State Defense Policy Research Articles

Sustainable environmental governance as the implementation of state defense policy

Background: Land waters in urban areas often become a source of problems if they are not managed wisely and firmly. The threat and risk of danger, disease and even death always haunt the people who live on the banks of the river. Poverty and slum areas are negative effects of less than optimal land water management in urban areas. The Indonesian government has taken various steps to address this, but the lack of urban land for settlement is the reason why immigrants from other regions reside and reside in dangerous areas such as riverbanks. The compulsion to live minimally in urban areas is a burden for local governments in their efforts to increase welfare as well as improve sustainable urban governance. Many other cities in developed countries have made efforts to improve inland water areas to alleviate poverty and at the same time beautify the urban landscape. The experts agreed to hold discussions to formulate the best policy steps for sustainable urban governance in Indonesia. Methods: In the process of data analysis and decision making related to sustainable environmental governance as implementation of national defense policy, this article utilizes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Data Processing Method. Finding: The results of in-depth discussions and interviews with experts in the field of environment, urban governance, economic experts and poverty management experts from various institutions such as the Ministry of Social Affairs, PUPR Ministry, Spatial Planning and City Planning Services, Academics and also the Military were processed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Conclusion: The best decision alternative will be a recommendation for policy makers regarding sustainable urban governance. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is relevant to the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method to formulate sustainable urban water management policies in Indonesia, involving various experts and related institutions to overcome poverty and improve urban landscapes. Therefore, this study can show policy recommendations based on various aspects and views.

Legal Politics of Religious Moderation and State Defense Policy at Public Universities

This study aims to discuss the policy of the Ministry of Religious Affairs through the Sub Directorate of Islamic Religious Education at Public Universities (PTU) in forming Griya Moderasi Beragama dan Bela Negara (MBBN) to strengthen the understanding of religious moderation and eliminate religiousness that often legitimizes violence as a manifestation of religious teachings during the rise of groups that claim to be the most correct. This study uses doctrinal law, political law, and critical analysis approaches. Data analysis was conducted by exploring moderation policy documents and legislation products. This study found that the legal politics of Religious Moderation and State Defence at PTU is a strategic government policy to strengthen the nation's life amid legal and religious plurality in the face of confrontation with radicalism groups. The government's strategic policy is synergized with national development, accelerating the realization of justice and welfare. The policy is also a firm step by the Indonesian government in contributing to the world according to the demands and developments of diversity in the era of globalization, especially in counteracting the massive movement of radicalism and intolerance in Indonesia.

From the history of the defense policy of Kazakhstan Republic (1991-1997)

Relevance. Through specific archival and historical data, this research article describes the purpose of the Republic of Kazakhstan's defense policy, which is based on the goal of peacekeeping, which dates back to the country's early days of independence, the course, results, and historical significance of this activity. In addition, a description and analysis of the fact that this national-level action was carried out in a variety of ways. Purpose. The aims and objectives of the state's defense policy were established and authorized on a legal basis in the first stage. The training strategy for national military experts in several fields has been designed and accepted. The issue of the Armed Forces' contemporary equipment has been addressed and implemented. Methodology. From this period, the Republic of Kazakhstan began to work to ensure the defense capabilities of the Armed Forces of the country, as well as to ensure stability and peace in Central Asia. In particular, the Republic of Kazakhstan became a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, founded by the CIS member states, and began to hold joint events. Results. In particular, cooperation in the field of joint defense with the Russian Federation was established and further developed. For this purpose, equal relations with the People's Republic of China have been ensured. From the first days of independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan has laid the foundation for multifaceted cooperation with the Republic of Turkey in this area. The work of the Republic of Kazakhstan carried out by mutual agreements of this content with the United States was remarkable. At the same time, attention was paid to the relations of independent Kazakhstan with NATO and its adoption was included in the “Partnership for Peace” Program. Conclusions. As a result of the concrete measures taken for this purpose, the capacity of the Armed Forces of the State has increased and has become a strong guarantee of the country's security.

Anticipative Urban Warfare Strategies on the Neo'post-Truth Era in Indonesia

Objective: The objective of this research was to explore the Universal People's Security Defense System that has not been well socialized in anticipating future threats. The aim of this research is to realize an anticipatory Urban Warfare strategy by creating a General National Defense Policy for 2025-2030 in the Neo' Post-Truth Era in Indonesia. Method: The qualitative method used in this research is a case study approach. Through literature study data collection and analyzing several rules regarding the urban warfare strategies, the research focused on how these elements mold the future policy on the neo ‘post truth era in Indonesia. Results: The facts about the threats of radicalism, terrorism, insurgency, separatism and social revolution change the arrival of military, non-military and hybrid threats into a new categorization of threats in the form of asymmetric, proxy, hybrid and information threats as urban warfare threats. Various countries have experienced the problem of urban warfare starting from the Arab Spring in the Middle East, African countries, South Asia and Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. The results of this research show, first, the forms of threats in the world and Indonesia in the form of asymmetric, proxy, hybrid and information threats. Second, the policy and implementation are in accordance with the General State Defense Policy in the Neo' Post-Truth Era in Indonesia in the form of a policy of balancing security and prosperity. Third, Anticipatory Strategy for Urban Warfare in the Neo ‘Post-Truth era in Indonesia in the form of intelligence cooperation, diplomacy and operations. The conclusion of this research requires the creation of the latest 2025-2030 jakum hanneg in anticipating Urban Warfare in Indonesia. Conclusion: Urban warfare is complex and challenging. This operation is not only military in nature, but also has many aspects because it must take into account the economic, social and other characteristics of the city. Successful urban operations require specialized strategy and training, as well as adapted weapons and equipment. Implementation policy general national defense can involve development strength reliable military and non -military for capable face threat in environment urban areas, including effective strategies and tactics in face urban warfare. This is possible involve training special for personnel military in urban battle, development appropriate technology and equipment for operation urban, as well good planning and coordination between various units and agencies involved in national defense. Apart from that, implementation policy general national defense can also cover effort to build cooperation with parties related in face threat of urban warfare. This can involve cooperation with police, government region, and society civil in effort for increase security and preparedness in face threat in urban environment.

АНАЛІЗ СВІТОВОГО ДОСВІДУ ФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ

The article is devoted to the issues of ensuring the functions of public information security management in the context of modern challenges. Informatization processes have covered all spheres of human life, which has led to the emergence of new threats. In today’s world, where electronic technologies are becoming a necessity to ensure the effectiveness of public administration functions, the issue of information security is a key and urgent one. The problems of information security are currently being actualized by a significant increase in the role of accumulation, processing and dissemination of information, in particular, in making strategic, military, political and economic decisions. In this regard, the question of how well the modern public administration system is able to respond to the challenges posed by global digitalization is becoming relevant. The purpose of the paper is to study the peculiarities of ensuring information security in public administration, to analyze current threats and the experience of other countries in overcoming them. In analyzing certain aspects of information security, the paper uses methods of description and classification, as well as methods of studying causal relationships, in particular, the combination of similarities and differences. The article examines the trends in the development of public information security management as a key mechanism for ensuring the security of the State. The author identifies the issue of information security as an element of the State defense policy, which is of particular relevance in the context of full-scale military aggression. The concept of public management of information security can be defined as the process of managing measures aimed at protecting confidential information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure and destruction at the level of the State, organizations or citizens. This process may include the creation of appropriate legislation, the establishment of appropriate control and supervisory bodies, the conduct of information security education and training, and the installation of appropriate security technologies and systems to protect confidential information. The place and role of the system of regulation of information support of management processes at the state level are clarified. Sufficient attention is paid to the peculiarities of ensuring information security in public administration through the analysis of modern information threats. Considering the world experience, the author identifies the key success factors and the problems faced by public administration in overcoming them. We consider it expedient to create national analysis and response centers that will monitor, analyze and respond promptly to cyber threats and improve cybersecurity measures for critical facilities.

Analisis Manajemen Pertahanan Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Post-Pandemic

Covid-19 is one of the unpredictable non-military threats. For approximately three years, Indonesia has experienced a transition period that has had an economic and social impact on people's lives. Thus, the country needs a strategy in dealing with these threats. Therefore, the state involves all policy stakeholders in various sectors related to handling Covid-19. This research aims to provide insight related to Indonesia's defense management in dealing with post-pandemic. The research method used is a qualitative approach. Data collection was conducted with FGDs of Defense University students and defense management experts. In addition, data collection is also carried out by literature studies. The results of this study show that for three years defense management in Indonesia in facing non-military threats of COVID-19 was carried out by strengthening the pentahelix element. Therefore, countries should face various threats with a universal defense strategy supported by a general state defense policy that has been considered holistically about what, how, who and what to do. The implications of this research can be used as a consideration for policymakers to continue to prioritize the pentahelix element in various non-military threats.
 
 

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНА БЕЗПЕКА ВЗАЄМОДІЇ СУБ’ЄКТІВ ДЕМОКРАТИЧНОГО ЦИВІЛЬНОГО КОНТРОЛЮ ЗА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ МІНІСТЕРСТВА ОБОРОНИ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of the article is to determine the features of information security of interaction between subjects of democratic civil control over the activities of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. The features of the activities of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine as a public administration body that performs the functions of a military command body are clarified. Attention is focused on the fact that as a result of demilitarization, the Ministry has the status of a civilian department. Arguments are given that empowering the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine with the right to form and implement the directions of state defense policy determines the presence of active contacts with various subjects, which gives rise to a large number of information risks. The systematization is made by information risks, typical for the interaction of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine with the subjects of democratic civil control. Firstly, these are the risks associated with the leakage of information with limited access, which became known to the subjects of control activities in the exercise of their powers. Secondly, these are socio- psychological risks associated with the disclosure/publication of information and data that are not of a closed nature; however, due to their influence on public consciousness, they can cause a complex of destructive reactions. Thirdly, these are the risks associated with the overload of military command and control systems in the conditions of combat operations, which may lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of the functioning of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations. The definition is formulated by the information security of the interaction of subjects of democratic civilian control over the activities of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. The conclusion is made that the main directions of the studied information security cover the definition of a specific level of information risks and the adoption of measures to reduce their negative impact, the improvement of data protection systems in information networks, the education of a high level of information culture of subjects of democratic civilian control over the Defense Forces.

Implementasi Kebijakan Pendidikan (Budaya) Bela Negara: Studi Kasus SD Katolik Karya Toboali, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung

This study aims to grasp the policy of state defense which embedded through the form of school culture which plays an important role to shape the character of state defense in Katolik Karya, Toboali Elementary School, Bangka Belitung. This also seeks to capture how state defense culture is effectivelly implemented to support the students’ character. This study uses descriptive qualitative, in which data and information are obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and documents involving principals, teachers, education staff, and students. This study found that the school already has developed policy to instill a state defense culture which is introduced by the Tunas Karya Foundation. The state defense policy is developed through a set of values which are arranged in the ten main character as a genuine of cultural product to form of student character. Schools conduct a state defense policy through habituation with a nurturing and modeling approach by teachers. This study also shows that the habituation of the ten main character values in making state defense behavior is quite effective. Based on the assessment results, the data shows that the majority of students have regularly employed the habituation of the state defense with average marks at 82 point.

KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN WILAYAH PERTAHANAN DALAM KONSEP PERTAHANAN PULAU-PULAU BESAR (Studi TNI-AL)

The dynamic strategic environment, both global and regional, can have both positive and negative impacts and directly or indirectly affect the development of the national environment. The change in Strategic Environment Development (Banglingstra) will change how a country's strategy is to achieve its national goals. The President of the Republic of Indonesia has signed the General Policy on National Defense, signing PP N0 8 2021 as an elaboration of the Vision and Mission of the elected President in the field of defense during his term of office. As mandated by law. So that it can be implemented, the policy is described in the Minister of Defense Regulation Number: KEP/487/M/V/2021 Date: May 6, 2021, concerning the 2021 State Defense Policy, which contains the management of defense areas as one of its strategic objectives. Descriptive research approach using qualitative methods is the choice of researchers for this phenomenon with research subjects policymakers and policy implementers by understanding how the policy is to manage defense areas and how to manage defense area management strategies in order to realize decentralized defense logistics depots, in the concept of island defense. -big island in TNI-AL perspective. From the results of the analysis and discussion, it is found that the concept of defense of large islands has not accommodated the pattern of TNI-AL operations, especially in layered defense operations. there is still a need for improvement and further discussion related to the concept of defense of large islands as a base of defense as well as the last fortress of layered defense

Defense Policy Analysis to Deal with Radicalism and Terrorism in Indonesian Universities

Indonesia has a diversity of ethnic groups, as well as the various religions practiced by its people. The impact of the development of the global and regional strategic environment. Indonesia also cannot remove the influence of the development of ideologies from outside which threatens the unity of the state. The research currently being carried out is to determine the extent to which state policy programs regarding state defense can be implemented in universities in Indonesia. This is interesting given the vulnerability of students to be influenced by radical understandings currently developing. Researchers analyzed the implementation of this state defense policy using the theory of Gerorge Edward III, which analyzes the focus under study using factors, Communication, Resources, Disposition and Bureaucratic Structure. The results of the research show that the state defense policy that has been implemented so far still needs to be further improved, so far the state defense program with the civic education model is only carried out at the beginning when students enter university. Furthermore, no more citizenship programs were found. the related entities also have not found the best model so that the state defense program can be integrated and interactive. The recommendation from the current research is that state defense in universities needs to be optimized again, considering that several cases were found to involve students from high schools. Students are the nation's human resource which is very valuable to determine this nation in the future. Policies on national defense, especially the state defense program in higher education, must receive serious attention from the government, so that the younger generation, especially students, can avoid radicalism and terrorism.

PARADOXES IN POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: State Defense Program Anomaly

ABSTRACTThis paper carries out an in-depth review of the implementation of state defense policies in Situbondo so far which is still not optimal. To conduct in-depth research in this paper the researcher uses qualitative research with a porposive approach in order to obtain valid, in-depth and proportional information. The results of the study concluded that: First, the implementation of state defense policy in Situbondo Regency is still not optimal in achieving its stated goals, because there is a paradox in its implementation. This paradox arises because in the implementation of state defense policies top down and ignores local potential, such as the role of charismatic kiai - social capital - which has a strong influence in the Situbondo community so far, so that it has a direct impact on the creation of regional stability, as one of the objectives of national defense. Secondly, because there is a paradox in the implementation of the country's defense policy, it eventually gave birth to an anomaly in the National Defense Program because the Ministry of Defense on one hand wanted the birth of as many national defense cadres, in order to maintain the country's existence from various threats. But on the other hand, in its implementation the Ministry of Defense is exclusive by ignoring the role of the kiai as a very important social capital in the area in encouraging the optimization of the State Defender Program in Situbondo.

Strengthening the State Defense System of the Republic of Indonesia through Implementation of the State Defense Policy

Defending the state is the attitude and actions of citizens based on love for the country, awareness of the nation and state, belief in Pancasila as the ideology of the nation and state, willingness to sacrifice to face threats, challenges, obstacles, and disturbances (ATHG). To achieve national goals, the Astra gatra composing National Resilience requires an integrated implementation system that refers to geopolitical dynamics. This integrated system can be stated in a state defense system that already has a strong legal basis in the 1945 Constitution, as well as Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning State Defense (Law No. 3/2002), Article 9 of Law Number 3 of 2002. Law -The State Defense Law also classifies state defense into three groups, namely the Main Component (TNI), Reserve Component, and Supporting Component. In implementing state defense, a citizen can do it both physically and non-physically. Physical state defense includes struggling to take up arms when there is an attack from a foreign country against national sovereignty. Thus, it is necessary to further study the implementation of existing policies regarding state defense, as an effort to strengthen the state defense system of the Republic of Indonesia. This writing using qualitative research methods.

Вирішення задачі мінімізації ризиків імпортозаміщення в процесі заводського ремонту військової авіаційної техніки в умовах особливого періоду

У статті представлені результати аналізу питання забезпечення післяремонтної надійності військової авіаційної техніки при налагодженні виготовлення комплектуючих деталей (запасних частин, агрегатів) вітчизняними підприємствами у процесі імпортозаміщення та наведені рекомендації щодо мінімізації ризиків імпортозаміщення процесів заводського ремонту в умовах особливого періоду. Рекомендації стосуються державної політики у сфері оборони, законодавчої бази на технічну документацію підприємств, заходів щодо матеріалознавства та технології виробництв, врахування залежності рівня надійності від конструктивно-схемних рішень.

“Anything that Causes Chaos”: The Organizational Behavior of Russia Today (RT)

Abstract RT (formerly, Russia Today) is one of the most important organizations in the global political economy of disinformation. It is the most richly funded, well-staffed, formal organization in the world producing, disseminating, and marketing news in the service of the Kremlin. It is an agency accused of many things, but little is known about all the creative work involved in financing, governing, training, and motivating RT’s activities. To understand more about the production of political news and information by RT, we investigate its organizational behavior through in-depth interviews of current and former staff. Our data show that RT is an opportunist channel that is used as an instrument of state defense policy to meddle in the politics of other states. The channel has been established in the shadows of the Soviet media system and its organizational behavior is characterized by Soviet-style controls.

The Assignment Soldiers for Missions Abroad Regarding Status of the Polish Armed Forces

For many years, Polish soldiers have been conducting tasks abroad related to the state's defense policy. Despite this fact, there are few publications in scientific literature on the issue of selecting soldiers to conduct tasks abroad. For this reason, the subject of considerations was the assignment or the appointment soldiers for missions abroad with the simultaneous clarification of the legal status of the Polish Armed Forces.
 This topic settled the purpose for considerations which aims to find the legal basis for: conducting tasks by the armed forces abroad, their scope and regulations regarding the assignment or appointment of soldiers to conduct tasks as a part of the armed forces. In the light of the above, the following research problem should have been solved: is there a relationship between existing regulations that reflect the relationship between the armed forces and the soldiers in its structures in the aspect of conducting tasks abroad?
 Before proceeding to solve the stated issue it was hypothesized that there is a close relationship between the regulations regarding the assignment of soldiers to conduct tasks abroad. During the deliberations, theoretical research methods were implemented: a method of analysis of valid legal acts and subject literature, followed by the synthesis method to formulate conclusions and generalizations.
 The considerations end with generalizations regarding the valid legal status concerning the assignment or appointment of soldiers on missions abroad and the status of the Polish Armed Forces.

Legis ratio of the Indonesian national army's authority arrangements to overcome armed separatism movements, armed insurgency, and the terrorism

The purpose of this study is to find out about the setting of the authority of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) overcoming the armed separatist movement, armed insurgency, and acts of terrorism in Law NRI Number. This research is normative legal research using the statutory approach, historical approach, comparative approach, philosophical approach. The analysis technique is done by qualitative juridical analysis. The results showed that the legis ratio of regulating the authority of the Indonesian National Army in overcoming armed separatist movements, armed insurgency, and acts of terrorism in RI law number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesian National Army was departed from the desire to abandon the dual function model of ABRI, namely as a security and security forces and as a social-political force. As a social and political force, ABRI at that time had a role as a stabilizer, a dynamist, as a pioneer, and as an implementer of Pancasila democracy. With the enactment of RI law number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesian National Army, changing the Indonesian National Army as a means of defense of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, which is tasked with implementing a state defense policy to uphold national sovereignty, maintain territorial integrity, and protect national security, carry out military operations for war and military operations other than war, and actively participate in the task of maintaining regional and international peace

Implementation of State Defense Policy in Border Area A Case Study in Natuna District, Indonesia

Natuna Regency is a border area between the Republic of Indonesia with Malaysia and Vietnam, in this region there had been tension when China put Natuna into their sovereign territory. As a border area, Natuna has a strategic position, but defense development in this region is relatively left behind. This study focuses on the implementation of state defense policy in border area, especially in Natuna – Indonesia. The method used in this study is qualitative research. Primary data in this research is the information form from informants, and secondary data obtained from various documents, journals, scientific papers, and others. From the research that has been done, it is known that the implementation of state defense policy in border area was not running well, based on the environmental aspect the stability condition in border area still weak, it is caused by the non-submission of the central defense authority by the central government to the Natuna Regency government which has special character as the border area between countries.

A dynamic linear modelling approach to public policy change

AbstractTheories of public policy change, despite their differences, converge on one point of strong agreement: the relationship between policy and its causes can and does change over time. This consensus yields numerous empirical implications, but our standard analytical tools are inadequate for testing them. As a result, the dynamic and transformative relationships predicted by policy theories have been left largely unexplored in time series analysis of public policy. This article introduces dynamic linear modelling (DLM) as a useful statistical tool for exploring time-varying relationships in public policy. The article offers a detailed exposition of the DLM approach and illustrates its usefulness with a time series analysis of United States defense policy from 1957 to 2010. The results point the way for a new attention to dynamics in the policy process, and the article concludes with a discussion of how this research programme can profit from applying DLMs.

Profesionalisme TNI di tengah Transisi Politik

The Indonesian Armed Force (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) has for decades been the instrument used by those in power to endorse and hold their powerful positions. As a consequence, the Indonesian Armed Force has not only lost its professionalism, but also its quality and competence. A professional army can only be established in the condition of a democratic political life. In this article the author describes the situation in Indonesia nowadays, i.e. the transition towards democratization. In this process, the most important agenda is to return the main function of the Indonesian Armed Force in line with the need and the will of Indonesian people, i.e. to guard the nation sovereignty and territory. However, the author also recognizes the other functions the armed force has to carry out. In relation to this, the article examines how the professionalism of the Indonesian Armed Force can be formed in the midst of a political transition process. The author proposes several steps to be taken, i.e. to revise or replace the legislation about the state's defense policy; revise the armed force's doctrine so as to accommodate the people's needs; revise the legislation on the police force to enable the police to guard the civil order, strengthen the law, and avoid the outside intervention; as well as to allow the armed force's members to choose their representatives in the general election.

The Expansion of US-South Africa Defense Relations

United States defense policy towards the African continent has not witnessed considerable change since America’s military involvement in Somalia in 1993 1 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. 2 The Cl...