State Law Enforcement Research Articles

The nexus of data and technology: a scoping review of established and emerging law enforcement intelligence centers

ABSTRACT Many United States law enforcement agencies have integrated their crime intelligence and technological capabilities into various ‘centers,’ including fusion centers, crime gun intelligence centers (CGICs), real-time crime centers (RTCCs), and crime information centers (CICs). Yet, despite their rapid diffusion, there is little understanding about the implementation, operations, and efficacy of these centers. This scoping review aims to systematize research on these four center types and identify knowledge gaps. We identified and reviewed 34 studies across 41 academic publications and gray literature. While most studies were methodologically limited, some evidence suggests that CGICs, RTCCs, and CICs can improve criminal investigations of violent crimes, with less information on their ability to prevent crime. There have also been no rigorous evaluations of fusion centers, despite comprising the largest share of studies in our review. We discuss the implications for practice and provide a roadmap for future scholarship.

Вплив узгодженості понятійно-категоріального апарату на ефективність державної політики в сфері соціального захисту військовослужбовців СБУ

The relevance of the study is due to the need to improve state policy in the social protection of military personnel of the Security Service of Ukraine, which becomes especially important in martial law conditions. SBU servicemen perform critically important tasks related to ensuring national security, combating terrorism, and protecting state sovereignty, which requires an appropriate level of social guarantees and compensations. At the same time, the existing legislation contains terminological inconsistencies, which complicate the implementation of state policy in this area. The absence of a single conceptual and categorical apparatus in the legal regulation of social protection of military personnel leads to ambiguous interpretation of legislative norms, which reduces the effectiveness of law enforcement and may limit the implementation of the social rights of military personnel. The article analyzes state policy in social protection, particularly SBU servicemen, and identifies key problems associated with the ambiguity of the legal definition of individual definitions. It is proved that the current social security system for military personnel requires a clear conceptual justification and coordination of the terminological apparatus, which will contribute to increasing the level of social security of this category of citizens. The issue of legal certainty of social protection categories is the key to effective state regulation and law enforcement practice. There is a need to eliminate terminological discrepancies and improve legislative mechanisms to substantiate social guarantees for SBU military personnel. It is noted that a comprehensive approach to forming a unified system of terms and categories in the field of social protection will increase the effectiveness of state policy implementation, ensuring social justice and contributing to the stability of legal regulation. Keywords: social protection, material security, pension security, cash security, one-time cash assistance, Security Service of Ukraine, employees, military personnel, social benefits, social guarantees, labor rights, socio-economic measures.

Establishing a Frontline Medical Response During Human Trafficking Recovery Operations: Case Report.

In the southeastern United States, sexual assault nurse examiners, registered nurses, and advanced practice registered nurses partnered with local, state, and federal law enforcement to provide comprehensive medical services to recovered persons of human trafficking. Medical services were provided in conjunction with Homeland Security Investigation's human trafficking recovery operations. Over five operations, 31 trafficked women were recovered and provided trauma-informed, holistic medical care. Medical services provided included pelvic exams, sexually transmitted infection testing and treatment, cancer screenings, pregnancy testing, and contraception. Supportive services such as nourishment, comfort items, and initial counseling sessions were also offered.

Law Enforcement Response to Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of Literature From 2012 to 2023

Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, many states enacted legislation criminalizing most forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) and necessitating law enforcement to shift to treat IPV as a potentially criminal, and thus arrestable, offense. These legislative changes include mandatory arrest laws (i.e., laws that require police to make an arrest if they believe there is a probable cause that a crime occurred) and dual-arrest policies (e.g., laws that require both individuals involved in the IPV incident to be arrested if law enforcement cannot determine who is primarily at fault). In 2012,Partner Abusepublished a comprehensive review, the Partner Abuse State of Knowledge project, which included consideration of how state law and law enforcement policies impact IPV. The current systematic review serves to update the literature published from 2012 to 2023 regarding law enforcement response to IPV cases. A review of 27 papers identified the following themes: characteristics of the offense, IPV dyad demographic characteristics, officer-specific characteristics, and diversion programs/alternatives to arrest. Consistent with prior research, this review suggests the IPV victim’s sex may serve as a salient factor with law enforcement responding more punitively in cases involving female victims. However, research regarding other extralegal factors (e.g., IPV dyad race) generally produced mixed results. Finally, this review highlights alternatives to arrest, like citations and diversion programs that offer promising avenues for future exploration.

Role Incongruity of Women in United States Law Enforcement: A National Survey Exploring Global and Specific Resistance in a Gendered Organization

ABSTRACTSince the 1990s, there has been a lot of research on women in policing and resistance to their entry into the field. Much of the research has examined specific resistance (i.e., individualized resistance based on perceived performance), whereas fewer studies today examine global resistance (i.e., resistance to women police in general). Applying role congruity theory, global and specific resistance by men coworkers, administrators, and the public was examined for a national sample of 358 women in United States law enforcement. It was found that women in law enforcement received slightly more global resistance from the public, whereas men coworkers displayed more specific resistance, and specific resistance was more likely to occur in areas related to the perceived ability of women to handle a masculine job. Multivariate analyses revealed that law enforcement remains a gendered organization with continued role incongruity for women.

Impact of Pattern-or-Practice Investigations on Crime Rates in Large Cities

In recent decades, the conduct of city police departments has come under increased scrutiny. In response to high profile police actions, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) initiated investigations into the “pattern or practice” of state, local and other law enforcement authorities. In theory, federal oversight can lead to less police abuse, enhanced citizen satisfaction with police, and less crime. Alternatively, federal intervention can correspond to “de-policing” and higher levels of crime. This study explores why some cites are more likely to become a focus of federal investigations and the apparent impact of those investigations on crime. The data suggests that federal investigations are more likely to be launched in higher crime jurisdictions and that investigations do not lead to reduction in the rate of violent or property crime. Statistically significant increases in property crimes after a pattern-or-practice investigation were found compared to similar sized cities.

Administrative and legal aspects of financial monitoring of business under martial law

Financial monitoring is an activity aimed at identifying illegally obtained income and preventing the financing of terrorism. The National Bank establishes requirements for banks and non-banking institutions regarding the prevention of laundering of illegally obtained income and verifies their compliance. Carrying out financial monitoring, banks and non-bank financial institutions check clients and analyze their financial transactions. In case of detection of suspicious transactions, banks inform the State Financial Monitoring Service and law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. The National Bank acts in accordance with FATF International Standards for Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. The issue of financial monitoring of business in Ukraine under martial law is more relevant than ever. It is about preventing and countering the legalization (laundering) of criminal proceeds, the financing of terrorism, and the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. According to the current legislation, banking institutions are delegated the authority of the subject of primary financial monitoring. The task of the primary financial entity is to develop internal documents on financial monitoring, which should contain procedures sufficient to ensure effective risk management, as well as to prevent the use of services and products of the subject of primary financial monitoring for the legalization (laundering) financial monitoring for the legalization (laundering) of proceeds obtained through crime, the financing of terrorism and the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and appoints an employee responsible for its implementation. Banking institutions, as subjects of primary financial monitoring, create and ensure the functioning of an independent structural unit to perform functions related to financial monitoring. But it is very difficult for enterprises that have re-registered their activities from the temporarily occupied territories to the territory under the control of Ukraine to undergo financial monitoring, since, first of all, their financial activities are «paralyzed» while waiting for the decision of the banking institution, and accounts are very often blocked. The fact is that at the beginning of 2024, the above enterprises and banking institutions were checked in Russian registers, such as Ukrainian YouControl, Opendatabot, etc. Why did they rely on them more than on Ukrainian legal registers. Therefore, a very important question arises: financial monitoring of enterprises - legal protection or destruction of business under martial law?

Expanding Local Enforcement of State and Federal Consumer Protection Laws

Expanding Local Enforcement of State and Federal Consumer Protection Laws

The place of the State Bureau of Investigation in the system of state law enforcement agencies of Ukraine

The article describes the place of the State Bureau of Investigation in the system of state bodies of Ukraine, in particular, the content of the categories “state bodies” and “public authorities” is defined, the system of state bodies is outlined, and the specifics of law enforcement agencies are clarified. It is noted that state bodies (public authorities) are characterised by their own specific features, among which the following are distinguished: a set of state bodies form the apparatus of the State, and therefore each of them is one of the elements of the integral system of the State apparatus; they are created and operate on the basis of relevant regulations, in the person of one person (citizen) or a group of citizens; each structural unit (state body) is endowed with unique powers of state power; they are created with the aim of performing tasks and It is also emphasised that the State Bureau of Investigation is a law enforcement agency. Therefore, the place of the State Bureau of Investigation in the system of state bodies is determined by its legal status as a central executive body, as evidenced by the specifics of its activities, since it was established for the special purpose of preventing and combating crimes committed by special categories of subjects, as well as war crimes, which is consistent with the law enforcement function of the state and has nothing to do with either legislative or judicial activities; as a law enforcement agency in view of the fact that its main and, in fact, the only task is to counteract criminal offences within its competence; as a state body with a special status, as evidenced by its tasks, powers and the fact that it carries out its activities independently and independently of other executive authorities in the organisational and functional aspect.

Violations of Forestry Legislation and Their Enforcement in Mining Ural Region during 1870s to Early 1890s

This study examines the dynamics, social dimensions, causes, and characteristics of illegal activities within the forestry sector of the Mining Ural region from the 1870s to the early 1890s, focusing on data from the Perm Province. The analysis reveals a high incidence of crimes related to the theft and damage of timber resources, supported by identified statistical data. It is shown that the increasing trend of such offenses prompted a tightening of state law enforcement policies during the reign of Alexander III. Notably, the most serious crimes in the forestry sector, which fell under the jurisdiction of general judicial institutions — such as mass resistance against forest guards and armed threats to officials of the mining and forestry agency—were relatively rare. This study provides a novel analysis of the class, gender, and age structure of individuals convicted for violations of state forest regulations. At the micro level, it highlights the realities of forestry crime and its suppression in the Ural region. Based on materials from periodicals, administrative records, and judicial investigation documents, it concludes that the prevalence of timber theft in the Mining Ural region stemmed from unresolved issues in state regulation of forestry relations and other problems, including unemployment, poverty, and inaccessibility to essential resources. The author argues that a significant portion of forestry law violations in the Ural region during the late 19th century can be characterized as social crime.

Transformation of the Satya Adhi Wicaksana Doctrine: A contemporary study of building the integrity of law enforcement officers in the Attorney General's office of the Republic of Indonesia

This study aims to determine and examine the transformation of the Satya Adhi Wicaksana teachings (Loyalty based on honesty, both towards God Almighty, oneself and family and towards fellow human beings) to build the integrity of Adhyaksa personnel (prosecutors and administrative staff) at the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research with a qualitative descriptive analysis approach and primary and secondary data processing. The findings of this study are that the transformation of the Satya Adhi Wicaksana teachings is a very important guideline for every Adhyaksa personnel and aims to build the integrity of law enforcement officers at the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia. Then the transformation of the Satya Adhi Wicaksana teachings which are associated with the Pancasila philosophy, is very relevant for higher legal education in Indonesia to produce law graduates who have integrity, competence and professionalism so that they can apply laws and regulations in Indonesia by the principles of the implementation of the state's law enforcement function. Furthermore, the transformation of the Satya Adhi Wicaksana doctrine is expected to foster public trust in prosecutors, increase the consistency and fairness of prosecution actions, and provide a basis for holding prosecutors accountable. Thus, this research is expected to provide a contribution of thought for the government, especially the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and the Pancasila philosophy.

US Tobacco 21 Policies and Potential Mortality Reductions by State

Research shows that Tobacco 21 (T21) policies with a minimum legal access age for tobacco products of 21 years reduce smoking, yet their impact varies across US states due to differences in smoking behaviors, mortality rates, and policy coverage. To quantify potential reductions in smoking-attributable mortality associated with Tobacco 21 policies for each of the 50 states and Washington, DC. The Cancer Intervention Surveillance and Modeling Network (CISNET) Tobacco Control Policy Model of smoking was used with detailed state-specific data on smoking initiation, smoking cessation and mortality rates as they vary by age, gender, and birth cohort for 50 US states and the District of Columbia. This was integrated with comprehensive data on T21 policy coverage at the local and state levels from 2005 to 2024, and then T21 policy effects from quasi-experimental studies were applied to simulate each state's experience of T21 policies, quantifying potential mortality reductions from 2005 to 2100. Cigarette smoking. Estimated smoking-attributable deaths averted and life-years gained compared with a baseline scenario. Early statewide T21 adoption in California, combined with its large population, was associated with more than 27 000 premature deaths averted through 2100, whereas statewide implementation in Kentucky was associated with 15 000 averted premature deaths. In Massachusetts, T21 policies were associated with 8000 averted premature deaths, largely attributed to municipal T21 policies covering most residents. Wisconsin-lacking state or local policies-requires enforcement of federal T21 to prevent up to 10 000 premature deaths. Across the country, comprehensive enforcement of federal, state, and local T21 laws were associated with up to 526 000 premature deaths averted and 13.3 million life-years gained by 2100. Enforcement of only state and local policies was associated with 442 000 premature deaths averted. This study found that early adoption and implementation of T21 policies maximizes potential premature mortality reductions. However, the strength of T21 policies and enforcement varies widely across states. Enforcement of the federal T21 law is critical in the 8 states without state-level T21 cigarette policies of their own.

Rethinking Religious Freedom in the Frame of the First Principle of Pancasila and Human Rights Law

Freedom of religion is a fundamental human right that cannot be revoked by any authority, including the state. However, the reality demonstrates that acts of intolerance and discrimination persist, perpetrated not only by individuals within society but also by state officials and law enforcement officers against certain communities. These actions undermine the realization of religious freedom. The implementation of this right practically lacks adequate protection from the state. The core issue lies in the interpretation of human existence and the role of religion, and the understanding of religious freedom in Indonesia. This article seeks to deepen the comprehension of human existence and religion while uncovering the obscured dimensions of religious freedom in the Indonesian context. This study employs normative juridical research with an interdisciplinary approach, examining secondary data. The findings indicate that humans and freedom are inherently connected. Religion offers individuals freedom, while humans, in turn, embody sacred values. Religion is not a tool to secure basic services from the state. Indonesia must protect human rights so that everyone can practice religious freedom. Indonesia must foster an atmosphere of tolerance, while also promoting a high level of democracy to all sectors of society through self-reflection as individuals seek personal freedom.

An Exploration of Texas Latinos’ Perceptions of Law Enforcement and Undocumented Immigration in the United States

Given increased trepidation about undocumented immigration in the United States, this study offers an examination of the extent to which Latinos who represent different generations of immigrants perceive United States law enforcement and the current state of undocumented immigration. It gives voice to Latinos, the most significant demographic crossing the border. The topic is relevant given policymakers’ interest in addressing the moral panic over increasing immigration to the country and an interest in law enforcement legitimacy as an essential ingredient in their effectiveness in combating crimes. This qualitative study using semi-structured interviews describes the perceptions of 40 Texas Latinos regarding their willingness to engage with law enforcement in calls for service that may or may not include victimizations and thoughts on undocumented immigration. This study offers the input of Texas Latinos on these matters. Data were coded and analyzed using thematic text analysis to identify patterns and themes. Six themes were identified. Overall, the perceptions of U.S. law enforcement were positive. The participants essentially indicated a desire for more organized and safe U.S. immigration processes at the border that facilitate opportunities to work in the U.S. The study has implications for policymakers interested in effective policing where police and citizens partner in preventing and clearing crime.

Cannabis and alcohol enforcement strategies across the U.S.

As the legalization of adult-use cannabis has expanded to include almost half of the states in the U.S., substance use-related enforcement responsibilities for state and local law enforcement agencies may have changed. We assessed the use of cannabis and alcohol enforcement strategies at local and state levels, and in legal and non-legal cannabis states. We conducted surveys of 1,024 local law enforcement agencies, 53 state alcohol beverage control agencies and 48 state patrol agencies. We calculated the prevalence of cannabis enforcement strategies and their analogous alcohol strategies and analyzed differences across legal and non-legal cannabis states. We assessed associations between cannabis enforcement strategies, cannabis legalization status, and agency and jurisdiction characteristics. Cannabis enforcement strategies were less common than their analogous alcohol strategies. The percentage of agencies conducting enforcement of cannabis-impaired driving and of public use of cannabis did not differ significantly across agencies in legal and non-legal states. Agencies in cannabis legal states (compared to non-legal states) were more likely to train officers in identifying cannabis impairment among drivers (RR=1.23, 95% CI=1.08-1.42). Several local agency and jurisdiction characteristics were associated with a higher likelihood of conducting cannabis enforcement but results were inconsistent across strategies. Our study shows that cannabis enforcement strategies were used less than analogous alcohol strategies in legal and non-legal jurisdictions, suggesting that increased cannabis enforcement could lead to reductions in public health harms. This study provides a foundation for much needed research on cannabis and alcohol enforcement during a changing cannabis legalization landscape.

A kontaktreagálásokat befolyásoló tényezők az intézkedések során, valamint azok integrálása képzési rendszerekbe

Aim: To reform and unify the measures tactical training of actors responsible for creating and maintaining public order and security in order to promote the development of a uniform culture of measures. Methodology: As a practicing police officer, the author of the study examines the equipment system of the isolated section, the capabilities of its actors, and the effects of their actions. By analysing realistic situation exercises, it examines the phases of the range of decision making mechanisms and the psychological factors influencing them. Findings: The author directs attention to the possibilities inherent inaction tactics training, as well as to how the knowledge included int he study can help prepare the individual. Value: The author of the study wants to promote the development possibilities of the training system of the state law enforcement agencies and the private sector, as a result of which the deficiency of the specific training of the instructors is brought into focus, as well as the timeliness of its reformation. By examining the behavioural aspects of law enforcement officers, the author wishes to support all the good practices that promote the effectiveness of contact responses integrated into the educational theme and, in parallel, the cooperation of the selection system.

Interaction of customs and law enforcement agencies in the issues of combating smuggling

The article deals with the search for ways to combine the efforts of customs and law enforcement agencies in the fight against illegal attempts to move goods, objects or substances across the customs border of a country. The concept and basic principles of law enforcement activities are studied, as well as the criteria for inclusion in such a system. By analyzing the powers of a number ofstate bodies, the author has compiled a list of law enforcement agencies involved in the fight against smuggling. It is emphasized that customs authorities today can be fully attributed to law enforcement agencies. Approaches to understanding the interaction of law enforcement agencies, its principles and directions of implementation are considered in detail. The author critically assesses the absence of a legal act regulating the procedure for interaction of bodies in in the fight against crime. While there is definitely a need for this, although the issues of interaction are locally outlined in special laws on individual state (law enforcement) agencies. It is recognized that modern regulation of issues of interaction between law enforcement agencies, and their list should be updated in the light of the reforms of such bodies, and must necessarily include customs authorities. It is emphasized that the problem of duplication of tasks and functions, chasing indicators and creating the illusion of an active fight against crime, has been relevant for more than two decades. Despite changes in legislation, liquidation or reorganization of previous bodies and the creation of new ones, renewal of personnel and units, the lack of clear delineation of powers of law enforcement agencies, and sometimes of law enforcement agencies, and sometimes dual competence or departmental ambitions, lead to a distortion of the actual picture of the organization of countering smuggling. The author outlines certain risks of interference with the organization and implementation of customs control that arise from a destructive perception of interaction. The institutional capacity of customs authorities as a lever is considered for improving the mechanism of interaction between the State Customs Service and law enforcement agencies. The author substantiates the expediency of including operational units to the list of subjects of operational and investigative activities. The author additionally argues that the prospect of granting customs authorities to conduct pre-trial investigations, and it is proposed to to delimit the powers of the authorities conducting it, for which purpose to determine the jurisdiction of the crime of “Smuggling of goods” for the bodies of the State Customs Service of Ukraine.

The status of co-responders in law enforcement: findings from a national survey of law enforcement agencies

PurposeIn response to calls for police reform, agencies and researchers have turned their attention to alternative responses to mental health crisis calls. Jurisdictions across the United States are adopting co-responder teams that bring qualified mental or behavioral health professionals into emergency responses by the police. The current study aims to estimate the prevalence and use of these teams in the United States and to document their varieties and features.Design/methodology/approachWe developed and administered a first-of-its-kind survey to a nationally representative sample of local and state law enforcement agencies. A total of 568 agencies completed the survey. The current analysis provides a descriptive account of the use and practices of co-responder programs and crisis intervention among the responding agencies.FindingsWe find there is wide variation in the staffing, operations, qualifications, characteristics and beliefs about the effectiveness of co-responder programs across the country. Additionally, there is a lack of consistent programmatic guidance for these programs that can inform their future development. Consequentially, agencies face personnel and funding challenges in implementing and maintaining these programs.Originality/valueThis study showcases findings from the first national survey of co-responder teams that investigates the prevalence, characteristics and operation of these teams. This information is the first step in evaluating the effectiveness of co-responder programs and, in turn, developing evidence-based guidelines and protocols for their implementation.

Women police leaders: attitudes about policing and experiences in the occupation

PurposeThis study explored women police leaders’ (n = 503) attitudes and experiences relative to men police leaders (n = 3,359) and women police officers (n = 1,153) with no supervisory responsibilities.Design/methodology/approachSelf-reported survey data were collected from 5,015 officers in 85 United States law enforcement agencies.FindingsCompared with men police leaders, women police leaders were more likely to identify inequalities in the workplace, empower community members’ voices in defining legitimate forms of policing, elevate the importance of police misconduct and reject a tough physical approach. Women police leaders were also more likely than male police leaders to think that effective leadership influences the behavior of subordinates and more likely to feel that the rules leave room for interpretation. Black women police leaders reported different attitudes and experiences than White women police leaders, including recognizing greater inequalities, prioritizing increased law enforcement activities and experiencing less occupational burnout. Except for the seriousness of misconduct, there were no differences between women police leaders and women police officers without supervisory responsibilities.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the ongoing conversation about women in policing and how increasing the number of women in leadership roles affects law enforcement agencies and the public’s experiences with policing. As policing continues to face calls for reform and employment challenges, increasing the number of women in leadership plays a vital role in producing law enforcement agencies that are equitable and efficacious.

Особенности правоприменительной практики законодательных актов в первой половине XIX века на примере Департамента уделов

Introduction. The article is devoted to the consideration of the revealed peculiarities in the law enforcement practice of the legislation of the first half of the XIXth century on the example of the highest state institution – the Department of Estates, which ensured the allowance of the members of the imperial family. In the history of the Department under consideration the contradictory nature of monarchist power was revealed. The emperor, being the supreme legislator, was faced with a difficult dilemma: how to keep a balance between national and personal interests. While managing his own economy, he adjusted the state law enforcement practice to the interests of the Department, clarifying it with his resolutions. Methods. The main research methods were structural-functional and hermeneutic ones. They made it possible not only to work with the text and its meanings, but also to understand the peculiarities that distinguished the Department of Estates in the state system of higher institutions of the Russian Empire of the first half of the XIXth century. Results. The author concluded that the peculiarities of the law enforcement activity of the Department of Estates were primarily determined by the specificity of its tasks. Law enforcement activity was blurred by the interests of the members of the imperial family and general state tasks. The absence of some managerial decisions in normative legal acts and their fixation only in the form of resolutions to documents created unclearness (ambiguity). It caused contradictions in law enforcement activities and complicated the interaction of the Department of Estates with other state institutions of the Russian Empire.