State Enactments Research Articles

KONSEP PENGABAIAN DAN KECUAIAN KANAK-KANAK OLEH IBU BAPA DAN PENJAGA DI MALAYSIA: SATU TINJAUAN LITERATUR

The neglect of children by parents and guardians are increasing in Malaysia despite the existence of legal provisions. The occurrence of such incidents appears to not be properly addressed, since there have been rare reports of the perpetrators being brought to justice. This article aims to examine the meaning and difference between child neglect and abuse. This study will also study the forms of child neglect reported in newspapers and the legal provisions that regulate it in Malaysia. The data obtained are analysed and presented according to the relevant themes. The findings of this study show that the concept of neglect and abuse are different although often used interchangeably. The types of dereliction that are often suffered by children are physical, sexual, educational and mental neglect. The laws of Malaysia relating to the neglect of children are placed under section 17(1) Child Act (Amendment) 2016, and section 84(e) of the Islamic Family Law State Enactments. However, such provisions do not directly address the categories of neglect and negligence relating to children. It is hoped that this paper is able to provide awareness and understanding on the existing protection accorded to children with regard to issues on neglect and negligence in Malaysia

Rural Schools Under Scrutiny

Historically, rural schools have been geographically and politically isolated to the extent that some might say that they have been the victims of, or beneficiaries from, an unstated government policy of benign neglect. Recently, conditions and relationships have changed with the enactment of state and federal accountability legislation and legal challenges to the constitutionality of state funding systems for schools. Federal concerns about the quality of teachers and the progress of students are accompanied by state standards, proficiency tests for high school graduation, and school report cards. Most of these requirements are unfunded or under-funded mandates. However, rural schools likely will benefit from the recent shift in school finance litigation from a single emphasis on equity to a dual interest in equity and adequacy. If education is a state responsibility, then in an era of state-mandated standards and assessments, the state has an inherent responsibility to ensure that students have access to the human and material resources required for them to meet standards and pass state proficiency examinations.

The Voices for Healthy Kids and State Legislation to Prevent Childhood Obesity: An Update

The Voices for Healthy Kids and State Legislation to Prevent Childhood Obesity: An Update

The Doctrinaire Trident Testing Constitutionality of the Laws

The Doctrinaire Trident Testing Constitutionality of the Laws

Articulating state identity: ‘Peopling’ the Arctic state

Articulating state identity: ‘Peopling’ the Arctic state

Law and Innovation: Evidence from State Trade Secrets Laws

Abstract Here, I study the effect of state enactment of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) on R&D among U.S. businesses between 1979 and 1998. Using a new index of the legal protection of trade secrets, I find that the UTSA was associated with higher R&D among larger companies and those in high-tech industries. For the average company in the respective industry, the UTSA was associated with 3.2% more R&D in pharmaceuticals and 3.1% more R&D in computers and office equipment, as contrasted with no significant change in soaps and cleaners, and industrial machinery and equipment.

Provision of Preventive Dental Services in Children Enrolled in Medicaid by Nondental Providers.

Aims of this study are to determine (1) the association of oral health services (OHS) provided by nontraditional providers with the percentage of Medicaid children 0 to 5 years of age who receive ≥1 preventive services from all provider types in the United States; and (2) characteristics of state Medicaid policies associated with provision of OHS. We conducted a time-series cross-sectional study of preventive services provided by nontraditional (OHS) and dental (PDS) providers for Medicaid-enrolled children from birth to 5 years of age in all states during 2010 to 2013 (204 observations). We applied panel data multiple regression analysis techniques to exploit year and state variation in aggregate data available in Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services reports (form CMS-416). Total preventive dental services (TPDS =OHS + PDS) was predicted by months since state enactment of a policy to reimburse medical providers for OHS. The 44 states with a policy reported 4.3% of children per state per year with any OHS. For all states, an average of 30.1% received PDS and 34.5% TPDS. The delivery of OHS was associated with a small increase in percentage with TPDS. One year of Medicaid OHS availability was associated with an increase of 1.5% in the percentage of children with TPDS per state per year. Implementation of policies by Medicaid programs to support integration of OHS into primary care is associated with increases in overallTPDS use, but efforts are needed to improve implementation in practice to achieve national impact on access.

Outbreaks of Salmonellosis From Small Turtles.

Turtle-associated salmonellosis (TAS), especially in children, is a reemerging public health issue. In 1975, small pet turtles (shell length <4 inches) sales were banned by federal law; reductions in pediatric TAS followed. Since 2006, the number of multistate TAS outbreaks has increased. We describe 8 multistate outbreaks with illness-onset dates occurring in 2011-2013. We conducted epidemiologic, environmental, and traceback investigations. Cases were defined as infection with ≥ 1 of 10 molecular subtypes of Salmonella Sandiego, Pomona, Poona, Typhimurium, and I 4,[5],12:i:-. Water samples from turtle habitats linked to human illnesses were cultured for Salmonella. We identified 8 outbreaks totaling 473 cases from 41 states, Washington DC, and Puerto Rico with illness onsets during May 2011-September 2013. The median patient age was 4 years (range: 1 month-94 years); 45% percent were Hispanic; and 28% were hospitalized. In the week preceding illness, 68% (187 of 273) of case-patients reported turtle exposure; among these, 88% (124 of 141) described small turtles. Outbreak strains were isolated from turtle habitats linked to human illnesses in seven outbreaks. Traceback investigations identified 2 Louisiana turtle farms as the source of small turtles linked to 1 outbreak; 1 outbreak strain was isolated from turtle pond water from 1 turtle farm. Eight multistate outbreaks associated with small turtles were investigated during 2011-2013. Children <5 years and Hispanics were disproportionately affected. Prevention efforts should focus on patient education targeting families with young children and Hispanics and enactment of state and local regulations to complement federal sales restrictions.

Patterns and predictors of state adult obesity prevention legislation enactment in US states: 2010–2013

Patterns and predictors of state adult obesity prevention legislation enactment in US states: 2010–2013

Public attitudes about different types of anti-bullying laws: results from a national survey.

State anti-bullying laws have been enacted across the United States to address bullying both by and of youths. Although these statutes can provide critical protection to youth, there is debate about whether such laws should enumerate protected classes of youth. Weight-based bullying is an increasingly prevalent form of harassment and it has been overlooked in policy initiatives. Enumeration in existing laws might help protect overweight victims. As no research has examined this issue, we conducted a national survey of American adults (N=1155) to assess public opinion about enactment of anti-bullying laws that vary according to whether or not they enumerate distinguishing characteristics. Our results demonstrated substantial public agreement (ranging from 2/3 to 3/4 of participants) with enactment of state and federal anti-bullying laws that enumerate distinguishing characteristics, including physical appearance and weight, which are currently absent in most statutes. Our evidence can inform policy and legal approaches to protect youth effectively from bullying.

Geographic Variation in U.S. Climate Change Opinion at State and Local Scales

Geographic Variation in U.S. Climate Change Opinion at State and Local Scales

Correlates of state enactment of elementary school physical education laws

Correlates of state enactment of elementary school physical education laws

Policy Improves What Beverages Are Served to Young Children in Child Care

Policy Improves What Beverages Are Served to Young Children in Child Care

HHS Rule: Clinicians Do Not Have to Report Patients to Background Check System

The proposed regulations should not inhibit those who need mental health care from seeking it.

Newborn bio/logics and US legal requirements for changing gender/sex designations on state identity documents

Legal enactments are de facto definitions of gender/sex and affect the day-to-day lives of trans-identified individuals. We assessed requirements for changing gender/sex designations on US driver's licenses and birth certificates alongside their potential foundations to explore these legal definitions. Analyses showed that surgico-medical authority and sex reassignment surgery were privileged over lived experiences, psychology, and physiology (e.g. genetics; hormones). Though ‘biologism’ is typically theorized to explain legal conceptualizations and treatments of gender/sex and transgender, we argue for a diverse set of ‘bio/logics’ (implicit biological decision rules) that have profoundly different implications for trans lives. Over two other possibilities (trace bio/logics: a conceptual or physiological persistence of sexed origins; and interior bio/logics: a privileging of more embedded and immutable sex features), we conclude that US state enactments of gender/sex rely on ‘newborn bio/logics’: those binaristic features of genital sex immediately observable in newborns and naturalized via surgico-medical authority.

Religious Freedom or Libertarianism: What Explains State Enactments of Religious Freedom Restoration Act Laws?

Religious Freedom or Libertarianism: What Explains State Enactments of Religious Freedom Restoration Act Laws?

Ambivalence, Conflation, and Invisibility: A Feminist Analysis of State Enactment of Children’s Rights in Peru

This article examines municipal children’s ombudsmen’s offices (Defensorías Municipal del Niño y el Adolescente), which are a nationwide attempt at state enactment of children’s rights in Peru. Drawing on feminist analysis, the article outlines some of the key assumptions that are mobilized in children’s rights practices and questions the implications of such assumptions. It begins with a historical overview of children’s municipal defensorías as well as an explanation of how these spaces currently function and how they are used. The conception of children’s rights in these spaces is largely technocratic, with the family serving as the primary site for intervention. On the one hand, this conception of children and their rights has mobilized the state to support poor women’s claims for child support from men. Yet at the same time, this article suggests, this technical (and mainly economic) interpretation of children’s rights turns impoverished women first and foremost into mothers and depends on a rubric that feminizes childhood and children’s rights, making children viable actors only if seen through the advocacy of their mothers (and within individual families). This article therefore addresses the implications of the ambiguous consequences in these offices, which seem to help the women who use them in the short term by providing critical financial assistance while also hindering the chance for long-term or more structural change.

Merging the Profession: A Historical Perspective on Accounting Association Mergers in Canada

AbstractThe history of creation of new professional accounting associations, mergers and proposed mergers among professional associations in Canada is reviewed through the lens of institutional theory to identify the conditions associated with major changes in the structure of the profession. Five waves of merger activity are identified between 1880 and 2010. These waves of mergers: (1) created isomorphism between the structure of accounting associations and the political structure of Canada, (2) differentiated associations to reflect the division of labour among accountants (primarily the separation of public and management accounting), (3) differentiated associations to reflect different educational paths into accounting (broadly conceived), and (4) consolidated the profession to facilitate the regulation of public accounting by the state. Contemporary issues affecting the structure of the profession are also identified including the globalization of accounting credentials. The historical waves of merger activity are argued to be an enactment of state and market institutional logics. These factors are compared with justifications/rationales and proposals for the merger of the accounting profession under the Chartered Professional Accountant, CPA, designation. The merger proposal would create a hybrid organization that retains within it historical institutional patterns. Issues concerning the stability of hybrid organizations in the literature are identified.

Foreclosing on Incarceration? State Correctional Policy Enactments and the Great Recession

The economic collapse of 2008 has forced states to reconsider their priorities in punishment and corrections. States have exhibited a wide range of responses to the fiscal crisis. Using data from the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), this article reviews briefly the types of correctional policies enacted by states in 2009. This research then evaluates quantitatively the relationships between state-level economic, political, and crime control conditions in 2009 and variable rates of state-level policy enactments in that same year that reduce reliance on incarceration. Findings from a cross-sectional negative binomial model suggest that three factors were associated with state enactments in 2009 that reduce reliance on incarceration: percentage of seats held by the Republican Party in state legislatures, amount of state revenue, and percentage of federal funds used for corrections expenditures.

Merging the Profession: A Historical Perspective on Accounting Association Mergers in Canada

Merging the Profession: A Historical Perspective on Accounting Association Mergers in Canada