State-space Technique Research Articles

Three-dimensional thermoelasticity solution of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite plate embedded in piezoelectric sensor and actuator layers

Based on theory of elasticity, static behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) rectangular host plate attached to thin piezoelectric layers subjected to thermal load and or electric field is studied. It is assumed that temperature gradient does not affect the thermo-elastic constants of the plate. Distribution of CNT is uniformly or functionally graded along the plate thickness. Analytical solutions for the temperature, stress and displacement fields for the FG-CNTRC plate with simply-supported edges are derived by using the Fourier series expansion along in-plane coordinates and state-space technique across thickness direction. The present procedure is validated by comparing the numerical results with the available published results. Parametric studies are performed to assess the effects of CNT volume fraction, case of CNT distribution along the thickness direction, surface boundary conditions, applied voltage, aspect ratio and length to thickness ratio on the behavior of FG-CNTRC rectangular plate.

Three-dimensional static and free vibration analysis of laminated cylindrical panel with viscoelastic interfaces

In this paper, three-dimensional theory of elasticity is employed to investigate bending and free vibration behavior of simply supported cylindrical panel with special emphasis on incorporating viscoelastic interfacial imperfection. Analysis is carried out by using Fourier series along the axial and circumferential directions and state space technique along the radial direction. Time-dependent behavior is investigated by solving first-order differential equation of sliding displacement at the viscoelastic interfaces. Numerical results depict good agreement between the present numerical results and the available published results. In addition, the effects of solid, elastic and viscous interfaces, time, aspect ratio and mid radius to thickness ratio on the bending and vibration behavior of laminated cylindrical panel are discussed.

Magneto-thermoelasticity with two fractional order heat transfer

A new mathematical model of the equations of two-temperature magneto-thermoelasticity theory for a perfect conducting solid has been constructed in the context of a new consideration of heat conduction with a time-fractional derivative of order α (0<α⩽1) and a time-fractional integral of order υ (0<υ⩽2). This model is applied to one-dimensional problem for a perfect conducting half-space of elastic solid with heat source distribution in the presence of a constant magnetic field. Laplace transforms and state-space techniques will be used to obtain the general solution for any set of boundary conditions. A numerical method is employed for the inversion of the Laplace transforms. According to the numerical results and their graphs, conclusions about the new theory are given. Some comparisons are shown in figures to estimate the effects of the fractional order parameters and the temperature discrepancy on all the studied fields.

Chronic upper airway obstruction induces abnormal sleep/wake dynamics in juvenile rats.

ObjectivesConventional scoring of sleep provides little information about the process of transitioning between vigilance-states. We used the state space technique to explore whether rats with chronic upper airway obstruction (UAO) have abnormal sleep/wake states, faster movements between states, or abnormal transitions between states.DesignThe tracheae of 22-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically narrowed to increase upper airway resistance with no evidence for frank obstructed apneas or hypopneas; 24-h electroencephalography of sleep/wake recordings of UAO and sham-control animals was analyzed using state space technique. This non-categorical approach allows quantitative and unbiased examination of vigilance-states and state transitions. Measurements were performed 2 weeks post-surgery at baseline and following administration of ritanserin (5-HT2 receptor antagonist) the next day to stimulate sleep.Measurements and ResultsUAO rats spent less time in deep (delta-rich) slow wave sleep (SWS) and near transition zones between states. State transitions from light SWS to wake and vice versa and microarousals were more frequent and rapid in UAO rats, indicating that obstructed animals have more regions where vigilance-states are unstable. Ritanserin consolidated sleep in both groups by decreasing the number of microarousals and trajectories between wake and light SWS, and increasing deep SWS in UAO.ConclusionsState space technique enables visualization of vigilance-state transitions and velocities that were not evident by traditional scoring methods. This analysis provides new quantitative assessment of abnormal vigilance-state dynamics in UAO in the absence of frank obstructed apneas or hypopneas.

Pre-Load Torque Responses for Flexibility in Single Link Manipulator

The Research article includes Model Torque Responses for flexibility of single link manipulators using Linearization Technique named as a LCQ. Manipulators are nothing but one type robotic arms commonly used in the industry .Here the controller design technique used for controlling manipulator was Linear Quadratic Controller Design. Generally the robotic arms are non-linear in nature. In order to control the non-linearity of manipulator and angular displacement, state space technique is used. The topology explains dynamic characteristics occurring in abnormal working condition torque responses are modified by using Linear Quadratic Controller Design Technique. The design method approach in state space control strategy. The dynamic torque responses of single link manipulator in abnormal condition and also using LCQ Technique are shown by M-File Controlling block of Simulink Library in Mat Lab Control tool box.

Free vibration analysis of sandwich cylindrical panel with functionally graded core using three-dimensional theory of elasticity

This paper presents an exact three-dimensional free vibration solution for sandwich cylindrical panels with functionally graded core. Material properties of the FGM core are assumed to be graded in the radial direction, according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the constituents. Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be constant. The governing equation of motions is formulated based on the 3D-theory of elasticity and displacement fields are expanded in Fourier series along the in-plane coordinates which satisfy the simply supported edges boundary conditions. The state space technique is used to obtain natural frequencies analytically. Accuracy and convergence of the present approach are examined by comparing the analytical results with the existing values in literature. The parametric study is carried out to discuss the effects of gradient index, geometrical properties such as span angle, facing layers thickness and axial length to mid radius ratio on the frequency behavior of the sandwich panel. The obtained exact solution shows that the FGM core has significant effects on the vibration behavior of sandwich cylindrical panel. This fist known exact solution serves as a benchmark for assessing the validity of numerical methods or two-dimensional theories used to analyses of sandwich cylindrical panels.

Pulsed Discharge Irradiance Reaction Identification

This paper presents the application of a theoretically developed method, which when applied to a pulsed irradiance signal can provide information about the underlying chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics. The theoretical development uses a combination of state-space, Laplace transform, least-square, and correlation techniques to determine chemical kinetic and reaction dynamic terms from a pulsed discharge. The waveform irradiance signals come from a space-based optical radiometer. Four pulsed radiometry irradiance waveforms are examined where the reaction order, rate constant, and reaction rates are investigated. The application of the theory and the commensurate results demonstrate that irradiance signals obtained under similar circumstances come from distinct pulsed discharge conditions.

Canonical projector techniques for analyzing descriptor systems

Physical systems are often naturally formulated as descriptor systems (DSs) which form a superset of the more restrictive standard state spaces. The analysis of a DS, however, is complicated by the algebraic coupling between its proper and improper subsystems. The recently emerging canonical projector technique, stemming from iterative matrix chain construction, provides a theoretically sound and numerically effective way to completely decouple these subsystems and largely facilitates the reuse or adaptation of standard state space techniques for DS analysis. Nonetheless, results concerning canonical projectors are scattered and their potential use is currently less appreciated. The objectives of this paper are twofold: i) It serves as a tutorial that collects distributed results about canonical projectors and presents them in a coherent manner; and more than just a tutorial, it elaborates and provides new/elegant/corrected proofs to some fundamental properties of canonical projectors. An iterative procedure for canonical projector construction, lacking in the literature, is also described. ii) Obvious applications, including some latest development, of projector techniques in practical circuit design problems are succinctly illustrated. By creating a self-contained repository of important canonical projector theories, it is hoped that more interest will be drawn and efficient numerical implementations will follow.

Compatible MPID Optimal Controller for Flexible Operation of Two Link Manipulator

Robotic arms or manipulators are interrelated to electro mechanical modulations criteria’s. The controls of this type of manipulators are very authentic and difficult too. For flexible operation of robotic manipulators, controlling should be required for their tip vibrations and torque responses. In this article we initiate the proto type differences between responses of torques with PID Controller in open loop as well as in closed loop condition. For the closed loop, the physical phenomenon of PID Changes named as Modified PID Controller. The MPID Controller provides better performance rather than open loop PID at far end of two link Manipulator arm. The Electro mechanical modeling of the two link manipulator was done by using State Space technique named as an M-File. The entire graphical representations are providing by using MATLAB/Control tool box.

State-space approach to analyze field-scale bromide leaching

Spatial variability of soil properties complicates the analysis of water and solute transport under field conditions. To meet this challenge, a novel experimental design with a scale-dependent treatment distribution was adopted earlier in a field study to assess the impact of land use and rainfall characteristics on Br− leaching with the aid of spectral analysis. The objective of the current study was to identify the major underlying processes that controlled Br− leaching in the previous experiment and to describe the spatial distribution of soil Br− site-specifically and in different soil layers, using an autoregressive state-space approach. Based on the boundary conditions investigated in this study, the state-space models for Br− concentration at 40–50 and 60–70cm exhibited the best prediction quality compared to those at other depths. As indicated by the weight of each variable, land use dominated the spatial pattern of Br− at shallow depths; whereas, the spatial behavior of Br− below 40cm was mainly affected by soil texture and to a smaller extent by rainfall intensity. In addition, the involvement of Br− concentration and soil texture of the adjacent layer above in the state-space analysis helped to describe the spatial distribution of Br− typically in the soil layer below 60cm. These results not only demonstrated the applicability of state-space technique in diagnosing spatial solute transport relationships; but also held important implications for the surface application of chemicals.

Improved Super-Regenerative Receiver Theory

A new paradigm for the analysis of super-regenerative (SR) receivers is proposed. Unlike the methodology used in the past where alternately stable and unstable modes of operation are considered, this approach models the system as a stable filter with modulators at the input and output. Consequently, the behavior of SR systems can be viewed using steady state techniques as opposed to time-varying transient analysis. The basic mathematical result derived using this paradigm is compared to the currently accepted solution in the literature and is found to be essentially the same. Then, using state space techniques this solution is modified to obtain newly derived results for the envelope solution, where the resulting down-conversion enables an extremely efficient simulation approach. Finally, the paradigm is extended to show that with the addition of frequency modulation, an even more accurate closed form solution to the problem is available. Simulation results are offered which validate the analysis.

ZIEGLER-NICHOLS PID CONTROLLER FOR EFFECTIVE PAY-LOAD TORQUE RESPONSES AND TIP-VIBRATIONS OF DOUBLE LINK MANIPULATOR

Robotic Technology is an imitation for human being’ s. It is an electro mechanical modelling objects ar e important aspect of manipulator. A Manipulator is a machine able to dri ve the robot. This paper describes and investigates on effective pay-load torque responses, tip-vibrations. This paper presents mode lling and simulation of the double link manipulator using the proposed PID Controller. Here the proposed Ziegler-Nichols propo rtional‐integral‐derivative controller (PID control ler) initiates more advantageous in the view of better performance and flexible operation of manipulator. First, the elect ro mechanical object was modeled and simulated using State space technique. Here the torque responses and end tip vibrations ar e assigned by state space variables. The entire two link manipulator topology was investigated and modeled, simulated. The propo sed control strategy carries a back ‐back feed forward controller can be used for flexible operation of manipulator. Here, the simula tion was done by using M-File Technique in Control tool box of MATLAB.

Free vibration analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite cylindrical panel embedded in piezoelectric layers by using theory of elasticity

Abstract In this paper free vibration behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) cylindrical panel embedded in piezoelectric layers with simply supported boundary conditions is investigated by using three-dimensional theory of elasticity. By using Fourier series expansion along the longitudinal and latitudinal directions and state space technique across the thickness direction, state space differential equations are solved analytically. The traction-free surface conditions then give rise to the characteristic equation for natural frequencies. Accuracy and convergence of the present approach are validated by comparing the numerical results with those found in literature. In addition, the effects of volume fraction of CNT, four cases of FG-CNTRC, piezoelectric layer thickness, mid radius to thickness ration and modes number on the vibration behavior of the hybrid cylindrical panel are also examined.

An Overview of Moving Target Abnormity Behavior Identity Technology in Video Sequence

Moving target abnormity behavior identity technology is the one key base of Intelligent Video Surveillance. Object detection technology, target tracking technology, target classification technology has reached full development at present. About abnormity behavior identity technology, there have three technologies: template matching techniques, state-space techniques, Semantics Description techniques. Research situation of these technologies is introduced in this paper, and orientation of technological development of these technologies is also introduced in this paper.

Design of Optimized Sliding Mode Control to Improve the Dynamic Behavior of PMSG Wind Turbine with NPC Back-to-Back Converter

Recently, the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) has drawn more interest because of its simple structure, higher efficiency and better controllability. In this study, first, the PMSG dynamic model together with three levels NPC back-to-back converter, using the state-space averaging technique, is developed. Then, a sliding mode control strategy is proposed to achieve control of active and reactive powers exchanged between the stator of the PMSG and the grid. The sliding surfaces are introduced and zero dynamic of the closed-loop system is analyzed. Furthermore, PSO algorithm is employed to optimize the parameters of a conventional PI and the proposed sliding mode controllers for PMSG, grid-side and rotor-side converters. At the end, based on optimal values, the appropriateness of two controllers to deal with wind disturbances is evaluated. The simulation results in MATLAB confirmed the good dynamic performance of optimized sliding mode controller to attenuate such disturbances

Three-dimensional thermo-elasticity solution of sandwich cylindrical panel with functionally graded core

Based on theory of elasticity, static analysis of a simply supported sandwich panel with functionally graded material (FGM) core subjected to thermo-mechanical mechanical load is carried out. The thermo-elastic constants of the FGM core layer are assumed to be graded in the radial direction according to the power-law of constituents while the Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be constant. Analytical solutions for the temperature, stress and displacement fields for the sandwich panel with simply-supported edges are derived by using the Fourier series expansions along the axial and circumferential direction and state-space technique along the radial direction. Accuracy and convergence of the presents approach are validated by comparing the numerical results with those found in literature. In addition, the effects of surface boundary conditions, gradient index, span angle, facing layers thickness and axial length to mid radius ratio on the behavior of the sandwich panel are studied.

Thermoelastic analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite plate using theory of elasticity

Based on three-dimensional theory of elasticity, bending behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) rectangular plate with simply supported edges subjected to thermo-mechanical loads is examined. By using Fourier series expansion along the in plane directions and state space technique across the thickness direction for the entities exact solution for bending characteristic of plate is derived. Accuracy of the presents approach is validated by comparing the numerical results with the available published results in the literature. Investigation on the static behavior of the plates is further carried out by considering the effects of volume fraction of carbon nanotube, uniform distribution and functionally graded distribution of carbon nanotube, aspect ratio and length to thickness ratio.

Interleaved Buck Converter Applied to High-Power HID Lamps Supply: Design, Modeling and Control

As the output current levels of power converters increase, interleaved topologies become widely used. A well-known topology is the interleaved buck converter (IBC), which presents as main characteristic an inherent low ripple output current source behavior in addition to high efficiency and small volume. At the same time, it is necessary to drive high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps with nearly constant current/power and low-frequency square-wave shape due to HID lamp voltage source characteristics and their acoustic resonance issue. This way, an IBC can be advantageous for supplying such lamps, particularly in high power levels where efficiency and volume become more critical parameters. The goal of this paper is a proposal of an electronic ballast based on a two-cell IBC for high-power HID lamps, with current control loop, voltage sensing, and constant power. A dc model based on averaged state-space technique is obtained for the ballast, as well as an ac model based on small-signal disturbances. A complete concept with a digitally implemented closed loop has been developed and a prototype has been built, successfully achieving performance targets. This paper describes the most relevant aspects of the complete design and presents results both experimental and from simulation in MATLAB/Simulink software.

Elasticity solution of functionally graded carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite cylindrical panel with piezoelectric sensor and actuator layers

In this paper the bending behavior of a uniform distribution (UD) and a functionally graded carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) cylindrical panel embedded in piezoelectric layers is investigated. The hybrid cylindrical panel has simply supported boundary conditions and is subjected to mechanical load and electric excitation. The governing equations are based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. By using Fourier series expansion along the longitudinal and latitudinal directions for the stress and displacement fields, and the state space technique across the thickness direction, a closed form solution is derived. The accuracy of the present approach is validated by comparing the numerical results with the results obtained in published literature. Finally, the effects of volume fraction of CNTs, cases of CNT distribution, piezoelectric layer thickness, length to thickness ratio and mechanical and electrical loads on the static behavior of the hybrid cylindrical panel are also examined.

Simulation of SPWM in Three-Phase Inverter Based on LabVIEW and Multisim

This paper presents simulation of a three-phase single-level inverter. The inverter is designed to be fed into the power grid. State-space model and sinusoidal PWM technique are described in this paper. The simulation is based on Multisim and LabVIEW co-simulation. This method of SPWM simulation has some software and harmonic which must be taken into account while using it in the real power grid. Efforts are underway to improve the three-phase single-level inverter.