Pitot-static Research Articles

The Influence of Gender, Sports Type and Training Experience on Cognitive Functions in Adolescent Athletes

PURPOSE: Purposes of this study were to examine the differences in cognitive functions according to sports type and gender, and the relationship between training experience, sports type, gender and cognitive functions. METHODS: Participants were 147 middle and high school students consisting of 63 interceptive and 84 static sport athletes. Cognitive functions were measured by using the choice reaction time (CRT), concentration grid test (CGT), Purdue spatial visual test (PSVT), and digit symbol substitution test (DSST). RESULTS: CRT reaction time in male athletes was significantly accelerated as the training experience in the interceptive sport increases. The longer training experience of static sports, the lower DDST score in men, which means that it takes longer to match numbers and signs. However, the relationships between training experience and CRT, DSST were not significant in female. The significant gender dif ferences were found on CRT, CGT, and PSVT, DSST with female athletes showing higher score on the DSST, accuracy of CRT and CGT but a slower response time to PSVT compared to the male ones. CONCLUSIONS: Faster reaction time with increasing training experience in interceptive sport can be viewed as an effect of continu ous interceptive training that involves mental effort to rapidly respond to a stimulus. The delayed processing speeds with increasing training experience in static sport seem to support the notion of speed-accuracy trade-off. The fact that the relationship between train ing experience and cognitive functions were only significant in male athletes implies that the gender, which is influenced by the speed-accuracy trade-off phenomenon by sport training, is male.

Visual anticipation time differences between athletes in open and closed skills sports

The ability to anticipation accurately and consistently plays a vital role to excel in sports performance. The present study was designed to determine the differences of visual anticipation time between dynamic and static sports. A total of 95 junior athletes, aged 13 to 16 years old (=14.84±1.04 years) from Bukit Jalil Sports School participated in the study. Participants were distributed to dynamic (n=47) and static (n=48) sports according to their sports participation. Visual anticipation time was tested using Bassin Anticipation Timer in response to stimuli at the speed of 5, 10, and 15 mph, measuring absolute and variable error. Absolute error measured the accuracy of responses while variable error focused on the consistency of responses. The results of this investigation showed that in general dynamic sport are not superior over anticipation ability in relations to accuracy and consistency as compared to static sports across all speeds (p < 0.05). The evidence from this study suggested more emphasis on training related to eye and hand coordination would be imperative for dynamic sports athletes to enhance in on-field sports performance. This study could serve as a base for future studies focusing on visual and hand coordination related to speed as anticipation has been proven to be the key leading to superior performance and for talent identification purposes. Future research concentrating on elite athletes as well as focused sports group would provide further insights on anticipation ability of athletes.

Pressure field in measurement section of wind tunnel

The University of Defence in Brno has a new low-speed wind tunnel. In order to confirm the quality of the wind inside of the measurement section, several measurements of the dynamic pressure have been performed with the Pitot-static tube. The pressure fields are then analysed and quality of the field is evaluated. Measurement of a pressure drop on the body of a standing helicopter was conducted.

P1.05-031 Primary Results of Dose Escalated Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Stage IA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

JCOG 0403 showed excellent overall survival in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In Japan, 48Gy/4Fr for isocenter have been the standard dose fractionation of SBRT for stage IA NSCLC. JCOG0702 showed that dose escalation of 55Gy for PTVD95% was feasible in SBRT for peripheral small (PTV volume 100cc or less) NSCLC. Intensification of local treatment with dose escalation is considered to be one of the measures for improvement of overall survival. In 2011, we adopted dose escalated regimen (50Gy/4Fr for PTVD95%) for SBRT for stage IA NSCLC, expected improvement of local control and overall survival. The purpose of this study was to review and report the primary results of dose escalated SBRT for stage IA NSCLC. From August 2011 to April 2015, 31 patients with stage IA NSCLC were treated with dose escalated SBRT at the University of Yamanashi. The patients' ages ranged from 61 to 86 (median 79) years. Twenty two patients were male, 9 were female. Performance status was 0 in 26, 1 in 5 patients. Tumor histology was squamous cell carcinoma in 6 and adenocarcinoma in 23, other NSCLC in 2 patients. Clinical stage was T1a in 19, T2b in 12 patients. A multiple static ports radiation planned by a radiation treatment planning system (Pinnacle3 Version 9.2-9.8) was performed with linac using 6MV x-ray beams. The Breath hold technique and CT image guided set-up were used in all cases. A total dose of 50Gy was delivered in 4 fractions over 4-5days. Radiation doses were prescribed to the 95% of planning target volume (PTVD95%). A superposition algorithm with heterogeneity correction was used for dose calculations. The follow-up period for all patients was 3.3-43.1 (median 23.7) months. The overall survival rate at one year and two years were 87.1%, 79.3%, respectively. The local control rate at one year and two years were both 96.4%. Local recurrence, regional lymph node metastases, and distant metastases were observed in 1, 4 and 3 patients, respectively. Regarding to the toxicities, grade 3 radiation pneumonitis were observed in 3 patients. Grade 2 rib fractures were observed in 3 patients. There were no Grade 4 or greater adverse events in the follow-up period. The toxicity was considered to be acceptable. The local control effect was considered to be sufficient. Longer follow- up durations are needed to validate the clinical benefits of dose escalated SBRT for stage IA NSCLC.

The role of echocardiography in the evaluation of cardiac re-modelling and differentiation between physiological and pathological hypertrophy in teenagers engaged in competitive amateur sports.

Echocardiographic measurements were obtained by M-mode, two dimensional, and Doppler techniques of participants from sports and control groups. The echocardiographic examinations included 100 healthy teenagers taking part in dynamic sports such as football and basketball and 100 healthy teenagers taking part in static sports such as karate and judo. The control group (n=100) included healthy, sedentary teenagers. Sports participants had significantly higher left ventricular mass when compared with the control group, (p0.05). Respondents from both groups had E/A ratios (transmitral flow velocity ratio)>1, preserved diastolic function, and statistically they did not differ from the control group. Echocardiographic parameters show that physiological hypertrophy and cardiac re-modelling are present in teenagers who play sports. Unexpectedly, the prevalence of concentric and eccentric types of re-modelling is equally possible in the group of static sports participants.

Turbulent wake field reconstruction of VLCC models using two-dimensional towed underwater PIV measurements

In the present study, the wake fields of two full ship models were measured using a two-dimensional (2D) towed underwater particle image velocimetry (PIV) system to identify the flow characteristics around a hull with a high block coefficient. The 2D PIV measurements and reconstructing the three-dimensional (3D) flow field by stacking the 2D measurements were validated and applied to the model ship wakes in a towing tank. The bare hull wake was measured for a very large crude oil carrier (VLCC) model, KVLCC2, at a Froude number of 0.142 based on the length between perpendiculars (LPP). These measurements were compared with those of five-hole Pitot tubes, a Pitot-static tube, and hot-wire anemometers for validation. After the validation tests, the nominal wake field of a generic VLCC model with a Froude number of 0.145 based on LPP was measured. To identify the effects of a rudder and rotating propeller on the mean velocity and turbulence characteristics, a 3D reconstruction was carried out for the generic VLCC model under self-propulsion conditions.

Sports-related sudden cardiac death in Switzerland classified by static and dynamic components of exercise.

Sports-related sudden cardiac deaths (SrSCDs) occur most frequently in highly dynamic and/or static sports. We aimed to assess the incidence and characteristics of SrSCDs in Switzerland and to compare SrSCD occurrence according to sports categories with the sports participation behaviour in the general population. Between 1999 and 2010, forensic reports of SrSCDs in young individuals (10-39 years of age) were retrospectively reviewed and categorised based on peak static (increasing from I to III) and dynamic sports components (increasing from A to C). Data were compared to the sports participation behaviour of the Swiss population. Sixty-nine SrSCDs were identified. Forty-eight (69.6%) occurred during recreational sports (REC) and 21 (30.4%) during competitive sports (COMP). Incidences (per 100,000 athlete person-years) for COMP and REC were 0.90 and 0.52, respectively (p = 0.001). Most SrSCDs occurred in IC (23 cases, 33.3%), followed by IIC (13, 18.9%), IIIA and IIIC (11 each, 15.9%), IIIB (6, 8.7%), IIA (4, 5.8%) and IB sports categories (1, 1.5%). No SrSCDs were found in IA and IIB sports categories. Incidences between sports categories (IIIA 0.25, IB 0.25, IC 0.18, IIC 0.33 and IIIC 0.25) were not significantly different except to IIA (0.94, p < 0.001), due to the fact that few people were involved in this sports category. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was the most common underlying pathology of SrSCD. In this Swiss cohort, incidence of SrSCD was very low and similar in all sports categories classified by their static and dynamic components. However, the incidence was higher in COMP compared to REC, and CAD proved to be the most common underlying cause of SrSCD.

Novel method for static pressure calibration using Unscented Kalman Filter

Static pressure plays an important role in modern fighters in terms of providing stability augmentation and control. Static pressure is measured by pitot static systems. They can be installed at different locations in the aircraft. Each of them measure different values and hence calibration of these pitot static systems is essential to produce reliable static pressure. This paper addresses a novel method for static pressure calibration using Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). The method proposed here can be extended to Flush Air Data Systems (FADS). The technique is tested using the flight test data of a high performance aircraft.

Experimental Investigation of Development and Optimization of U-TUBE Pitot Static Tube Anemometer

Experimental Investigation of Development and Optimization of U-TUBE Pitot Static Tube Anemometer

Automated exterior inspection of an aircraft with a pan-tilt-zoom camera mounted on a mobile robot

This paper deals with an automated preflight aircraft inspection using a pan-tilt-zoom camera mounted on a mobile robot moving autonomously around the aircraft. The general topic is image processing framework for detection and exterior inspection of different types of items, such as closed or unlatched door, mechanical defect on the engine, the integrity of the empennage, or damage caused by impacts or cracks. The detection step allows to focus on the regions of interest and point the camera toward the item to be checked. It is based on the detection of regular shapes, such as rounded corner rectangles, circles, and ellipses. The inspection task relies on clues, such as uniformity of isolated image regions, convexity of segmented shapes, and periodicity of the image intensity signal. The approach is applied to the inspection of four items of Airbus A320: oxygen bay handle, air-inlet vent, static ports, and fan blades. The results are promising and demonstrate the feasibility of an automated exterior inspection.

Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 6: Hypertension: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology.

An elevation of blood pressure (BP) in the systemic circulation (hypertension) is the most common cardiovascular condition in the general population and considered to be the most ubiquitous cardiovascular risk factor in competitive athletes. Competitive athletes include those athletes involved in organized sports that typically occur in schools, communities, and professional leagues, including but not limited to intramural and league sports in which medical supervision is typically required. Although most competitive athletes are between the ages of 20 and 40 years, many younger people now participate in competitive athletics. The 2013 update from the American Heart Association using the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) data from 2007 to 2010 estimates that 9.1% of men aged 20 to 34 years and 6.7% of women of that age are hypertensive, based on having an elevated BP measurement or answering “yes” to the question, “Are you taking antihypertensive medication or were you told that you had hypertension?”1 The prevalence in children and adolescents is estimated to be ≈3.5%, with higher percentages in older and obese children.2 The diagnosis of hypertension is based on the subject having an elevated BP at or above certain levels measured by routine sphygmomanometry under appropriate conditions on at least 2 separate occasions separated by at least 1 week.3 However, BP measurements in the competitive athlete are typically obtained by different healthcare providers, which makes it particularly necessary that the testing conditions be standardized before the diagnosis of hypertension is made. People >18 years of age with a BP >140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 mm Hg diastolic are considered to have hypertension.3 In children and adolescents, hypertension is defined as average systolic or diastolic BP levels greater than the 95th percentile for sex, age, and height; however, earlier physical maturation of the competitive athlete leaves …

Estimating aerofoil lift from flow angle

Estimation of the lift of an aerofoil is one of the fundamental measurements of fluid mechanics. Lift is commonly measured using a load cell or a force balance. Non-intrusive methods to measure lift are usually pressure based. Aerofoils may be pressure tapped where small surface orifices are connected via tubing to a pressure measurement system, either a multi-tube manometre or an electronic system. Both measurement options add cost and complication, especially in an educational setting. Pressure tapping small aerofoils can also be difficult, especially if the models are rapid prototyped (RP). Low model surface resolution (from RP manufacture) and confined geometry complicate model assembly and finishing. Boundary-layer transition caused by poorly implemented tappings (too large a diametre or poorly aligned, i.e. straight aft) can also alter results. Wall pressure tappings may also be used and have the benefit of being non-intrusive. To implement, the test section roof and floor is tapped with a streamwise row of ports that facilitate measurement of the wall pressure signature. Integration of the pressure differential then relates to the lift produced. This measurement methodology still requires a multi-channel pressure acquisition system and modification of the wind tunnel. In Refs 4,5 methods are presented that facilitate calculation of the instantaneous forces acting on a body through flow field measurements determined using particle image velocimetry. However, the required flow field measurements encompass those surrounding the body, and are not a simple point measurement. In Ref. 6 a method is presented to estimate the lift of an aerofoil using two Pitot-static tubes that are used to measure the velocity above and below the aerofoil’s quarter chord. Wall corrections are required to yield an accurate lift estimate.

Ocean Speed and Turbulence Measurements Using Pitot-Static Tubes on Moorings

AbstractA low-power (&lt;10 mW), physically small (15.6 cm long × 3.2 cm diameter), lightweight (600 g Cu; alternatively, 200 g Al), robust, and simply calibrated pitot-static tube to measure mean speed and turbulence dissipation is described and evaluated. The measurement of speed is derived from differential pressure via Bernoulli’s principle. The differential pressure sensor employed here has relatively small, but significant, adverse sensitivities to static pressure, temperature, and acceleration, which are characterized in tests in the college’s laboratory. Results from field tests on moorings indicate acceptable agreement in pitot-static speed measurements with independent acoustic Doppler current profiler speeds, characterized as linear fits with slope = 1 (95% confidence), ±0.02 m s−1 bias, and root-mean-square error of residuals (observed minus fitted values) = 0.055 m s−1. Direct estimates of are derived from fits of velocity spectra to a theoretical turbulence inertial subrange. From near-bottom measurements, these estimates are interpreted as seafloor friction velocities, which yield drag coefficients consistent with expected values. Noise levels for , based on 40-min spectral fits, are &lt;10–9 m2 s–3. In comparison to the airfoil (or shear) probe, the pitot-static tube provides the full spectrum of velocity, not just the dissipation range of the spectrum. In comparison to acoustic measurements of velocity, the pitot-static tube does not require acoustic scatters in the measurement volume. This makes the sensor a candidate for use in the deep ocean, for example, where acoustic scatterers are weak.

Relationship between echocardiographic right-ventricular dimensions and signal-averaged electrocardiogram abnormalities in endurance athletes.

Regular physical exercise results in physiological cardiovascular changes. Athletes may demonstrate electrocardiographic changes that can also be seen in certain cardiomyopathies such as arrhythmogenic right-ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of one such electrocardiographic characteristic, the abnormal signal-averaged ECG (SAECG), and to assess the correlation between SAECG parameters and echocardiographic parameters in athletes participating in sporting disciplines with combined strength and endurance components. We evaluated 24 elite athletes and 27 amateur athletes participating in combined high dynamic and high static (HDHS) sports, using an ECG, SAECG, and a transthoracic echocardiogram. The SAECG was regarded as positive for late potentials if one out of three parameters was abnormal. Prolongation of the filtered QRS duration (fQRS) was present in all of the elite athletes, compared with 74.1% of the amateur athletes (P = 0.011). There was a low prevalence of abnormalities in the other two SAECG parameters [low-amplitude signal (LAS) duration and root-mean-square (RMS) voltage]. The percentage of elite athletes and amateur athletes with ≥2 abnormal SAECG parameters was 8.3 and 7.4% (P = 0.99), respectively. Most of the echocardiographic dimensions were significantly greater in the elite athlete group compared with the amateur athletes. There was a moderate positive correlation between the fQRS and right-ventricular dimensions. The majority of elite and amateur athletes participating in HDHS sports reveal a prolonged fQRS duration on the SAECG, and according to the 2010 Task Force criteria for the diagnosis of ARVC, these athletes therefore demonstrate late potentials. The extent of fQRS prolongation is positively correlated with RV dimensions. Therefore SAECG findings should be interpreted with caution in endurance athletes.

Detached-Eddy Simulation of Capsule Wake Flows and Comparison to Wind-Tunnel Test Data

This work examines numerical simulation of supersonic, subsonic, and transonic flows over a bluff body using several numerical techniques. Comparisons between computational fluid dynamics predictions and wind-tunnel test data are shown. The wind-tunnel test used a 7.66%-scale model of the crew module for NASA’s multipurpose crew vehicle. A variety of freestream conditions consisting of three Mach numbers and three angles of attack are considered. The wind-tunnel test data include time-averaged integrated forces and moments, static pressure port measurements, and unsteady frequency response. Results obtained using the Spalart–Allmaras Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model are compared to solutions computed using detached-eddy simulation. Furthermore, low-dissipation numerical fluxes are applied in order to assess their effect on solution fidelity. Across the cases examined, the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes model has difficulty matching the vehicle surface pressures. For supersonic and transonic flows, detached-eddy simulation agrees well with the experiment. Subsonic flows still prove difficult for the methods explored in this work, but detached-eddy simulation and low-dissipation numerical fluxes provide the most accurate prediction of the test data.

Numerical Predictions of Static-Pressure-Error Corrections for a Modified T-38C Aircraft

The objective of this work was to highlight modeling considerations for estimating the required static-pressure-error corrections using computational fluid dynamics. This work was performed to complement the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School activities that used a T-38C aircraft with a previously untested Pitot-static system. Before the flight test, it is highly desirable to have an estimate of how any modifications will affect sensor performance, and to possess the capability to explain any discrepancies from previous test programs. Estimates of this kind are only obtainable via wind-tunnel tests or through modeling and simulation. This work presents the computational fluid dynamics requirements and methodologies needed to estimate the static-pressure-error correction of a T-38C in the subsonic, transonic, and low supersonic regimes. Estimates are validated with flight-test results, and proposed solutions for further reduction of static-pressure error via modifications to the flight-tested Pitot-static-probe geometry are included.

Abstract 11215: Exercise Influences Penetrance and Outcomes in Family Members of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy Patients Carrying a Pathogenic Desmosomal Mutation

Background: Endurance exercise is associated with adverse arrhythmic outcomes and development of heart failure in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C)-associated desmosomal mutation carriers. However studies comparing exercise participation in family members with desmosomal mutations are lacking. Methods: Structured exercise interviews were performed focusing on duration, intensity and timing among ten families with 37 patients (9 probands, 28 family members) carrying a pathogenic plakophilin ( PKP2 ) mutation. Exercise was classified based on 36 th Bethesda Conference into endurance/dynamic sports and static sports. Baseline characteristics, non-invasive and invasive clinical data, family history data and occurrence of ventricular tachycardia/appropriate defibrillator intervention (VT/VF) were collected. Results: Exercise duration (hours/year) at last follow up was highest among probands. Family members meeting 2010 Task Force Criteria [TFC] had significantly higher exercise duration (Figure 1-A), were more likely to be endurance athletes (77% vs. 33%, p=0.03), and had significantly higher participation in sports with high dynamic component (Median 416[IQR:123-864] vs. 214[IQR:48-408] hours/year; p=0.046) than family members not meeting TFC. Family members who were endurance athletes had worse arrhythmic course (Figure 1-B), were more likely to meet a major or minor 2010 TFC for depolarization/repolarization abnormalities (p=0.05), 2010 TFC for structural abnormalities (p=0.024) and had significantly lower right ventricular ejection fraction (48% vs. 57%; p=0.007). Conclusion: Mutation carrier family members of probands who are endurance athletes have increased penetrance, worse arrhythmic outcomes and greater structural changes compared with family members who are not endurance athletes and should be advised to restrict participation in exercise, especially with a high dynamic component.

Palliative Radiotherapy for Painful Bone Metastases from Solid Tumors Delivered with Static Ports of Tomotherapy (TomoDirect): Feasibility and Clinical Results

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and response to palliative radiotherapy delivered with static ports of tomotherapy—TomoDirect (TD) in patients affected with painful bone metastases from solid tumors. Methods: A prospective cohort of 130 patients (185 osseous lesions) was treated between 2010 and 2013 with TD. Three fractionation schedules were employed according to clinical decision-making (3 Gy × 10; 4 Gy × 5; 8 Gy × 1). Pain response was investigated at 2 weeks and 2 months (for evaluable patients). The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) was used to assess pain. Response rates to radiotherapy were calculated following the criteria of the International Bone Metastases Consensus Group (IBMCG), accounting for the use of concomitant analgesics (response: complete or partial; non-response: stable pain, pain progression or “other”). Analgesic consumption was recalculated into the daily oral morphine-equivalent dose (OMED). Results: Most of the patients had 1–2 bone metastases (91); those with multiple lesions mostly had a metachronous presentation (60%). Synchronous lesions were mainly approached with multiple plans (63%). Most treatments employed 3–4 fields (77%). Treatment times ranged from 255 to 939 s depending on fractionation, fields, and target lesions number. At 2 weeks, the median self-reported worst pain decreased significantly as median oral morphine-equivalent dose regardless of fractionation used. The response rate according to the IBMCG-based response categories ranged from 45 to 55%. Pain relief duration seems (response at 2 months) slightly inferior with the single fraction approach, with a higher re-treatment rate. At 2 weeks, the median self-reported worst pain and OMED significantly decreased regardless of fractionation (response rate: 49–55%). Pain relief decreased at 2 months, especially for single fraction (higher re-treatment rate). Conclusion: TD is a valid option to deliver palliative radiotherapy for painful bone metastases from solid tumors.

Time-Resolved Flow Properties in a Turbine Driven by Pulsed Detonations

Theoretically, pressure-gain combustion like that of a pulsed-detonation combustor allows heat addition with reduced entropy loss compared to a typical steady deflagration combustor. The pulsed-detonation combustor is inherently unsteady, and time-resolved measurements are required to identify unsteady flow processes at the turbine inlet and exit. In this study, the radial turbine of a Garrett automotive turbocharger was coupled directly to and driven, full admission, by a pulsed-detonation combustor fueled by hydrogen or ethylene. Full-cycle time-resolved turbine inlet and exit pressures were obtained from pressure transducers mounted to wall static pressure ports. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy was used to obtain full-cycle time-resolved turbine inlet and exit temperatures and velocities. Optical access permitted the use of high-speed video for particle streak velocimetry to obtain time-resolved turbine inlet velocities during blowdown with a 20 Hz ethylene-fueled pulsed-detonation combustor with 0.9 fueled fraction and 0.5 purge fraction. A comparison of laser-based and video-based measurements was made for the blowdown portion of the pulsed-detonation combustor cycle. First-ever full-cycle time histories of turbine inlet and exit velocities, total temperature, total pressure, mass flow, and total enthalpy rate revealed reflected pressure waves and showed momentary reverse flow, and thus unsteady accumulation and expulsion of mass and enthalpy.

예인수조용 스테레오스코픽 입자영상유속계 시스템의 불확실성 해석

Test uncertainty of a towed underwater Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) system was assessed in a towing tank. To estimate the systematic error and random error of mean velocity and turbulence properties measurement, velocity field of uniform flow was measured. Total uncertainty of the axial component of mean velocity was 1.45% of the uniform flow speed and total uncertainty of turbulence properties was 3.03%. Besides, variation of particle displacement was applied to identify the change of error distribution. In results for variation of particle displacement, the error rapidly increases with particle movement under one pixel. In addition, a nominal wake of a model ship was measured and compared with existing experimental data by five-hole Pitot tubes, Pitot-static tube, and hot wire anemometer. For mean velocity, small local vortex was identified with high spatial resolution of SPIV, but has serious disagreement in local maxima of turbulence properties due to limited sampling rate.