Static Polarization Measurements Research Articles

Effect of Cystine in Alkaline CMP Slurry on Controlling the Galvanic Corrosion at Al-Co Interface

As the feature size of integrated circuit (IC) shrinks down to 28 nm and below, aluminum (Al) is considered to be one of the suitable gate materials, and cobalt (Co) is considered to be one of the suitable barrier materials. During chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of the Al-Co gate, galvanic corrosion occurs when Al and Co with large open-circuit potential (Eocp) difference contact each other in device structure and are exposed to conductive CMP slurry. In this paper, the adsorptive properties of the complex products formed by cystine and metal Al and Co were investigated. By means of potentiometric dynamic and static polarization measurements, impedance monitoring technology and adsorption model establishment, the complex products were adsorbed on the surface of Al and Co in physical and chemical form, which hindered the corrosion of Al and Co and achieved the goal of reducing their galvanic corrosion. The dynamic potential difference between Al and Co was reduced to 23 mV, and the static Ecorr difference was reduced to 30 mV with cystine concentration of 8 mM/L. The dynamic corrosion current (Icorr) difference was 2.936 μA/cm2, and the static Icorr difference was 0.835 μA/cm2.

Effect of Glycine and TT-LYK in Alkaline CMP Slurry on Controlling the Galvanic Corrosion at Al-Co Interface

As the feature size of integrated circuit (IC) shrinks down to 28nm and below, aluminum (Al) is considered to be one of the suitable gate materials, and cobalt (Co) is considered to be one of the suitable barrier materials. During chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of the Al-Co gate, galvanic corrosion can occur when two kind of metals with a large open circuit potential (Eoc) difference contact with each other within the device architecture and are exposed to charge conducting CMP slurries. Al is severely corroded as an anode in the presence of Co because the standard electrode potential (E = −1.66 V) is lower than that of Co (E = −0.27 V). In this paper, using the advantages of different materials in adsorption and dissolution of different metal, the effect of glycine and TT-LYK (TT) with different concentrations on galvanic corrosion of Al and Co was studied by potentio dynamic and static polarization measurements with impedance monitoring. The potential different between Al and Co electrodes was significantly reduced for selective adsorption characteristics of the complex formed by glycine with Al and Co significantly reduced the potential difference between Al and Co electrodes. The substances formed by TT with Al and Co can be adsorbed on both surfaces well, and the current difference between Al and Co electrodes can be significantly reduced due to the difference in solubility of the reactants. When glycine and TT were used synergistically, the dynamic corrosion potential (Ecorr) difference between Al and Co electrodes was reduced to 10 mV, and the static Ecorr difference was reduced to 17 mV with glycine concentration of 1000 ppm and TT concentration of 100 ppm. The dynamic corrosion current (Icorr) difference was 0.587μA/cm2, and the static Icorr difference was 2.361μA/cm2.

Dipole Moments of Some β-Diketones and Monothio-β-Diketones

Abstract Dipole moments have been determined by static polarization measurements for fiftyfive substituted β-diketones and twelve aryl monothio-β-diketones having a fluoroalkyl, phenyl or aryl substituent. The variations of the dipole moments with R on RCOCH2COR' and RCSCH2COR' is considered to be dependent on (a) the phenyl-X bond moment (b) the inductive effect of 4-and 3-substituents X on the phenyl group and (c) the mesomeric effect of the substituent X. The R' groups are phenyl and the fluoroalkyls; CHF2,CF3,C2F5, C3F7, and the X-groups of phenyl are methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, nitro, chloro, and fluoro.

A low-cost, computer-aided electrochemical system for characterizing battery electrodes

A low-cost, computer-aided facility to conduct charge/discharge operations on battery electrodes is reported. The facility can also be used for conducting galvano static polarization measurements on the electrodes.

Growth and characterization of thallium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

Abstract Dielectric constant measurements of thallium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals have been performed at several frequencies between 100 Hz and 10 kHz. In this range, a discontinuity is observed at the phase transition near 230 K. The dependence of the static polarization measurements with temperature shows also the existence of an ordered polar phase below the transition temperature. In addition Raman scattering spectra performed from 80 to 300 K give information about the dynamic properties of the phase transition.

The recovery of the polymerizability of Lys-61-labelled actin by the addition of phalloidin. Fluorescence polarization and resonance-energy-transfer measurements.

Modification of Lys-61 in actin with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) blocks actin polymerization [Burtnick, L. D. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 791, 57-62]. FITC-labelled actin recovered its ability to polymerize on addition of phalloidin. The polymers had the same characteristic helical thread-like structure as normal F-actin and the addition of myosin subfragment-1 to the polymers formed the characteristic arrowhead structure in electron microscopy. The polymers activated the ATPase activity of myosin subfragment-1 as efficiently as normal F-actin. These results indicate that Lys-61 is not directly involved in an actin-actin binding region nor in myosin binding site. From static fluorescence polarization measurements, the rotational relaxation time of FITC-labelled actin filaments was calculated to be 20 ns as the value reduced in water at 20 degrees C, while any rotational relaxation time of 1,5-IAEDANS bound to Cys-374 on F-actin in the presence of a twofold molar excess of phalloidin could not be detected by static polarization measurements under the same conditions. This indicates that the Lys-61 side chain is extremely mobile even in the filamentous structure. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between the donor 1,5-IAEDANS bound to SH1 of myosin subfragment-1 and the acceptor fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate bound to Lys-61 of actin in the rigor complex was measured. The transfer efficiency was 0.39 +/- 0.05 which corresponds to the distance of 5.2 +/- 0.1 nm, assuming that the energy donor and acceptor rotate rapidly relative to the fluorescence lifetime and that the transfer occurs between a single donor and an acceptor.

Dipole moments of some transition metal complexes of five new monothio-β-diketones

Dipole moments of cobalt(III), nickel(II), palladium(II), platinum(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of five new monothio-β-diketones RC(SH) CHCOCF 3 (R = 2′-methoxyphenyl, 2′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl, 2′,3′,4′-trimethoxyphenyl and 2′,4′,5′-trimethoxyphenyl) were determined by static-polarization measurements. The moments clearly indicate cis-square-planar configurations for the nickel, palladium and platinum complexes. The zinc complexes have tetrahedral structures and the copper complexes perhaps have distorted cis-square-planar structure. The 1H and 19F NMR data confirm the facial configuration for the cobalt(III) complexes. The dipole moment values for the complexes vary with R: 2′,3′,4′-trimethoxyphenyl > 2′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl > 2′,4′5′-trimethoxyphenyl > 2′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl > 2′-methoxyphenyl.

Dipole moments of some metal complexes of six new monothio-β-diketones containing perfluoroalkyl group

Dipole moments of nickel(II), palladium(II) and cobalt(III) complexes of six new monothio-β-diketones R 1C(SH) = CHCOR 2 (R 1 = phenyl, 2′-naphthyl and 2′-thienyl; R 2 = C 2F 5 and CF 2CF 2CF 3) were determined by static-polarization measurements. With same R 2 the dipole moments varies when R 1 arranged as 2′-thienyl > 2′-naphthyl > phenyl. With same R 1 the dipole moments varies as C 3F 7 > C 2F 5. The latter values are small: 0.03–0.37 D for the nickel, 0.08–0.24 D for the palladium and 0.12–0.16 D for the cobalt complexes. Nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes definitely have cis-square-planar structures Cobalt(III) complexes perhaps have the facial-octahedral configurations.

Dipole moments of some metal complexes of five new monothio-β-diketones

Dipole moments have been determined for Co(III), Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of the fluorinated monothio-β-diketones RC(SH)CHCOCF 3 [R  5′-methyl-2′-thienyl, 5′-chloro-2′-thienyl, 4′-isopropylphenyl, 4′- tert-butylphenyl and 3′-fluoro-4′-methoxyphenyl] from static-polarization measurements. The moments clearly indicate cis-square-planar configurations for the nickel, palladium and platinum complexes. The zinc complexes have tetrahedral structure and copper complexes have distorted cis-square-planar structure. The cobalt complexes perhaps have facial-octahedral structure. The values of dipole moment for the complexes varies with R: 5′-methyl-2′-thienyl > 3′-fluoro-4′-methoxyphenyl > 4′-isopropylphenyl ≈ 4′- tert-butylphenyl > 5′-chloro-2′-thienyl.

Dipole moments and mass spectra of some metal complexes of three new monothio-?-diketones, RCSCH2COCHF2

The dipole moments of some nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and cobalt(III) complexes of three new difluoro monothio-β-diketones RCSCH2COCHF2 (R = 2-thienyl, phenyl andp-tolyl) have been determined by static polarization measurements. The mass spectra of these complexes are discussed. The mass spectra of nickel complexes of the correspondingβ-diketones are also presented for the purpose of comparison.

ChemInform Abstract: DIPOLE MOMENTS AND MASS SPECTRA OF SOME METAL COMPLEXES OF THREE NEW MONOTHIO‐β‐DIKETONES, RCSCH2COCHF2

The dipole moments of some nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and cobalt(III) complexes of three new difluoro monothio-β-diketones RCSCH2COCHF2 (R = 2-thienyl, phenyl andp-tolyl) have been determined by static polarization measurements. The mass spectra of these complexes are discussed. The mass spectra of nickel complexes of the correspondingβ-diketones are also presented for the purpose of comparison.

Dipole moments of some metal complexes of four new monothio-β-diketones

Dipole moments have been determined by static polarization measurements for the nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), palladium(II), platinum(II) and cobalt(III) chelates of the fluorinated monothio-β-diketones RC(SH)CHCHOF 3 [R = 4′-C 2H 5C 6H 4, 4′-OC 2H 5C 6H 4, 3′,5′-(CH 3O) 2C 6H 3 and 3′, 4′, 5′-(CH 3O) 3C 6H 2]. The moments indicate cis-square-planar configurations for the nickel, palladium and platinum complexes. The zinc complexes have tetrahedral structures and the configuration of copper complexes lies between square-planar and tetrahedral structures. The cobalt complexes perhaps have facial-octahedral configurations. The presence of steric hindrance when R is 3′, 4′, 5′-(CH 3O) 3C 6H 2 lower the dipole moments. Such hindrance is absent with R as 3′,5′-(CH 3O) 2C 6H 3.

ChemInform Abstract: DIPOLE‐MOMENT MEASUREMENTS ON METAL CHELATE COMPLEXES. PART 4. THE EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION IN THE PHENYL RING ON THE DIPOLE MOMENTS OF METAL CHELATES OF FLUORINATED MERCAPTO‐β‐DIKETONES CONTAINING A PHENYL GROUP

AbstractAus den Mercapto‐ β‐diketonen, dargestellt in 50‐65% Ausbeute nach bekannter Methode, werden mit entsprechenden Metallsalzen die neuen Komplexe (I) und (II) synthetisiert.

Dipole-moment measurements on metal chelate complexes. Part 4. The effect of substitution in the phenyl ring on the dipole moments of metal chelates of fluorinated mercapto-β-diketones containing a phenyl group

Dipole moments have been determined from static-polarization measurements for the nickel(II), palladium(II), platinum(II), copper(II) zinc(II), cobalt(III), and rhodium(III) chelate complexes of the fluorinated mercapto-β-diketones RC(SH):CHCOCF3[R =p-MeOC6H4, m-MeOC6H4, m,p-(MeO)2C6H3, and m,p-Me2C6H3]. The moments indicate cis-square-planar conformations for the complexes of Ni, Pd, Pt, and Cu, and a facial-octahedral configuration for those of Co and Rh. For all the metal complexes with methyl substitution of the phenyl ring the dipole moments decrease if the R groups are arranged in the order: m,p-Me2C6H4 > p-MeC6H3 > m-MeC6H4 > Ph. However, for methoxy-substitution the order is: p-MeOC6H4 > m,p-(MeO)2C6H3 > Ph. The anomalous position of m,p-(MeO)2C6H3is ascribed to steric hindrance preventing free rotation of the methoxy-groups and leading to a lower group moment µR–ch.

Thio derivatives of β-diketones and their metal chelates. XXIV. Dipole moments and mass spectra of chromium(III) chelates of some monothio-β-diketones

Chromium(111) chelates of four monothio-β-diketones, RC(SH)=CHCOR? (R = R' = Ph; R = Ph, 2-thienyl, β-naphthyl, R' = CF3), have been prepared by the reaction of chromium(111) chloride hexahydrate with the monothio-β-diketone in alcohol in the presence of urea. The dipole moments of the chromium chelates were determined by static polarization measurements in benzene solution and indicate a facial-octahedral configuration. The mass spectrum of CrL3 (L = PhC(S)=CHCOPh) shows no metal-containing peaks but exhibits metal-free peaks due to the ions 2L-H2S, 2L - H2S- Ph, 2L- H2S - PhCO and 2L- H2S - PhCO - Ph. The mass spectra of the other three chromium chelates display a considerable number of peaks due to metal-containing ions, including M and M - L. The difference in these spectra from those of their cobalt(111), rhodium(111), iron(111) and ruthenium(111) analogues is discussed.

Thio derivatives of b-diketones and their metal chelates. XXII. Dipole moments of some bivalent and trivalent metal complexes of fluorinated monothio-b-diketones

Dipole moments have been determined by static polarization measurements for some iron(111), ruthenium(111), rhodium(111), nickel(11), palladium(11), platinum(11), copper(11) and zinc(11) complexes of fluorinated monothio-β-diketones RC(SH)=CHCOCF3. The moments indicate a facial-octahedral configuration for the iron, ruthenium and rhodium complexes, a cis-square-planar configuration for the nickel, palladium and platinum complexes, and a tetrahedral configuration for the zinc complexes. The copper complexes have moments 0.5-1.0 D lower than the mean value for the corresponding nickel, palladium and platinum complexes; this lowering of the moment is attributed to significant distortion from the square-planar towards the tetrahedral configuration. The dipole moments of the square-planar and octahedral complexes decrease if the R groups are arranged in the order: p-MeC6H4 ≥ 2-thienyl > β-naphthyl > m-MeC6H4 > Ph > Pr? > Bui > Me > m-ClC6H4 > m-BrC6H4 > p-FC6H4 > p-ClC6H4 > p-BrC6H4 > m,p-Cl2C6H3.

Dipole moments of copper(II) chelates of some fluorinated β-diketones

Dipole moments have been determined by static polarization measurements for the copper(II) chelates of the fluorinated β-diketones RCOCH 2COCF 3 (R = 2-thienyl, Ph, p-MeC 6H 4, p-ClC 6H 4, m-ClC 6H 4, p-BrC 6H 4, and m-BrC 6H 4). The moments, which range from 2.47 to 4.82D, indicate a cis-square-planar structure for the copper chelates. The variation of the dipole moments with R is considered to be dependent on (a) the Ph-X bond moment, (b) the inductive effect of the meta- and para-substituent X, and (c) the mesomeric effect of X (X = Cl, Br, Me).

Dipole-moment measurements of metal chelates. Part II. Dipole moments of nickel(II), palladium(II), platinum(II), and cobalt(III) complexes of six fluorinated mercapto-β-diketones

Dipole moments have been determined by static polarization measurements for the nickel(II), palladium(II), platinum(II), and cobalt(III) chelates of the fluorinated mercapto-β-diketones RC(SH):CHCOCF3(R =m-MeC6H4, m-ClC6H4, m-BrC6H4, p-FC6H4, pClC6H4, and m,p-Cl2C6H3). The moments indicate cis-square-planar configurations for the nickel, palladium, and platinum complexes and suggest a facial-octahedral configuration for the cobalt complexes. The variation of the dipole moments with R is considered to be dependent on: (a) the magnitude and vector directions of the Ph–X bond moments; (b) the inductive effect of the meta- and para-substituent on the phenyl ring; and (c) the mesomeric effect of the substituent X.

On the Role of Corrosion in Cavitation Damage

The interacting influence of corrosion on cavitation damage was studied quantitatively using a magnetostrictive device. The relationship between the rate of weight Joss and the amplitude of oscillation for 1020 mild steel became modified as the NaCl concentration was increased. When 1100-F aluminum was used, this relationship was not affected. An attempt was made to estimate the contribution of electrochemical corrosion to total damage of four methods; namely, (a) static polarization measurements, (b) dynamic polarization measurements, (c) short-duration pulsing technique, and (d) long duration pulsing technique. The electrochemical corrosion rates thus estimated are very small compared to the total rate of damage. However, the rate of weight loss in 3 percent NaCl solution (in distilled water) for 1020 mild steel is about three times that in distilled water at a particular double amplitude and frequency (1.5 X 10 −3 in. and 15 kcs). It is concluded that this increase in the rate of damage is principally due to the deterioration in the mechanical properties of the material in a corrosive environment.