Libya Research Articles

The Role of African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Achpr) for Human Rights Protection: The Case of Libyan Crises

The emergence of regional human rights systems depicts one of the greatest achievements in the internationalization of human rights. The foundation of the charter paved the way for the birth of the court thereafter. The African Court is established by virtue of the 1998 protocol to the Charter and the court is built upon an arsenal of protective and remedial techniques. The establishment of the court has reset the stage and created a new platform for the protection of human rights in Africa. The cardinal objective of the paper is to investigate the role of African Court on human and Peoples’ rights protection in Libya Crises taking the case of Saif Al Islam Gaddafi. The paper has utilized qualitative methodology. The government of Libya responded with brutal force against civilian protesters in contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law. The security force of the government of Libya killed many protesters as well. This situation intensified human rights violations and enforced many of the peoples to displace. The court issued an important ruling in March 2011, ordering provisional measures against Libya in the armed conflict in its territory. Libya government denied the claims of human rights violations in its territory and showed its willingness to subject itself to criminal investigations by the Court if necessary. The issue of the fund, independence, commitment and competence of judges to interpret mandate and jurisdiction, the willingness of the states to support and to abide by court decisions, and powers of the concerned body to enforce court decisions hampered the court from being effective. Generally, unless African States act in good faith with respect to the decisions of the African Human Rights Court, the court becomes no more significant.

Libya: Islamic Factor after Qaddafi

Libya: Islamic Factor after Qaddafi

LIBYA: All‐Party Conference

LIBYA: All‐Party Conference

Libyan Journalists under Attack in Conflict Zone: The Challenges to Protect Transparency by Using Information and Communication Technology

Violence against journalists has increased in Libya, and many journalists have fled as a result of civil wars and Islamic groups such as ISIS, the main challenge for journalists covering war and conflict between civilians and Islamic groups such as ISIS. The article places a particular focus on the Investigation on political and financial corruption, the violations against Libyan journalists, and how can we protect Libyan journalists and the source of information?. Our findings suggest that journalist needs to increase collaboration among members of the journalist community to generate and promote a solution that will ultimately provide journalists with comprehensive protection, and the governments should respect for the profession of journalism itself which is fundamental to guarantee that journalists who gather information about war and conflict are protected. Reporters must investigate about the financial and political corruption issues. Finally, it’s necessary to amend the laws of the international community to be more protection for journalists not only through organizations but we should make a cooperation of all international organizations and agencies to protect journalists from killing and torture.

Libya: The Burden of Transition

Libya: The Burden of Transition

“Mediating” modern-day slavery across the Mediterranean: A linguistic investigation of news discourse

Ever since the regime of Gaddafi collapsed in 2011, Libya has become the main gateway for people attempting to reach Europe by sea and the focal point of smuggling networks. While such humanitarian crisis is well-documented, the International Organization for Migration reported the existence of slave markets in Tripoli where Africans were sold in the open. This trade was largely still undocumented, until the CNN released a video showing migrants being sold by an auctioneer for the equivalent of $400. International news agencies and networks gave extensive coverage to the event, depicting Tripoli as the city of modern-day slave markets. This paper analyses the reporting following the release of the CNN footage, comparing and contrasting the media construal of the phenomenon from a ‘Southern’ and ‘Northern’ perspective metaphorically standing for the two shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It, therefore, takes into account a corpus of news reports published by Al-Jazeera, Al-Araby, Middle East Eye, on the one hand, and BBC, Reuters and EuroNews, on the other, over a time-span ranging from November (when the video was released) to December 2017. Such news networks were chosen since the former are the main English-language, independent sources of news concerning the Arab world, while the latter are the principal English-language media outlets in Europe. Examination of the texts comprised in the corpus is meant to uncover not only the differences and similarities in the linguistic construal of the event, but is also deemed to offer a lens to frame the power-relations embedded in the spatial and symbolic opposition between Libya and the European countries, thus highlighting how different geo-political actors are discursively portrayed

A Framework for Successful TQM Implementation and Its Effect on the Organizational Sustainability Development

The main purpose of this research is to construct a generic model for successful implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) in Oil sector, and to find out the effects of this model on the organizational sustainability development (OSD) performance of Libyan oil and gas companies using the structured equation modeling (SEM) approach. The research approach covers both quantitative and qualitative methods. A questionnaire was developed in order to identify the quality factors that are seen by Libyan oil and gas companies to be critical to the success of TQM implementation. Hypotheses were developed to evaluate the impact of TQM implementation on O SD. Data analysis reveals that there is a significant positive effect of the TQM implementation on OSD. 24 quality factors are found to be critical and absolutely essential for successful TQM implementation. The results generated a structure of the TQMSD implementation framework based on the four major road map constructs (Top management commitment, employee involvement and participation, customer-driven processes, and continuous improvement culture). Keywords—TQM, CQFs, Oil & Gas, OSD, Libya.

Scramble for the Horn of Africa Al-Shabaab vs. Islamic State

Over the past three years, the so-called Islamic State (IS) has made significant progress in building an international network of Jihadist groups that pledged allegiance to the organisation. The affiliates of IS are both new-born movements like the Islamic State in Libya, and older groups like Boko Haram in Nigeria. The latter are much more valuable for the ‘Caliphate’ because they have broad experience and capacities that allow them to operate independently of IS. In its global Jihad, therefore, the Islamic State tried to gain the support of the members of former al-Qaeda franchises, shifting their alliances from Ayman al-Zawahiri to Abu Bakr al-Bagdadi. The paper offers an overview of such IS efforts in the Horn of Africa and an evaluation of how successful this quest had been until 2017.

American Doppelgänger

In 1898 and again in 1943 the US military invaded the Philippines; in 1890 US troops invade Argentina; in 1891 they invade Chile; in 1891, Haiti; 1894, Nicaragua; 1898, the US Navy invades Cuba and Puerto Rico; 1903, Marines invade Honduras; 1906, troops in Cuba; 1907, Nicaragua again (also in 1910, 1912–1933); 1923, US troops in El Salvador; 1947, Uruguay; 1954, Guatemala; 1950, US military massacres civilian refugees in No Gun Ri, Korea; 1968, US military massacres civilians in My Lai, Vietnam; 1983, US troops invade Grenada; 1988–1990, US Air Force and troops invade Panama; 1992–1995, US-led intervention in Somalia; 2003, US military invades Iraq; 2002 to the present day, US carries out ongoing lethal drone strikes and special operations in Yemen, Somalia, Libya, Afghanistan, Algeria, Iraq, Iran and Pakistan.

Tribe, Islam and State in Libya: Analytical Study of the Roots of Libyan Tribal Society and Evolution Up to the Qaramanli Reign (1711–1835). By Faraj Najem. The Centre for Africa Research, Benghazi, 2017. ISBN977-404-002-3, pp. 251, 15 maps, 6 family and tribal genealogical trees, 2 indexes of major Libyan places and major Libyan tribes and families, and an index of

Tribe, Islam and State in Libya: Analytical Study of the Roots of Libyan Tribal Society and Evolution Up to the Qaramanli Reign (1711–1835). By Faraj Najem. The Centre for Africa Research, Benghazi, 2017. <i>ISBN</i>977-404-002-3, <i>pp. 251, 15 maps, 6 family and tribal genealogical trees, 2 indexes of major Libyan places and major Libyan tribes and families, and an index of

Reasons for Dealing with a Particular Bank in the State of Libya

Reasons for Dealing with a Particular Bank in the State of Libya

The burning shores: inside the battle for the new Libya

The burning shores: inside the battle for the new Libya

Pôsobnosť tzv. Islamského štátu v Líbyi

The paper addresses the issue of the rise of the Islamic State in Libya. IS officially operates on Libyan territory since November 2014. Their presence there is a major pillar of their transnational "Caliphate" doctrine, the existence and legitimacy of which cannot possibly be dependent only on its acceptance in the Levant. Collapsed Libyan state represents the gateway to Europe for all African migrants, refugees and also terrorists and radical islamists. From this point of view IS is definitely a huge security risk not only for Libya but for the North African and European region too.

Role of Socio- Cognitive View and Relational View inUnderstanding the Continued Use of Internet Banking

Internet banking service has been renowned as one of the importantchannels for banking institutions to retain customers, increase its productivity, expand its customers’base and maximize revenues. Despite increasing attention has been given on the examinationof internet banking adoption, lack of research has been carried out to identify the issues surrounding the continueduse of such services by customers. In addition, researchers in the past decade started to studyfactors that affect the continued use of internet banking, however most of them ignored thesignificant role of mixing factors from different research views. Neglecting the views that factors belong towhen mixing different factors and ignoring to take strategies and philosophy of those views into account,makes it more difficult to understand and explain how users make continued use ofsuch technology.This study developed a model to determine factors that influence the continued useof internet banking by combining factors from the socio-cognitive view and the relational view.Using a survey questionnaire, 450 questionnaires were distributed to users of internet banking in Libya. The results demonstrated that socio-cognitive view and relational view were applicable to give better understandingto issues of continued use of internet banking. Managerial implications and limitationsfrom the empirical findings were discussed.

History of Foot-and-mouth disease in North African countries.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and contagious transboundary viral disease of domesticated and wild cloven-hoofed animals. Wide prevalence of FMD in Asia and Africa associated with huge economic losses to livestock farming and industry prompted global concern. The present review summarizes the state of the art research in epidemiology, diagnosis, and surveillance of FMD in the North African countries. Even if the situation varies across the North African states, FMD is still a key factor affecting livestock production in this part of the world. Historically, 4 serotypes have circulated in North Africa (O, A, SAT2, and C) with type O being the most prevalent serotype, followed by serotype A. However, the rapid spread of SAT2 lineages from Libya to Egypt in 2012 and the O lineages from Libya to Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco between 2014 and 2015 demonstrated the need for a robust surveillance system to detect and respond effectively to exotic infections. Emergence and re-emergence of FMD virus genotypes/lineages have been detected engendering the need to replace vaccine strains quite frequently.

Effectiveness of a nationwide measles vaccination campaign in Libya, 2005: Retrospective study

Background: Measles is a highly contagious virus. An effective vaccine has been widely administered for over three decades, but the measles burden is still high, causing 134,200 deaths globally in 2014. In Libya, a national mass measles vaccination campaign took place in 2005 targeting all residents of Libya age 9 months to 20 years between February 2005 5, and March 1, 2005. To date, no evaluation of its effectiveness has been conducted. Materials and Methods: Measles surveillance data were obtained for a 6 years' period (2002–2007) spanning the 3 years before and the 3 years following the mass vaccination campaign. The incidence of measles cases was calculated pre- and postvaccination campaigns and relative change in incidence was determined. Results: During the campaign 2,431,167 people age 9 months–20 years were vaccinated, resulting in a coverage rate of 98.4% in that age range. Comparing incidence of measles cases pre-and postvaccination campaign demonstrates an effectiveness of 96%, P = 0.021. Seasonality of measles cases was identified with a peak in April and May. Effectiveness varied by the age group, ranging from 82% in people lower than 5 years of age. Conclusion: A significant reduction was demonstrated following a national immunization campaign. Supplementary immunization campaigns should be initiated to keep the Libyan measles rate low; allowing the country to move into an elimination period.

Congenital myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus: A clinical audit

Background: Congenital Myelomeningocele and congenital Hydrocephalus are among the most common pediatric neurosurgery diseases in Libya. This paper elucidates the experience of authors in clinical audit of seventy four cases diagnosed as congenital Myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus, in the period of time (Feb 2017 to Dec 2017). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of 74 cases whose data were collected as per the pre-prepared data sheet in a single tertiary Institute in Tripoli (Tripoli Medical Center) from February 2017 and December 2017. Results: Management of 74 patients with complete data was analyzed. Of 74 patients, 20 (27%) patients were isolated MMC, 25 (34%) were isolated HCP, and 29 (39%) occurring in association with MMC. From a total of 74 patients, 34 (45%) were male and 40 (54%) were female. Furthermore, 27 (36%) patients delivered as premature infant and 47 (63%) were full term. The method of delivery was by cesarean section in 69 (93%) cases and by normal vaginal delivery in 5 cases (1%). The prenatal diagnosis of MMC and HCP using ultrasound was established in 70 (94%) cases. Head circumference of all cases at the time of delivery was ranged from 33 to 56 cm. The surgical management of all 74 cases after the diagnosis in our neurosurgical department was as follows: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts inserted in 63 cases (85%). MMC repair was performed in 38 cases (51%). Most patients 55 (74%) were discharged routinely after VP shunt insertion and MMC repair, while 19 (26%) died in hospital. Further, folic acid intake by dose of (0.4 mg) orally was documented in 31 (41%) pregnant women, and 43 (58%) cases were not taken folic acid. The timing of folic acid intake was after the pregnancy was confirmed in all cases. Conclusion: This review demonstrates a single-institute experience and the current challenges in the management of both MMC and HCP in Libya. The Awareness of the mandatory intake of folic in our society is a national call.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among individuals attending tobruk medical center, Tobruk, Eastern Libya: Declining trends after 2011

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among individuals attending tobruk medical center, Tobruk, Eastern Libya: Declining trends after 2011

An appraisal on the Military Intervention‘s Propensity to Libya in 2011 by the International Society

An appraisal on the Military Intervention‘s Propensity to Libya in 2011 by the International Society

Failure Of Integrating The Responsibility To Protect Law In Syria And Its Implementation In Libya

Failure Of Integrating The Responsibility To Protect Law In Syria And Its Implementation In Libya