ( = 0.05) across all tests. Effect sizes were quantified using Cohen's d with 95% confidence intervals. Compared to the classical "skull+water" benchmark model, the heterogeneous model predicted up to 11% lower PPP, slightly lower PNP ( -5%), and 35% smaller potential BBB exposure volumes across the 13 paired sonication positions. After Bonferroni correction, Paired statistical testing (Wilcoxon signed-rank, two-sided) showed significant differences for PPP (p = 0.0270) and potential BBB exposure volume (p = 0.0015), while differences in PNP were not statistically significant (p = 0.8286). Levene's test for variance confirmed significant heteroscedasticity for PPP (p = 0.027) and PNP (p = 3.2 10), but not for BBB exposure volume (p = 0.2680). Cohen's d effect sizes indicated a large positive effect for PPP, a small negative effect for PNP, and a very large positive effect for BBB exposure volume. MODFUS demonstrates the influence of incorporating detailed tissue heterogeneity on simulation outcomes, including pressure distribution and potential BBB exposure volume. These results highlight the importance of realistic soft tissue modeling and stereotaxic probe alignment for safe and effective FUS treatment planning. The study serves as a preliminary proof-of-concept. Future studies incorporating in vivo experiments will be required to quantify the accuracy of thisapproach.

Self-bootstrapping automated program repair: using LLMs to generate and evaluate synthetic training data for bug repair

Background/Objectives: Dementia poses a major public health challenge in South Korea, where population ageing has accelerated rapidly. We aimed to describe national 2016–2025 dementia prevalence trends and to generate a one-year 2026 forecast using NHIS-linked administrative data. Methods: We performed a retrospective longitudinal analysis of de-identified aggregate administrative data from the Ministry of Health and Welfare Municipal and District Dementia Status Report (2016–2025) and NHIS age–sex pivot table records. This was a purely descriptive and forecasting analysis; no inferential statistical tests were applied. Descriptive statistics were computed for national, sex-stratified, regional, and age-stratified outcomes. For the 2026 forecast, we used a prespecified demographic-offset time-series approach: the population aged 65 years or older and the estimated prevalence rate were modelled separately using damped-trend Holt exponential smoothing, then recombined to estimate patient count. Residual bootstrap resampling (20,000 iterations) was used to derive a 95% prediction interval for the patient count. A sensitivity analysis using ARIMA(1,1,0). Results: 602,633 (8.89%) in 2016 to 955,585 (9.09%) in 2025, a 58.6% increase. Females consistently showed higher prevalence than males (2025: 9.55% vs. 8.52%), and regional analysis identified South Jeolla Province (10.17%) as the highest-prevalence region and Ulsan Metropolitan City (8.10%) as the lowest. The female-to-male cumulative rate ratio reached 2.49 in the ≥85-year group. The primary 2026 forecast estimated 1,003,407 dementia patients among adults aged 65 years or older, with an estimated prevalence of 9.19% and a 95% prediction interval of 983,838–1,022,158. Conclusions: South Korea’s rising dementia burden is primarily driven by population ageing rather than a sharp increase in age-specific prevalence. The 2026 forecast supports urgent planning for a national dementia care population of approximately one million people.

Robotic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (R-RPLND) is increasingly recognized as a treatment option for testicular cancer. This study reports contemporary perioperative outcomes from a single institution and examines national trends in R-RPLND adoption. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent R-RPLND at our institution between December 2022 and November 2024. Clinical and perioperative metrics were collected and analyzed using univariable statistical tests. National trends in R-RPLND utilization were assessed using data from the National Cancer Database from 2012 to 2021. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate factors associated with the use of R-RPLND. At our institution, 31 men underwent R-RPLND. The average length of stay was 1.4 days, and the average estimated blood loss was 60.3 mL. The 30-day complication rate was 3.2%, representing one case of chylous ascites. Nationally, R-RPLND utilization increased from 2.5% in 2012 to 8.3% in 2021. Patients with stages II and III disease were less likely to receive robotic surgery compared to those with stage I disease (odds ratio [OR]: 0.383, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.167-0.880, p = 0.024 for stage II; OR: 0.231, 95% CI: 0.098-0.545, p = 0.001 for stage III). No 90-day mortality rate was observed in either cohort. R-RPLND demonstrates favorable perioperative outcomes at both institutional and national levels, with increasing utilization over the past decade. The minimally invasive approach may reduce the morbidity of open surgery and serve as an alternative to chemoradiation in early-stage testicular cancer in selected patients. Further studies are needed to evaluate long-term oncologic outcomes and cost-effectiveness.

This study compared the traditional blastocyst grading system with quantitative measurements of blastocyst expansion in relation to total pregnancy rate, implantation rate, and clinical pregnancy rate. A retrospective analysis was performed using data collected from patients undergoing frozen single embryo transfer cycles between 2021 and 2024. Single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfers in self-patients were included, whereas cleavage-stage transfers and donor programs were excluded. All blastocysts were morphologically graded using the Gardner grading system. The degree of expansion was assessed morphometrically by measuring the inner diameter of the blastocyst from images obtained at the equatorial plane during embryo transfer, using Hamilton Thorne laser software. Multiple statistical tests were applied to analyze both qualitative and quantitative assessments of blastocysts in relation to clinical outcomes. When comparing morphological parameters such as the quality of inner cell mass (ICM), trophectoderm (TE), and blastocyst expansion level, ICM and TE quality were found to significantly influence clinical outcomes. In comparing qualitative and quantitative (mean diameter) assessments of blastocysts with clinical outcomes, TE grade and blastocyst expansion level assessed qualitatively showed significant effects, whereas ICM quality and quantitative expansion measurements did not demonstrate statistical significance. Qualitative assessments of TE grade and blastocyst expansion level appear to be stronger predictors of clinical outcomes than ICM grade and morphometric assessment of blastocyst expansion. Larger datasets, including morphometric evaluation of ICM and TE cells, are recommended to clarify the predictive value of morphometric parameters.

This work proposes a systematic approach for constructing discrete chaotic systems from chirp signals and illustrates it through two representative maps. Detailed analysis shows that the resulting systems exhibit complex dynamics, including crises, period-doubling transitions to chaos, and, in some regimes, robust chaos. With multiple control parameters and high Lyapunov exponents, the maps demonstrate strong sensitivity to initial conditions, as confirmed through bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponent plots. The maps are integrated into a pseudo-random bit generator (PRBG) to evaluate their statistical suitability, and both pass all tests of the NIST Statistical Test Suite. Additional evaluations include key-space estimation, operation-based computational complexity, and execution speed measurements. The results indicate that the proposed chirp-based maps are effective candidates for chaotic PRBG design and related applications. • Introducing a wide parametric family of chaotic maps using chirp signals. • Several chirp signals are used as seeds. • Analytical Lyapunov exponent expressions. • The chaotic systems exhibit crises, period-doubling transitions to chaos, and, in some regimes, robust chaos, as observed in the bifurcation and LE diagrams. • Succesful use in a recent PRBG.

Multimodal treatment uses evidence-based therapeutic approaches by integrating pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, relaxation techniques and mind body exercises, social/family therapy, and lifestyle interventions in the treatment of mental disorders. This study investigates changes in mental health indicators among patients undergoing multimodal inpatient care, using patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to monitor symptom development and well-being. We conducted an exploratory retrospective analysis of patients receiving multimodal inpatient treatment at a ward for psychosomatic medicine between January 2015 and February 2024. We included patients with stress-related mental disorders (F32-34, F40-48, F50, F54). We compared their overall well-being and symptom load at the time of hospital admission and discharge using validated questionnaires, using parametric statistical tests. A total of 395 patients were included in the analysis. A transdiagnostic analysis across all patients showed significant improvements in PRO scores in global, physical, and psychological quality of life, depression severity, illness perception, overall symptom burden, and state anxiety from admission to discharge. In particular, patients with eating disorders and trauma-related conditions experienced the most notable gains in quality of life and reductions in depressive symptoms. Anxiety levels showed the greatest improvement in patients with somatoform disorders, whereas patients with eating disorders experienced smaller reductions. This study highlights that patients undergoing multimodal inpatient treatment for stress-related mental disorders showed improvements in symptoms and well-being across diagnostic groups and these improvements can be captured by routine PRO monitoring. In the future, routine PRO monitoring could inform more individualised treatment adjustments within the multimodal program.

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is an indispensable tool in clinical biochemistry laboratories for gene expression and copy number variation (CNV) analyses. However, the interpretation of qPCR data including normalization, rigorous statistical testing, and professional visualization typically requires advanced bioinformatics expertise. This study aimed to develop a user-friendly, web-based platform that integrates robust statistical frameworks and quality control modules for streamlined and standardized qPCR data evaluation. GeneQuantify is freely accessible at https://GeneQuantify.streamlit.app/ and its source code is openly available at https://github.com/burhanettiny/GeneQuantify (GPL-3.0 license). GeneQuantify, a web-based application developed using Python and Streamlit, allows for the input of target and reference gene Cq values via manual entry or direct import from spreadsheet software or standardized RDML/RDES file formats. The platform automatically calculates ΔCq, ΔΔCq, and relative expression levels using the 2^(-ΔΔCq) method. Integrated features include multi-reference gene normalization (geNorm), automated outlier detection (Grubbs' test or Interquartile Range), and amplification efficiency correction (Pfaffl model). ΔCt values are subjected to normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and variance homogeneity (Levene's) testing to ensure statistical validity. The platform features an automated statistical decision pipeline (Shapiro-Wilk → Levene → t/Welch/Mann-Whitney/ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis) with Bonferroni and Benjamini-Hochberg FDR corrections. A six-language interface (Turkish, English, German, French, Spanish, and Arabic) ensures international accessibility. Platform accuracy was validated against manual Excel-based calculations across seven predefined test scenarios, yielding consistent results in all cases. GeneQuantify provides a highly accessible, integrated qPCR analysis environment that consolidates automated calculations, quality control, statistical decision-making, and visualization. By aligning with MIQE guidelines and offering RQ-based automated statistical selection, the platform enhances reproducibility, transparency, and workflow efficiency in molecular research, clinical biochemistry, and educational settings.

Restoration of active motion in children with upper-limb paralysis or muscle loss remains challenging. Free functional muscle transfer (FFMT) is a reconstructive option when local muscle donors are unavailable, but uncertainties persist regarding optimal timing, donor nerve selection, and long-term effects of growth and secondary deformities. This study reports a single-institution experience addressing these issues. A retrospective review was conducted of 35 children (<18 years) who underwent upper-limb FFMT with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. All reconstructions used the gracilis muscle to restore finger flexion, elbow flexion, elbow extension, or combined functions. Donor nerves included the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) with or without median nerve fascicles, intercostal nerves, spinal accessory nerve, and phrenic nerve. Outcomes included time to muscle activation, range of motion, Medical Research Council (MRC) strength, secondary procedures, complications, bimanual use, and patient or caregiver-reported satisfaction. Pre- and postoperative outcomes were compared using paired and groupwise statistical tests. Mean age at surgery was 7.6 years, with a mean follow-up of 68 months (range, 24-166 months). Flap survival was 100%. Initial muscle activation occurred at a mean of 4.1 months. Significant improvements in motion and strength were observed across all functions (p<0.001). MRC grade ≥4 strength was achieved in 80.0% of elbow-flexion reconstructions and 78.3% of finger-flexion reconstructions. Finger-flexion reconstructions demonstrated higher bimanual use and more consistent recovery than elbow-flexion reconstructions. In construct-level analysis, single-function transfers showed clearly superior finger-flexion outcomes, whereas elbow-flexion results differed by endpoint: single-function transfers achieved greater ROM, while all dual-function elbow-flexion transfers reached MRC grade ≥4 in this small subgroup. Secondary procedures were required in 51.4% of patients. Overall satisfaction was reported by 71.4% and correlated more strongly with final strength and completion of reconstruction than with range of motion. Gracilis FFMT provides durable restoration of active motion and strength in children. Outcomes are influenced by indication and reconstructed function rather than donor nerve selection alone. Strength recovery and functional integration are primary determinants of bimanual use and satisfaction. Findings support the use of FFMT as part of a staged reconstructive strategy in pediatric patients.

Empowering caregivers to manage seizures in China: A context-adapted action plan.