Station Reservoir Research Articles

某水电站近坝库岸滑坡涌浪预测研究

水电站建设及建成发电运行以后，伴随着水库蓄水，往往不同程度地触发岸坡岩土体失稳，不仅影响工程建设的实施，而且对拦河大坝和周围人民群众的生命财产安全造成严重威胁。本文以某水电站近坝库区的荒田滑坡为例，分析其滑动成因和机制；在启动速度和下滑速度计算的基础上，对其滑动入水后形成的涌浪进行分析和量化计算。根据山区河道型水库的特点提出弯道系数的概念并修正潘家铮计算公式，该系数主要由大坝附近涌浪监测结果反分析获得。基于数值计算确定不同水位情况下的失稳范围，采用上述修正方法对库区一处潜在失稳区岩土体进行滑动入水后的涌浪预测，从而获得较为可靠的预测结果，为水电站的安全运行提供重要依据。 The reservoir storage, in the process of hydropower station construction or operation, often triggers a large number of reservoir bank slope instability of rock and soil mass in different degrees, which not only affect the implementation of the project construction, but also seriously threaten the river dam and surrounding people’s safety. The Huangtian landslide in a hydropower station reservoir area close to the dam was taken as an example, the sliding causes and mechanism of which were analyzed in this paper; on the basis of start-up speed and slip velocity calculation, the surge after sliding into the water was analyzed and quantified. The concept of curve coefficient that obtained from the surge monitoring results nearby the dam by inverse analysis was proposed according to the characteristics of mountainous river reservoir and used to amend the Pan Jiazheng formulas about the surge. Based on the instability scope which was determined by numerical calculation under different water conditions, the surge was forecasted by the above method when the rock and soil in a potentially unstable reservoir area can slide into the water, so as to obtain more reliable predictions and provide an important basis for the safe operation of hydropower station.

乌江流域洪家渡水电站面雨量阈值指标分析

本文利用2008~2012年乌江流域洪家渡水电站逐日入库流量、库水位和面雨量资料进行了相关分析和多元回归计算，针对电站500 m3/s和1000 m3/s两个关键入库流量，研究给出了该电站流域面雨量阈值指标。结果表明：洪家渡水电站库容水位涨落与入库流量密切相关，入库流量大于500 m3/s时，水位上涨明显；电站入库流量与前日流量相关性最好，相关系数R2达0.778，入库流量与前十日累积面雨量、前日面雨量相关系数R2分别为0.697和0.333；面雨量阈值表明，前日入库流量相对较小时，需要较大的面雨量才有可能形成500 m3/s或1000 m3/s的流量，而前日入库流量相对较大时，仅需要相对较小的面雨量就有可能形成500 m3/s或1000 m3/s的流量。 In this paper, the Hongjiadu Hydropower Station’s daily inflow, reservoir water level and area rainfall data are used to do the correlation analysis and multiple regression calculation, aiming at the two key inflows of 500 m3/s and 1000 m3/s of the power station. The study gives the rainfall threshold of the power station area. Results show that the reservoir water level of Hongjiadu Hy-dropower Station is closely related to reservoir inflow. When the inflow is more than 500 m3/s, water level rises significantly. Power station reservoir inflow best correlates with yesterday’s flow; the correlation coefficient R2 reaches 0.778. The correlation coefficient of reservoir inflow with cumulative area rainfall before ten days, and with yesterday’s area rainfall is 0.697 and 0.333 re-spectively. Area rainfall threshold shows that: when yesterday’s flow is relatively little, more area rainfall is needed to form the flow of 500 m3/s or 1000 m3/s; when yesterday’s flow is relatively much, little area rainfall is needed to form the flow of 500 m3/s or 1000 m3/s.

Toxic elements in free-living freshwater fish, water and sediments in Poland

Abstract Samples for analysis were collected from 10 areas, including the major Polish rivers and lakes, with different sources of environmental pollution (industrial, municipal, and farming). The materials was taken from the lakes of Mazury, located in a non-industrialised region, from the Brda River, an area impacted by pig farms, from the lakes of Lipczyno Wielkie/Pomerania, from the Wkra River, an area impacted by poultry farms, from the Dunajec River at the Roznowski Reservoir, from the Vistula River at Cracow and Warsaw, from the Odra River at Wroclaw and the Warta River estuary, and also from Rybnik Power Station Reservoir. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were analysed in 397 fish muscle and 128 sediment samples using an atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The analytical procedures were covered by a quality assurance programme. It was demonstrated that the average concentrations of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in fish were in the low hundredths and thousandths of a mg/kg and never exceeded permitted limits established for food. Higher values of these elements were found in fish from bodies of water located in the zone of influence of large urban agglomerations, especially the Cracow region. High concentrations of lead and cadmium were also found in Vistula River sediments near Cracow, where the maximum values were 134.10 mg/kg and 21.24 mg/kg dry weight for lead and cadmium respectively. The average concentration of mercury in a predatory fish muscle (0.179 mg/kg) was almost twice as high as in the omnivorous fish (0.103 mg/kg). Only a single fish sample exceeded the maximum limit for this metal (0.50 mg/kg) and did not present a risk to consumers’ health.

Fuzzy Optimization Method for Selection Scheme of Normal Water Level of Reservoir Based on Fuzzy and Principal Component Analysis

Focusing on the problem of optimization method for selection of normal water level of hydropower station reservoir the generating method of normal water level of reservoir and the select method of evaluating indicator was analyzed. The fuzzy and principal component analysis of selecting normal water level of the reservoir was also provided through combined the relative membership with principal component analysis. The results of the example showed that the method is simple and can reduce greatly computational effort of comprehensive evaluation and so can accurately optimize the reasonable normal water level scheme of reservoir.

Substance Characteristic and Formation Mechanism Analysis of Suo Duoxi Deposit

The paper studied characteristic of the morphology, substance and formation mechanism of Suo Duoxi deposit body in the Su Walong hydropower station reservoir area, focused on analysis of substance composition and formation at front area of deposit body (zoneII) and finally inferred the geological formation process and reached the formation mechanism . The results show that the block stones are main part of material of Suo Duoxi deposit and sandwiches gravel soils, but it is different from other four zones that the zone II takes gravel with less viscous as the skeleton and mixed up with uneven sizes and irregularly shape stones. The forming reason of deposit is the landslides at left bank of Jinsha River and rockfall of the steep mountain back of the deposit body on the right back with the effect of weathering, rainfall and glacial erosion and so on. Geological formation process of deposit determined the geomorphic features, but also changed paleocurrent of Jinsha River.

Deformation Monitoring and Prediction of a Reservoir Landslide in Sichuan Province, China

Hydropower reservoirs change the local geo-environment greatly and often induce reservoir bank landslides. Hongyanzi landslide is a large rejuvenated ancient landslide in Pubugou Hydropower Station reservoir area in western China Sichuan Province. To study the deformation of the Hongyanzi landslide, we arranged multi-parameter monitoring using GPS, fixed borehole tilt-meter, osmometer, and crack-meter and collected continuous data of displacement and ground water table. The monitoring data, together with the reservoir water level data, show that the landslide deforms obviously during reservoir water level is falling, while it deforms little in the other period. Comprehensive analysis of the deformation and reservoir water level implies that the seepage force caused by water level difference between the inner and outer slope may be the key factor. Through regression analysis, the authors established a forecast model for landslide deformation based on ground water table and reservoir water level; thus concluded that reducing the falling velocity of reservoir water level may slow the landslide deformation down.

Bayesian Statistic Forecasting Model for Middle-Term and Long-Term Runoff of a Hydropower Station

AbstractThe middle-term and long-term runoff forecasting model of the hydropower station reservoir is established with the Bayesian statistic forecasting theory; uncertainty of the hydrological forecasting is quantitatively described in the form of a probability distribution to explore the statistic forecasting theory and its application value. The uncertainty of the input factor is processed with the forecasting model of grey correlation of meteorological factors, and real-time weather data are effectively combined with the historical hydrological data to break through the restriction of traditional deterministic forecasting methods in the aspects of information utilization and sample study to improve the precision of hydrological forecasting. The established model has been assessed by the example of the reservoir of the Fengman hydropower plant. It is indicated by the analog computation result that this model, compared with the deterministic runoff forecasting method, has advantages not only in quantita...

Research on Various Operation Modes of Geheyan Hydropower Station Reservoir in the Qingjiang River

According to the characteristics and main task of the Geheyan hydropower station reservoir in the Qingjiang River, the problem of how to use reservoir storage capacity to cope with the contradictions between the flood control and power generation, reliability and economy of hydropower station, the supply and demand of power when runoff cannot be accurately forecasted. Aiming at these problems, various operation modes of Geheyan hydropower station are presented in this paper. In order to pursue maximizing generation benefit, considering both hydro condition and adjust peak requirement of power system, the expected benefit as the objective function is presented. Comparisons are conducted for three various operation modes. The results show that dynamic programming successive approximations (DPSA) is better than other algorithms, whose average annual generation and generating guarantee rate increase obviously compared to the effects of other algorithms.

Accurate Location of the Lushan, Sichuan M7.0 Earthquake on 20 April 2013 and Its Aftershocks and Analysis of the Seismogenic Structure

AbstractThe M7.0 Lushan earthquake and its aftershocks in 9 days were relocated by the double difference algorithm and a layered velocity model, using the seismic phases recorded at stations within 150 km including the fixed stations of the Sichuan earthquake network center, temporary stations, and reservoir stations. The events analyzed include the main shock and its 3324 aftershocks. The results show that the origin time of the main shock is 8:02:46.8 on 20 April 2013, hypocenter location 30.278°N, 102.989°E and the focal depth 16.67 km. The main rupture is about 40 km long, 20 km wide with an apparent area 800 km2. It strikes in southwest and dips about 40°. Most aftershocks occurred at depths 10∼22 km, concentrating on the hanging wall of the Dayi‐Mingshan fault, forming a southwest‐trending belt on the surface. Based on these and other data, this paper makes a preliminary analysis of the seismogenic structure of the Lushan event.

Effects of gas types and models on optimized gas fuelling station reservoir's pressure

There are similar algorithms and infrastructure for storing gas fuels at CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and CHG (Compressed Hydrogen Gas) fuelling stations. In these stations, the fuels are usually stored in the cascade storage system to utilize the stations more efficiently. The cascade storage system generally divides into three reservoirs, commonly termed low, medium and high-pressure reservoirs. The pressures within these reservoirs have huge effects on performance of the stations. In the current study, based on the laws of thermodynamics, conservation of mass and real/ideal gas assumptions, a theoretical analysis has been constructed to study the effects of gas types and models on performance of the stations. It is intended to determine the optimized reservoir pressures for these stations. The results reveal that the optimized pressure differs between the gas types. For ideal and real gas models in both stations (CNG and CHG), the optimized non-dimensional low pressure-reservoir pressure is found to be 0.22. The optimized non-dimensional medium-pressure reservoir pressure is the same for the stations, and equal to 0.58.

Complete Genome of a Methanosarcina mazei Strain Isolated from Sediment Samples from an Amazonian Flooded Area

Methanosarcina mazei is a strictly anaerobic methanogen from the Methanosarcinales order, which is known for its broad catabolic range among methanogens and is widespread throughout diverse environments. The draft genome of the strain presented here was cultivated from sediment samples collected from the Tucuruí hydroelectric power station reservoir.

Integrated use of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in two fish species to assess pollution in man-made hydroelectric reservoirs

This study investigated the relationship between contaminant body burden and the oxidative stress status of the gills and livers of two wild fish species in the Furnas Hydroelectric Power Station (HPS) reservoir (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Gills and livers presented similar pathways of metals and organochlorine bioaccumulation. During June, organochlorines were associated with lipid peroxidation (LPO), indicating oxidative stress due to the inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. In the most polluted areas, metal concentrations in the liver were associated with metallothionein. During December, contaminants in the gills and liver were associated with catalase activity and LPO. Aldrin/dieldrin was the contaminant most associated with oxidative damage in the livers of both species. This integrated approach shed light on the relationship between adverse biological effects and bioaccumulation of contaminants inputted by intensive agricultural practices and proved to be a suitable tool for assessing the environmental quality of man-made reservoirs.

Optimizing Natural Gas Fueling Station Reservoirs Pressure Based on Ideal Gas Model

At CNG fuelling station, natural gas is usually stored in a cascade storage system to utilize the station more efficient. The cascade storage system is generally divided into three reservoirs, commonly termed low, medium and high-pressure reservoirs. The pressures within these three reservoirs have huge effects on the performance of a CNG fuelling station and a fast filling process of natural gas vehicle’s (NGV) cylinder. A theoretical analysis is developed to study the effects of the reservoirs pressures and temperatures on the performance of the CNG station. The analysis is based on the first and the second law of thermodynamics, conservation of mass and ideal gas assumptions. The results show that as the reservoir temperature decreases, the fill ratio increases and the pressure within the filling station reservoirs has no effects on the fill ratio. The non-dimensional entropy generation and filling time profiles have opposite trends and as entropy generation decreases, the filling time increases. The optimized non-dimensional low and medium pressure-reservoir pressures are found to be as 0.24 and 0.58 respectively in thermodynamic point of view.

The radiochemical contamination (210Po and238U) of zone around phosphogypsum waste heap in Wiślinka (northern Poland)

The aim of this work was the determination of the impact of phosphogypsum waste heap in Wiślinka (northern Poland) for radiological protection of zone around waste heap. The activity of 210 Po, 234 U, and 238 U were measured using an alpha spectrometer. The values of uranium and polonium concentration in water with immediate area of waste heap are considerably higher than in the waters of the Martwa Wisla river. The values of activity ratio 234 U/238 U are approximately about one in the phosphogypsum (0.97±0.05) and in the water of retention reservoir and pumping station (0.92±0.01 and 0.99±0.08), while in the water from the Martwa Wisla river they are slightly higher than one (1.03±0.07 and 1.17±0.06). In the analyzed plants species the highest amounts of polonium and uranium were found in ruderal plants samples as well as hygrophilous plant samples. The more amounts of 210 Po and 238 U radionuclides were accumulated mainly in the roots of the analyzed plant species. The significant source of polonium and uranium in the natural environment is dry and wet atmospheric fallout in the immediate vicinity of phosphogypsum waste heap and the transfer via root for distant areas. The general conclusion of realized study is higher influence of phosphogypsum on radioactive contamination of environmental zone around heap waste in Wiślinka (northern Poland).

WATER QUALITY IN THE GHESHLAGH RESERVOIR (IRAN) AND DOWNSTREAM THE DAM

In 1979, the Gheshlagh river continuum was affected by the construction of Gheshlagh dam. More than three decades after presence and operation of this dam, there is a necessity to evaluate water quality in Gheshlagh reservoir. Therefore, water quality data was determined monthly from October 2008 to September 2009, to evaluate the impact of Gheshlagh dam presence and operation on the reservoir's water quality. Eight parameters were analyzed (dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, mercury, lead, arsenic and fluorine) to evaluate water quality status at five sampling stations. Four sampling stations were located in the reservoir (stations A, B, C and D) and one sampling station was located downstream the dam (station E). Estimated organic pollution index showed that the most remote station situated at 7.2 km upstream the dam (station A) had a non-polluted status. In sampling station D, the organic pollution index reached the highest pollution level (3.8), whereas in sampling station E the value of this index was lower (3.4) than that at station D. Additionally, water toxicity was mainly explained by the presence of mercury (9*10(-4) mg l(-1)) that was occurred in a concentration of 9 times higher than the its maximum acceptable concentration proposed by the World Health Organization. In general, the water quality in the Gheshlagh reservoir is lower than that in the downstream of the dam.

Metal and physico-chemical variations at a hydroelectric reservoir analyzed by Multivariate Analyses and Artificial Neural Networks: Environmental management and policy/decision-making tools

This paper compared and evaluated seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters and metals at a hydroelectric power station reservoir by applying Multivariate Analyses and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) statistical techniques. A Factor Analysis was used to reduce the number of variables: the first factor was composed of elements Ca, K, Mg and Na, and the second by Chemical Oxygen Demand. The ANN showed 100% correct classifications in training and validation samples. Physico-chemical analyses showed that water pH values were not statistically different between the dry and rainy seasons, while temperature, conductivity, alkalinity, ammonia and DO were higher in the dry period. TSS, hardness and COD, on the other hand, were higher during the rainy season. The statistical analyses showed that Ca, K, Mg and Na are directly connected to the Chemical Oxygen Demand, which indicates a possibility of their input into the reservoir system by domestic sewage and agricultural run-offs. These statistical applications, thus, are also relevant in cases of environmental management and policy decision-making processes, to identify which factors should be further studied and/or modified to recover degraded or contaminated water bodies.

Organochlorines and metals induce changes in the mitochondria-rich cells of fish gills: An integrative field study involving chemical, biochemical and morphological analyses

Through integrating chemical, biochemical and morphological analyses, this study investigated the effects of multiple pollutants on the gill mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) in two fish species, Astyanax fasciatus and Pimelodus maculatus, collected from five sites (FU10, FU20, FU30, FU40 and FU50) in the Furnas Hydroelectric Power Station reservoir. Water analyses revealed aluminum, iron and zinc as well as organochlorine (aldrin/dieldrin, endosulfan, heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide and metolachlor) contamination at all of the sites, with the exception of FU10. Copper, chrome, iron and zinc were detected in the gills of both species, and aldrin/dieldrin, endosulfan and heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide were detected in the gills of fish from all of the sites, with the exception of FU10. Fish collected at FU20, FU30 and FU50 exhibited numerous alterations in the surface architecture of their pavement cells and MRCs. The surface MRC density and MRC fractional area were lower in fish from FU20, FU30, FU40 and FU50 than in those from the reference site (FU10) in the winter, and some variability between the sites was observed in the summer. The organochlorine contamination at FU20 and FU50 was associated with variable changes in the MRCs and inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity, especially in P. maculatus. At FU30, the alterations in the MRCs were associated with the contaminants present, especially metals. A multivariate analysis demonstrated a positive association between the biological responses of both species and environmental contamination, indicating that under realistic conditions, a mixture of organochlorines and metals affected the MRCs by inhibiting NKA activity and inducing morphological changes, which may cause an ionic imbalance.

Study on Impact of Reservoir Leakage on the Proposed Tunnel Project in Metamorphic Region

Taking into account the narrow terrain, the proposed highway has to be built near the reservoir in the study area of metamorphic rock. Furthermore, part of the tunnel elevation is lower than the reservoir of a hydropower station. If the horizontal distance between the reservoir and tunnel is far enough and the differential head is large enough, it is likely that the serious leakage of the hydropower station reservoir will occur. The interaction between highway construction and reservoir is to be the key point. Either the safety of tunnel construction and operation or the safety of reservoir storage is important. This paper use the Darcy’s law and the hydrogeological characteristics of metamorphic rock to estimate the lateral seepage and evaluate the line design.

Phylogenetic and gene trees of Synechococcus: choice of the right marker to evaluate the population diversity in the Tucurui Hydroelectric Power Station Reservoir in Brazilian Amazonia

LEONARDO T. DALL’AGNOL1, RUBENS GHILARDI-JUNIOR2, JOHN A. MCCULLOCH1, HORACIO SCHNEIDER3, MARIA P. C. SCHNEIDER1 AND ARTUR SILVA1* 1 LABORATORIO DE POLIMORFISMO DE DNA, INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARA, RUA AUGUSTO CORREA, 01, 66075-900 BELEM, PA, BRAZIL, CENTRAIS ELETRICAS DO NORTE DO BRASIL S/A, BRASILIA, DF, BRAZIL AND INSTITUTO DE ESTUDOS COSTEIROS, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARA, BRAGANCA, PA, BRAZIL

Multivariate Statistical Analyses on Arsenic Occurrence in Rybnik Reservoir

Popular statistical techniques, such as Spearman's rank correlation matrix, principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to analyze a large set of water quality data of the Rybnik Reservoir generated during semiannual monitoring. Water samples collected at 9 sampling sites located along the main axis of the reservoir were tested for 14 selected parameters: concentrations of co-occurring elements, ions and physicochemical parameters. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of those parameters on inorganic arsenic occurrence in Rybnik Reservoir water by means of multivariate statistical methods. The spatial distribution of arsenic in Rybnik Power Station reservoir was also included. Inorganic arsenic As(III), As(V) concentrations were determined by hydride generation method (HG-AAS) using SpectrAA 880 spectrophotometer (Varian) coupled with a VGA-77 system for hydride generation and ECT-60 electrothermal furnace. Spearman's rank correlation matrix was used in order to fi nd existing correlations between total inorganic arsenic (As Tot ) and other parameters. The results of this analysis suggest that As was positively correlated with PO 4 3- ; Fe and TDS. PCA confi rmed these observations. Principal component analysis resulted in three PC's explaining 57% of the total variance. Loading values for each component indicate that the processes responsible for As release and distribution in Rybnik Reservoir water were: leaching from bottom sediments together with other elements like Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Ca (PC1) and co-precipitation with PO 4 3- , Fe and Mn (PC3) regulated by physicochemical properties like T and pH (PC2). Finally, multiple linear regression model has been developed. This model incorporates only 8 (T, pH, PO 4 3- ,Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, TDS) out of initial 14 variables, as the independent predictors of total As contamination level. This study illustrates the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of complex environmental data sets.