State Diagram Research Articles

MarCNNet: A Markovian Convolutional Neural Network for Malware Detection and Monitoring Multi-Core Systems

Leveraging side-channels enables zero-overhead detection of anomalies. These channels offer a non-instrumented program profiling capability by means of the distinct signatures generated by processing unintentional signals emitted during executions. In this paper, we propose a Markov based convolutional neural network (CNN) to monitor programs against anomalies on multi-core devices. We refer to the proposed framework as MarCNNet. In the model, the output of the CNN estimates the likelihood of the current state of the program, and the Markov Model tracks the process based on these estimates. If the estimates do not match the Markov model state diagram, it alerts anomaly, otherwise, it keeps monitoring. The framework also simplifies the training process because dependency among states is crucial for the Markov part of the model, but not for the CNN. Therefore, the neural network is trained by treating each state independent. However, for a test signal, both CNN and Markov parts of the framework are considered for malware detection to utilize the program flow. We tested the proposed model for various devices with different number of cores and threads of processes and demonstrated that the framework can detect malware with no false negatives, and a false positive rate less than 2%.

SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF ALLOYS OF THE Sb2S3–Cu2Cr4Te7 SYSTEM

To study the nature of the interaction between Sb2S3 and Cu2Cr4Te7 compounds, alloys were synthesized in a wide range of concentrations and studied using physicochemical analysis (DTA, XRD, MSA, as well as measurements of density and microhardness) and a phase diagram was constructed. The state diagram of the system is partially quasi-binary, with the formation of eutectic equilibrium and peritectic transformation. The regions of homogeneity in the Sb2S3–Cu2Cr4Te7 system were determined from the initial components. In a system based on the Sb2S3 compound, solid solutions reach up to 4 mol % Cu2Cr4Te7, and solid solutions based on Cu2Cr4Te7 – up to 10 mol % Sb2S3 at room temperature. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and thermo-emf has been studied. 1, 2 and 4 mol % Cu2Cr4Te7 solid solutions of alloys of the Sb2S3–Cu2Cr4Te7 system in the temperature range of 20–2500C

Interactions between Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor and Chitosan in an Aqueous Solution

Supramolecular structures obtained from protein-polysaccharide association may be applied to encapsulate bioactive compounds or to improve the physical stability and texture properties of colloid-based products. In this study, the interaction of 0.1 wt% soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) with different concentrations of chitosan (CS) in aqueous solutions was investigated under different pH by the analysis of state diagram, turbidity, zeta potential, spectroscopy, and microstructure; the protective effect of STI-CS complex coacervates on STI stability in simulated gastric juice was also discussed. The results suggested that interactions between STI and CS could form soluble/insoluble complexes mainly through hydrophobic interactions (pH 4.0) or electrostatic interactions (pH 6.0). The CD spectra showed that the secondary structure of STI did not change significantly when CS with the same charge was mixed with STI, and the secondary structure of STI was slightly changed when CS with the opposite charge was mixed with STI. Simulated gastric digestion experiments showed that the complex formed by non-covalent bonding had a protective effect on the active protein. This study provides information about the effect of different CS concentrations and pH values on the formation of complexes of CS and STI in an aqueous solution and provides theoretical references for the construction of supramolecular-structured carrier substances based on CS and STI.

Frustration and ordering in Ising chain in an external magnetic field with third-neighbor interactions

In this paper, the frustration properties of the Ising model on a one-dimensional monoatomic equidistant lattice in an external magnetic field are investigated, taking into account the exchange interactions of atomic spins at the sites of the first, second, and third neighbors. Exact analytical expressions for the thermodynamic functions of the system are obtained by the Kramers–Wannier transfer-matrix method. A magnetic phase diagram of the ground state of such a spin system is constructed and studied thoroughly. The points and lines of frustrations of the system depending on the values and signs of exchange interactions and on an external magnetic field are found. The criteria for the occurrence of magnetic frustrations in the presence of competition between the energies of exchange interactions and an external magnetic field are formulated. The peculiar features are investigated and the values of entropy and magnetization of the ground state of this model are obtained in the frustration regime and beyond it. Various types of behavior of entropy, magnetization, and magnetic susceptibility depending on the model parameters are revealed.

Structure, rheology, and 3D printing of salt-induced κ-carrageenan gels

κ-carrageenan is a seaweed-derived polysaccharide commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a thickening agent and rheological modifier. The biopolymer has shown promising potential as a gel-based ink for 3D printing applications. However, its application is limited due to its poor structural stability and mechanical strength. In this work, we propose to overcome the printing limitation by optimizing the ink formulation of salt-induced κ-carrageenan gels. The gelation of 0.25–2% w/v κ-carrageenan with gelling agents of potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and a combination of KCl and CaCl2 salts was studied using rheological and SANS measurements, and SEM and AFM imaging. A state diagram for the κ-carrageenan-salt samples reveals that the sol-gel transformation shifts to lower κ-carrageenan concentrations with the 25 mM salts. The rheological measurements show a synergistic increase in the storage modulus of κ-carrageenan by the addition of equimolar mixed salts of KCl and CaCl2. The addition of 25 mM KCl or CaCl2 significantly improved the printability of 1% w/v κ-carrageenan to form thin and continuous filaments. However, complex shapes consisting of cylinders, polygons, and multilayer structures could successfully be 3D printed with only the 1% w/v κ-carrageenan with 25 mM KCl gel ink. Live/dead assay of human lung cancer A549 cells seeded on the printed structures show the excellent biocompatibility of these gels.

Critical Point in the Curve of First-Order Magnetic Phase Transition

A magnetic state diagram for ferromagnets exhibiting a first-order phase transition in a magnetic field has been calculated. Calculations have been made using the exchange-striction model of a ferromagnet. It has been shown that the curve of first-order magnetic phase transition ends up at a critical point (Hcr, Tcr) that is similar to the critical point of the liquid–gas transition on the (T, P) plane. Analytical expressions for thermodynamic quantities, namely, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and compressibility, which anomalously grow near the critical point, have been derived. Calculation results have been compared with available experimental data for La(Fe0.88Si0.12)13 ferromagnet, which experiences the first-order magnetic phase transition.

Path integral approach to universal dynamics of reservoir computers.

In this work, we give a characterization of the reservoir computer (RC) by the network structure, especially the probability distribution of random coupling constants. First, based on the path integral method, we clarify the universal behavior of the random network dynamics in the thermodynamic limit, which depends only on the asymptotic behavior of the second cumulant generating functions of the network coupling constants. This result enables us to classify the random networks into several universality classes, according to the distribution function of coupling constants chosen for the networks. Interestingly, it is revealed that such a classification has a close relationship with the distribution of eigenvalues of the random coupling matrix. We also comment on the relation between our theory and some practical choices of random connectivity in the RC. Subsequently, we investigate the relationship between the RC's computational power and the network parameters for several universality classes. We perform several numerical simulations to evaluate the phase diagrams of the steady reservoir states, common-signal-induced synchronization, and the computational power in the chaotic time series inference tasks. As a result, we clarify the close relationship between these quantities, especially a remarkable computational performance near the phase transitions, which is realized even near a nonchaotic transition boundary. These results may provide us with a new perspective on the designing principle for the RC.

Phase relation studies in the CeO2-La2O3-Ho2O3 system at temperature of 1500 °С

The phase equilibria in the ternary CeO2–La2O3–Ho2O3 and binary La2O3–Ho2O3 and CeO2–Ho2O3 systems at a temperature of 1500 °С in the whole concentration range were studied. No new phases have been identified in these systems. An isothermal cross section of the state diagram of the CeO2–LaO2–Ho2O3 system at a temperature of 1500 °С is constructed. It was found that the following solid solutions are formed in the studied systems: cubic solid solutions with a structure of fluorite type F-CeO2, as well as solid solutions based on monoclinic (B), hexagonal (A) and cubic (C) modifications of Ln2O3. It was found that cubic solid solutions of the fluorite type F-CeO2 are in equilibrium with all phases formed in the ternary system CeO2– La2O3–Ho2O3 at a temperature of 1500 °С. The boundaries of phase fields and lattice parameters of the formed phases for all investigated systems are determined. A brief description of the structure of isothermal cross sections of ternary state diagrams of systems of the CeO2–La2O3–Ln2O3 series at a temperature of 1500 °С is given. It is established that the systems of this series have a similar structure, although they are characterized by some differences due to the polymorphism of the original components.

Exploring the sensitivity of Hf2CO2 towards H2S: a DFT study

The adsorption sensitivity of perfect, vacancy-defected and transition-metal (TM) doped Hf2CO2 towards H2S molecule was investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The H2S molecule was weakly adsorbed on the perfect Hf2CO2 substrate, and the appearance of O-vacancy improved the activity of Hf2CO2. The introducing of TM-dopant (Ti, Cr and Ni) enhanced the adsorption stability of the H2S molecule, which also enriched the magnetic properties of Hf2CO2. In addition, the density of states diagrams indicated that the improvement of adsorption was attributed to the hybridisation between TM-d orbital and H2S molecule. The findings can provide novel insights to develop MXene-based H2S gas detection devices.

Improving Implementation of an Electronic Prescription System for COVID-19 Vaccination in the Czech Republic: Process Modeling Approach.

It is very difficult to find a consensus that will be accepted by most players when creating health care legislation. The Czech electronic prescription system was launched in 2011 and new functions were introduced in 2018. To ensure that these functions will not conflict with any other existing law, a process modeling tool based on the patent "Method and system for automated requirements modeling" was used successfully in the Czech Republic for the first time. The aim of this project was to develop another successful application of process modeling to add COVID-19 vaccination records to the existing electronic prescription system. The method employed was based on the mathematical theory of hierarchical state diagrams and process models. In the first step, sketches that record the results of informal discussions, interviews, meetings, and workshops were prepared. Subsequently, the architecture containing the main participants and their high-level interactions was drafted. Finally, detailed process diagrams were drawn. Each semiresult was discussed with all involved team members and stakeholders to incorporate all comments. By repeating this procedure, individual topics were gradually resolved and the areas of discussion were narrowed down until reaching complete agreement. This method proved to be faster, clearer, and significantly simpler than other methods. Owing to the use of graphic tools and symbols, the risk of errors, inaccuracies, and misunderstandings was significantly reduced. The outcome was used as an annex to the bill in the legislative process. One of the main benefits of this approach is gaining a higher level of understanding for all parties involved (ie, legislators, the medical community, patient organizations, and information technology professionals). The process architecture model in a form of a graphic scheme has proven to be a valuable communication platform and facilitated negotiation between stakeholders. Moreover, this model helped to avoid several inconsistencies that appeared during workshops and discussions. Our method worked successfully even when participants were from different knowledge areas. The vaccination record process model was drafted in 3 weeks and it took a total of 2 months to pass the bill. In comparison, the initial introduction of the electronic prescription system using conventional legislative methods took over 1 year, involving immediate creation of a text with legislative intent, followed by paragraph-by-section wording of the legislation that was commented on directly. These steps are repeated over and over, as any change in any part of the text has to be checked and rechecked within the entire document. Compared with conventional methods, we have shown that using our method for the process of modification of legislation related to such a complex issue as the integration of COVID-19 vaccination into an electronic prescription model significantly simplifies the preparation of a legislative standard.

The influence of polydextrose on freeze-dried unripe acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) by the concept of a state diagram

Unripe acerola powders obtained from freeze-drying without (AV) and with polydextrose (AP) were characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vapor sorption isotherms at (25, 35, and 45) °C in water activity ( a w ) range of 0.10–0.90. State diagrams built from DSC results, such as the glass transition ( T g ) and freezing ( T m ) points, were compared with those of the sorption isotherms. The Gordon-Taylor equation presented a good fit for T g , in which the solids glass transition increased and the k parameter decreased in the presence of polydextrose. The isotherms obtained were Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) type III, and the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) equation fitted to the experimental data showed slightly higher monolayer water content for AP, and not affected by temperature. Although there was a divergence in the stability when comparing the criteria of a w and T g , polydextrose increased the a w and T g of freeze-dried unripe acerola and conferred a stabler powder. • The stability criterion between water activity and glass transition was studied. • State diagrams of unripe acerola with polydextrose were built. • Polydextrose used as a drying aid increased the glass transition temperature. • Sorption isotherms of unripe acerola powders were BET Type III.

Structural analysis attack on finite state machine obfuscated circuits

In this letter, a structural analysis attack is explored as the first kind of attack to disclose the secret key of the circuit encrypted by the latest obfuscation technique JANUS-HD. By extracting the finite state machine (FSM) diagram from the circuit and converting structural traces into constraints, the secret key can be deduced by the CP-SAT solver within a few minutes or even seconds in most cases. Incorrect keys can be further pruned by sequential equivalence checking with several oracles in case more than one key is obtained. The entire attack procedure lasts no longer than a few hours even for an FSM with 4096 states.

Electrocoalescence of Water Droplets

An experimental setup has been created to study the electrocoalescence of submillimeter- and millimeter-sized water droplets on a hydrophobic dielectric surface. The dependences of the interdroplet distance on the droplet radius are studied. It is shown that drops on a hydrophobic surface exhibit patterns of spatial arrangement that are characteristic of drops of a droplet cluster and fog. The electric field strengths at which mass coalescence of droplets begin are measured. A new model of electrocoalescence based on the state diagram of a drop-ion plasma is proposed. The possible role of electrocoalescence in the problem of rapid rain formation in atmospheric clouds is discussed.

First Principles Study of Toxic Gas Molecules Adsorption on Group IVA (C, Si, Ge) 2-Dimensional Materials

Two-dimensional materials from group IVA namely graphene, silicene, and germanene have gained research interest in various fields of applications recently due to their extraordinary properties. These substrates have been successfully synthesized and are found to have interesting gas sensing capabilities. In this work, first-principles study using density functional theory is carried out to investigate the adsorption of toxic gases such as CO, Cl2, NO2, and COCl2 on these monolayers. We analyze the best adsorption site and orientation for these molecules on the monolayers by calculating the adsorption energy. Charge transfer, the density of state (DOS) and band diagram calculations are performed to explore the changes in their electronic and structural properties due to the adsorbed gas molecules. As for the sensing performance, crude estimations of the sensitivity and recovery time are performed. The results show that silicene and germanene monolayers are better at detecting CO and NO2 as compared to graphene. They have a short recovery time for CO but a long recovery time for NO2 implying that they are better for scavenging NO2. Besides, silicene is also a better gas sensor for chlorine gas with a 44 min recovery time. As for graphene, it is the best gas sensor for phosgene among the substrates. This study gives a clear prediction of substrates for the detection of these toxic gases.

Gelation and Re-entrance in Mixtures of Soft Colloids and Linear Polymers of Equal Size.

Liquid mixtures composed of colloidal particles and much smaller non-adsorbing linear homopolymers can undergo a gelation transition due to polymer-mediated depletion forces. We now show that the addition of linear polymers to suspensions of soft colloids having the same hydrodynamic size yields a liquid-to-gel-to-re-entrant liquid transition. In particular, the dynamic state diagram of 1,4-polybutadiene star-linear polymer mixtures was determined with the help of linear viscoelastic and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. While keeping the star polymers below their nominal overlap concentration, a gel was formed upon increasing the linear polymer content. Further addition of linear chains yielded a re-entrant liquid. This unexpected behavior was rationalized by the interplay of three possible phenomena: (i) depletion interactions, driven by the size disparity between the stars and the polymer length scale which is the mesh size of its entanglement network; (ii) colloidal deswelling due to the increased osmotic pressure exerted onto the stars; and (iii) a concomitant progressive suppression of the depletion efficiency on increasing the polymer concentration due to reduced mesh size, hence a smaller range of attraction. Our results unveil an exciting new way to tailor the flow of soft colloids and highlight a largely unexplored path to engineer soft colloidal mixtures.

Salt Effect on the Viscosity of Semidilute Polyelectrolyte Solutions: Sodium Polystyrenesulfonate

We studied the viscosity of semidilute aqueous solutions of sodium polystyrenesulfonate as a function of polymer and salt concentrations. The viscosity data were quantified by applying a scaling relationship between solution correlation length ξ = lgν/B and number of monomers g per correlation volume for chains with monomer projection length l. The specific values Bpe,Bg, and Bth of the B-parameter corresponding to exponents ν = 1, 0.588, and 0.5 were determined by the fraction of charged monomers and their degree of ionization, the effective solvent quality for the polymer backbone, the chain Kuhn length, and the type and strength of monomer–solvent interactions. The values of the B-parameters were obtained from the plateaus of normalized specific viscosity ηsp(c)/Nw(cl3)1/(3ν–1) as a function of the monomer concentration c for polyelectrolytes with weight-average degree of polymerization Nw. The extension of this approach to the entangled solution regime allowed us to determine the packing number of a chain of correlation blobs, P̃e, which completes the set of parameters {Bpe, Bg, Bth, P̃e} uniquely describing static and dynamic properties of polyelectrolyte solutions. This information was used to construct a diagram of states, calculate the fraction of free counterions and the energy of the electrostatic blobs, and establish a crossover concentration to the entangled solution regime.

Thermodynamic analysis of processes in the high-temperature polycomponent Fe–Y–Si–O–C system

In the production of low-carbon and high-quality steels, it is recommended to use special complex alloys of rare earth metals for deoxidation, microalloying and modification. To elucidate the mechanism of action of each of the components of the alloy, it is necessary to differentiate the action of each individual element. Yttrium is usually classified as a rare earth metal, but its deoxidizing and modifying ability deficiency studies. The use of yttrium applica-tion is known to increase in density, ductility, scale resistance, resistance to high-temperature corrosion of steel, effec-tively affects the shape, size and distribution of non-metallic inclusions. This paper consider the interaction of yttrium, silicon, and carbon with oxygen dissolved in liquid iron. Nonmetallic inclusions formed in this case can be identified on the state diagram of the FeO–Y2O3–SiO2 oxide system. This diagram is absent in the literature; therefore, it was mod-eled on the basis of the available binary phase diagrams of the FeO–Y2O3, FeO–SiO2, and Y2O3–SiO2 systems. Com-plex deoxidation by yttrium and silicon is possible only at yttrium concentrations in liquid iron less than 0.0001% (ox-ide melt or yttrium silicates are formed as non-metallic inclusions). If the concentration of yttrium is higher than this value, then it is the only deoxidizer. In the presence of carbon, liquid non-metallic inclusions can form in a very narrow range of liquid metal compositions, and the main oxide non-metallic inclusion is yttrium oxide. At yttrium concentra-tions below 0.0001% and silicon concentrations up to 1%, only carbon is the deoxidizer. Taking into account the previ-ously studied Fe–Y–Me–O–C (Me–Ca, Mg, Al, Cr) systems, a thermodynamic data base was created for designing the compositions of complex yttrium-containing ligatures.

Exploring interacting topological insulator in the extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model

Exploring topological phases in interacting systems is a challenging task. We investigate many-body topological physics of interacting fermions in an extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model, which extends the two sublattices of SSH model into four sublattices and thus is dubbed SSH4 model, based on the density-matrix renormalization-group numerical method. The interaction-driven phase transition from topological insulator to charge density wave (CDW) phase can be identified by analyzing the variations of entanglement spectrum, entanglement entropies, energy gaps, CDW order parameter, and fidelity. We map the global phase diagram of the many-body ground state, which contains nontrivial topological insulator, trivial insulator and CDW phases, respectively. In contrast to interacting SSH model, in which the phase transitions to the CDW phase are argued to be first-order phase transitions, the phase transitions between the CDW phase and topologically trivial/nontrivial phases are shown to be continuous phase transitions. Finally, we {also} show the phase diagram of interacting spinful SSH4 model, where the attractive (repulsive) on-site spin interaction amplifies (suppresses) the CDW phase. The models analyzed here can be implemented with ultracold atoms on optical superlattices.

Physical Stability of Frozen Eggplant: Emphasis on State Diagram, Sorption, Thermal, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties

Physical Stability of Frozen Eggplant: Emphasis on State Diagram, Sorption, Thermal, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties

Design of UML Diagrams for WEBMED - Healthcare Service System Services

Healthcare service has huge demand these days as it really helps in managing a hospital or a medical office. The scope of Healthcare service systems is increasing by each day and it is true for the entire world. Some of these solutions include improved awareness about Healthcare services and health policies. The objective of this system is to provide medical assistance to people instantly with the help of technology. This system eradicates the cultural sensitivity that prevails in many hospitals and improvises the quality of medical assistance. The captivating features of this system are online doctor, medicines at doorstep, bulletin of awareness. The users can also navigate and choose among various insurance schemes that are displayed.Unified Modeling language (UML) is a standardized modeling language enabling developers to specify, visualize, construct and document artifacts of a software system. It uses graphic notation to create visual models of software systems. This paper contains the UML diagrams for better understanding of the system with the help of Star UML tool.Usecase diagrams are used during the analysis phase of a project to identify system functionalities. Class diagram represents the static view of an application.The class diagrams are the only UML diagrams, which can be mapped directly with object-oriented languages.Activity diagram is an important behavioral diagram in UML diagram to describe dynamic aspects of the system. Activity diagram is essentially an advanced version of flow chart that modeling the flow from one activity to another activity.The state machine diagram shows the different states of an entity and focuses more on how it responds to various events by changing from one state to another. Statechart diagram is used to capture the dynamic aspect of a system. State machine diagrams are used to represent the behavior of an application. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages that are passed during an interaction in a time based perspective.A Communication diagram models the interactions between objects or parts in terms of sequenced messages. It describes both the static structure and dynamic behavior of a system. Component diagrams are used to model the physical aspects of a system. It does not describe the functionality of the system but it describes the components used to make those functionalities. Deployment Diagram is a type of diagram that specifies the physical hardware on which the software system will execute. It also determines how the software is deployed on the underlying hardware. UML is a modeling language used by software developers.UML can be used to develop diagrams and provide users with ready-to-use, expressive modeling examples. Some UML tools generate program language code from UML.UML can be used for modeling a system independent of a platform language. UML is a graphical language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting information about software-intensive systems.UML gives a standard way to write a system model, covering conceptual ideas.