Problem. Construction of houses, structures, and road embankments in conditions of dense urban development requires taking into account the mutual influence of settlements of the foundations of nearby houses and structures on the stress-strain state (hereinafter referred to as the SSS) of each other. The problem is that the settlements of foundations, taking into account their mutual influence, are determined using the scheme of joint calculation of the SSS of the system "base - foundations - buildings structures" (hereinafter referred to as BFBS) and boundary and finite element techniques, may differ significantly from those calculated using the methodology of Ukrainian state building codes (hereinafter referred to as DBN). At the same time, the "corner points" method recommended in DBN V.2.1-10-2018 and DBN V.2.1-10-2010 for determining foundation settlements, taking into account their mutual influence, can be used only when using a separate calculation scheme. In addition, the "corner point method" is incorrect (or completely impossible) with different depths of the footing of neighboring foundations. Therefore, there is a problem of jointly calculating the SSS of the BFBS system with the use of the methods recommended in the DBN for determining foundation settlements. The research materials presented in this article are aimed at solving this problem. Methodology: Two models of BFBS were developed to conduct numerical analysis using the iteration process and the application of the finite element method technique. The first model is a flat frame on separate foundations, and the second is two slab foundations located next to each other. When performing calculations, real (first model) and actual (second model) characteristics of the underlying soils and materials from which the foundations and buildings. Also, to substantiate the convergence criterion of the iteration process, the method of mathematical induction was applied. Originality. For the first time, it was possible to substantiate the conditions for the convergence of the iteration process when determining the SSS of the BFBS system for several buildings located on separate and (or) slab foundations. Practical value. The convergence criteria for the iteration process in determining the VAT of the BFBS system were obtained. This allowed us to solve the problem of determining the mutual influence of several neighboring foundations and structures located on them on each other's SSS, provided that the foundation settlements are determined using the DBN method, and the forces and deformations in the foundations and buildings structures are determined using the theory of elasticity.

Problem. Effective spatial development of territorial communities requires integration of ecological and landscape planning into urban planning documentation. However, current Ukrainian legislation provides limited regulation of landscape planning as part of comprehensive spatial development plans, which complicates environmental protection and sustainable land use. Goal. The goal of this study is to analyze the normative and legal framework governing the development of landscape plans within comprehensive spatial development plans for territorial communities in Ukraine, identifying gaps and inconsistencies. Methodology. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of Ukrainian legislation, including laws, government resolutions, and state building norms related to spatial planning and landscape regulation. Comparative legal analysis and document content analysis methods were used. Results. It was found that key regulatory acts, such as the Law on Regulation of Urban Development (2011) and the 2020 amendments on land use planning, provide a general framework but insufficient detail on landscape planning. The Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 926 (2021) and State Building Norms DBN B.1.1-14:2021 define the structure and requirements for landscape planning more clearly. Some discrepancies remain between required content and actual objects reflected on landscape plans. Originality. This study highlights the insufficient integration of landscape planning in urban development legislation and suggests the need for more precise normative regulation to ensure environmental and landscape protection within territorial community planning. Practical value. The results can inform legislative improvements and help planners better integrate landscape considerations into spatial development plans, promoting sustainable and balanced land use in Ukrainian territorial communities.

Modeling atomic coordinates into a target cryo-electron microscopy map is a crucial step in structure determination. Despite recent advances, proteins with multiple functional states remain a challenge - particularly when suitable molecular templates are unavailable for certain states, and the map resolution is not high enough to build de novo models. This is a common scenario, for example, among pharmacologically relevant membrane-bound receptors and transporters. Here, we introduce a refinement approach in which (i) several initial models are generated by stochastic subsampling of the multiple sequence alignment (MSA) space in AlphaFold2, (ii) the resulting models are subjected to structure-based k-means clustering, iii) density-guided molecular dynamics simulations are performed from the cluster representatives, and (iv) a final model is selected on the basis of both map fit and model quality. This results in improved fitting accuracy compared to single starting point scenarios for three membrane proteins (the calcitonin receptor-like receptor, L-type amino acid transporter and alanine-serine-cysteine transporter) which undergo substantial conformational transitions between functional states. Our results indicate that ensemble construction using generative AI combined with simulation-based refinement facilitates building of alternative states in several families of membrane proteins.

Introduction. The increasing intensity and weight of both civilian and military traffic pose significant challenges to bridge engineering, requiring continuous updates and improvements in the assessment methods of load-bearing capacity and structural safety. Ukrainian infrastructure objects damaged during the Russo-Ukrainian war — particularly bridges — require urgent restoration and reliability assurance. This study conducts a comparative analysis of Ukrainian State Building Codes (DBN) and the NATO Tri-Partite Design and Test Code for Military Bridging and Gap-Crossing Equipment (TDTC). The findings help assess the compatibility of existing civilian bridges with modern military equipment and provide recommendations for designers regarding the implementation of foreign military standards. The publication contributes to the harmonization of Ukrainian building norms with international standards within the context of Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic integration. Problem Statement. The core issue addressed in this research is the lack of open data on bridge performance under military loads and the need for a systematic comparison between civil and military bridge engineering methodologies. The Russo-Ukrainian war has highlighted infrastructural vulnerabilities, generating an urgent demand for the comparative assessment of design standards. The civil sector emphasizes accuracy and lifecycle optimization via probabilistic models, while the military sector prioritizes speed and tactical mobility through simplified, deterministic systems such as the MLC (Military Load Classification). Previous studies have revealed critical knowledge gaps, including insufficient analysis of the dynamic interaction between military convoys, a lack of standardized cross-assessment protocols, and limited access to data on military vehicle movement. These challenges hinder comprehensive engineering assessments and the secure, uninterrupted functioning of Ukrainian infrastructure. Results. The comparative analysis indicates that, in general, the concentrated wheel loads from NATO military vehicles up to MLC 70, as well as distributed contact pressures up to MLC 150, do not exceed the load values specified in Ukrainian DBN standards. However, a more accurate representation of compatibility is obtained by analyzing bending moments in the simply supported bridge superstructures. For bridges designed under load class A11, only MLC 30 vehicles and below are permissible. For load class A15, the threshold increases to MLC 40. Bridges designed for model NK-80 loads can accommodate vehicles up to MLC 100. Structures calculated for NK-100 loads are compatible with virtually all STANAG-class military vehicles. Conclusions. Ukrainian civil design standards and NATO military standards (TDTC) are founded on fundamentally different philosophies: the civilian sector aims for precision and lifecycle optimization, while the military sector prioritizes tactical speed and mobility. Although a comparison of external load characteristics (concentrated and distributed pressure) shows that Ukrainian standards are generally robust, the analysis of internal forces offers more accurate insight. Ensuring full compatibility of bridges with military vehicles will require further detailed calculations accounting for dynamic effects and other specific factors. This study serves as an initial step toward future research aimed at harmonizing Ukrainian and international standards — a crucial element in strengthening Ukraine’s defense capabilities and infrastructure resilience.

During its centuries-old history, Japan has repeatedly turned to the experience of neighboring China in search of models for the construction of state insti­tutions, ideological foundations, and has widely borrowed the achievements of Chinese culture. Japan of the Tokugawa era (1603–1867) was no exception in this regard. When building the bakuhan state, it sought to rely on the experi­ence of state building in the Middle Kingdom and on Confucian thought, which had occupied a central place in the state ideology of the Chinese empires for many centuries. Japanese scholars of that time made a great effort to master and adapt the achievements of Confucian thought to the needs of Japan, and created a number of interpretations of Confucian teachings that better met the conditions and needs of Japanese society. In the 17th century, the emphasis was more often placed on the need to “civilize” the samurai, to instill “civic virtues” in the samu­rai. However, the signs of crisis in the bakuhan system that emerged at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, the degradation of the samurai, the decline of the military spirit among the samurai, and the decline in their military pre­paredness soon pushed the Japanese elite to carry out large-scale reforms, and the ideologists of the samurai to create more “militaristic” interpreta­tions of Confucianism. This tendency was especially evident during the reign of the shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune (reigned 1716–1745). It was under him that the high-ranking vassal of the Hirosaki domain and expert in the Yamaga-ryu school of military science Tsugaru Masakata (1682–1729) created and pre­sented to his suzerain a treatise entitled Buji teiyo (“The Fundamental Principles of Warrior Rule”), in which he proposed an original “militaristic” interpretation of Confucian virtues and gave a number of pieces of advice on how to correct the governance of the Hirosaki domain. The article, based on the material of this work, examines Masakata’s proposed interpretation of the most important con­cept of bushido, “warrior virtue” (butoku), which appears as a product of the syn­thesis of moral, volitional, intellectual and physical qualities and specialized knowledge in the field of military art, ensuring, in Masakata’s opinion, the suc­cess of governing Japan as a “country of warriors”.

Abstract In 1939, Mexico granted political asylum to thousands of Spaniards forced into exile at the end of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). This article examines how Indigenous campesinos responded to the Mexican government’s efforts to resettle thousands of Spaniards onto colonias agrícolas (agricultural colonies) to entice Indigenous subsistence farmers away from their traditional land tenure practices and to become wage laborers. While Mexican state officials envisioned refugee colonies as sites of racial and economic modernization, Indigenous campesinos framed their support for Spanish exiles as acts of internationalist solidarity fostered by mutual aid rather than capitalist exploitation. Most significantly, many Indigenous communities advocated for the integration of exiles into existing campesino communities through the allocation of parcels of their collectively controlled lands, known as ejidos. As a result, Indigenous campesinos articulated radical alternatives to revolutionary state building initiatives that fostered reciprocal forms of mutual aid between the receiving communities and the refugees. This article therefore argues that Indigenous campesinos in Mexico did not see exiles as settlers or the descendants of earlier Spanish colonizers, but as comrades in a global struggle for land, political autonomy, and revolutionary change.

This research discusses the physical and spatial characteristics of the Ahmad Djuhara Creative Space which is located in the Cirebon City State Building, West Java. In this research, the author uses a qualitative-descriptive research method by studying building characteristics with the architectural characteristics theory by N. John Habraken academically. The Ahmad Djuhara Creative Space building functions as a typical arts and culture workshop from Cirebon. From the study that has been carried out, it is concluded that what forms the physical and spatial character of the Ahmad Djuhara Creative Space building is the roof which has a repeating triangular shape, where the shape of the roof looks different from similar buildings.

ABSTRACT This article examines local and national power dynamics that have enabled the proliferation of online scamming in the Myanmar–Thailand border region following the 2021 Myanmar military coup. Focusing on underlying politico-economic conditions, it analyzes how scam cities along the border have flourished despite an intensifying civil war and international scrutiny. The study highlights the role of the Karen Border Guard Force (BGF), a militia which was ostensibly under the control of the Myanmar military, in facilitating transnational organized crime. The article argues that the BGF’s armed brokerage, sustained by its ability to mediate between the military/state, Karen National Union, and local populations, has created ideal conditions for transnational organized crime to thrive, culminating in the rise of scam cities. By focusing on the role of armed brokers in contested liminal spaces, this study contributes to broader debates on the political economy that underpins the spread of transnational organized crime, both in Southeast Asia and globally. The article challenges the conventional perspective that links illicit economic activities with the weakness of states or political disorder, arguing instead that these are a result of a state building strategy that relies on armed brokers in peripheral regions.

This article examines the science education film (kejiaopian) in early PRC (1950–1964). Before the state-owned filmmaking system collapsed in the 1990s, kejiaopian served as tools for disseminating scientific knowledge and official ideology. While most of the current scholarly discussions have indicated the role played by kejiaopian in the construction of the socialist state, this article explores how kejiaopian developed amidst the Great Leap Forward, portraying the interactions between politics, cinema, science, and energy. This article mainly analyzes a 1963 science education film titled The Little Sun, which cinematizes the representation of energy and anticipates socialist efforts to harness solar and other types of energy for state building. In addition, the film’s diverse techniques, including animated effects, stop-motion, and special filming, align with Thomas Elsaesser’s proposition that illuminates the inherent cinematic energy. This article argues that The Little Sun not only cinematizes socialist energy culture but also embodies cinema as energy in early PRC.

An analysis and processing of literary sources and paper technical documentation, in particular technical inspection reportsand passport data of construction objects, was carried out. A substantive assessment of the content of the specifieddocumentation was carried out in order to identify gaps and shortcomings in the information provided. The study consideredthe possibilities of using BIM technologies to eliminate the identified inconsistencies and increase the completeness andreliability of technical data. Particular attention was paid to the use of the cloud environment of the Autodesk Revit softwarecomplex as a tool for centralized collection, storage and subsequent updating of information on the technical condition ofbuildings and structures. Conceptual approaches to organizing the processes of monitoring the condition of structures basedon digital modeling and integration with cloud databases were proposed. An analysis of technical inspection reports of thebuilding of the main educational building of Vinnytsia National Technical University for the periods of 2004 and 2024 wascarried out. Based on the processed materials, a structured specification was formed for further monitoring of the operationalcondition of the facility. According to the results of comparing data from both reports, a direct relationship was establishedbetween the end of the standard service life of structural elements and the loss of their performance. Structures that havereached the end of their standard service life are recognized as unsuitable for further operation due to a significant loss ofbasic physical and technical properties caused by defects accumulated over a long period that are technically not subject toeffective restoration and require complete replacement. Relevant scientific sources and current regulatory documents onmethods for assessing the technical condition of buildings and structures were reviewed. It was established that one of thekey quantitative characteristics that allows objectively assessing the degree of loss of operational properties of structures isthe physical wear indicator. It was this value that was taken as the basis for developing the structure of the technicalspecification for building maintenance. The specification not only defines a description of defects and damage to individualstructural elements, but also substantiates the appropriate methods for their elimination. In addition, based on the functionaldependence between physical wear and tear and the duration of the standard operational resource, the estimated life of thebuilding was determined.

:<i>Palestine Is Throwing a Party and the Whole World Is Invited: Capital and State Building in the West Bank</i>

Abstract Why was New Jersey able to construct a more robust air pollution control regime after World War II while Ohio lagged far behind? Moreover, why did Ohio — a pioneer in early air pollution control efforts — fall behind New Jersey during this period? Both of these states were heavily-industrialized, densely populated, and concerned about maintaining a competitive economy. This paper explores the role played by institutional legacies in shaping bureaucratic politics as well as the development of effective government agencies. It demonstrates that statewide action on air pollution was primarily shaped by the states’ institutional legacies (or lack thereof) from the Progressive Era. In Ohio, extant urban pollution agencies remained the center of pollution control during the 1960s even as policymakers recognized their limited capacity to address air pollution. In contrast, policymakers in New Jersey could design a statewide agency virtually from scratch without disrupting existing institutions and their relationships with affected industries. While it took some time for New Jersey to develop an effective state agency, policymakers and pollution control advocates could focus on improving one statewide agency rather than several urban agencies, thus easing their path to developing an agency capable of regulating corporate activity.

The USUST of the ESI PSACEA is actively implementing innovative 3D scanning technologies into the educational pro-cess and practical activities, thereby expanding the scope of their application. Following successful implementation of the pilot project with Lyceum No. 54, the University initiated a new phase of collaboration with the same institution in Dnipro, demon-strating the growing interest in digital technologies within secondary education.The aim of the article is to conduct 3D laser scanning of the Lyceum No. 54 building (Dnipro City Council) using the advanced Leica BLK360 scanner and to create the first detailed digital 3D model of an educational institution in the region. The acquired data will not only help determine optimal project timelines but also provide insights into the effectiveness of the technology's application in educational settings. A significant aspect of the project is familiarizing students and educators with modern 3D scanning methods, which contributes to their professional development. Moreover, the resulting model will serve as a practical tool for the lyceum’s administration, enabling better planning of maintenance work, assessment of the building's condition, and simulation of potential reconstruction scenarios.The study involved comprehensive scanning of the lyceum's facades and interior spaces, resulting in the creation of a detailed 3D model suitable for use in educational processes, infrastructure management, and design. Students were given a unique opportunity to engage with cutting-edge technologies, enhancing their career orientation and increasing interest in STEM fields. The successful implementation of the project confirmed the effectiveness of 3D scanning in education and opened up new prospects for further research.

Securing State Property (BMN), especially land and buildings in the infrastructure sector, is an important element in ensuring the optimization of the use of state assets. In the context of increasingly complex and dynamic asset management, the challenges faced include the risk of loss, damage, and misuse of assets that can interfere with the function and value of these assets. Therefore, the development of effective and adaptive security strategies is very important. This strategy must be able to accommodate the rapid development of digital technology and the need for innovative policies to support transparent and accountable asset governance. This research aims to design and examine BMN security strategies, especially in land and building assets in the infrastructure sector, with a focus on the comprehensive integration of digital information systems. The approach used is qualitative, involving in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation and analyzed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method. The results of the study identified three main pillars of strengthening BMN security, namely: the application of information technology, policy strengthening, and increasing the capacity of human resources (HR). Information technology plays a crucial role in digitizing asset data, geospatial mapping, and managing legal documents electronically. Strengthening policies is needed to adapt regulations to the dynamics of digitalization, simplifying procedures, and strengthening legal supervision. Meanwhile, increasing the capacity of human resources requires mastery of information technology, data security, and data analysis skills.

Abstract In September 2023, a group of scholars gathered to discuss histories of decolonization, and particularly histories of dissent and opposition in the aftermath of political independence. This roundtable, and the broader special section of which it is part, places “decolonization's discontents” at the center of the postindependence narrative(s) to better understand the limitations of the postcolonial state and anti-colonial politics; to explore both continuities and ruptures in forms of mobilization and knowledge production during the transition from the colonial to the postcolonial; and ultimately to understand how decolonization as first and foremost a claim for political independence evolved into decolonization as a means of producing social, political, and economic change and justice within and across state boundaries. The roundtable's contributors each bring different perspectives to bear on the relationship between decolonization and opposition. Each contributor's work is rooted in area studies—South Asia, Southeast Asia, North Africa, East Africa, the Middle East—while also engaging in broader debates about the nature of postcolonial (nation-)state building. Together, their responses reveal the utility of “decolonization” as a historical framework, moving beyond area studies, that helps draw out similarities and differences across varied regional and temporal landscapes.

Construction of state low-rise buildings in Pangkalpinang city is a common project that usually built by The Public Works Department of Pangkalpinang. The problem often faced by construction of state low-rise buildings projects at Pangkalpinang is the low performance of time (Delay). This condition be expected caused by Change Contract Order (CCO), man power, materials, and machine, This research aims to analyze the influence of those factors on delay time in state low-rise building construction projects. The analysis used in this research is multiple regression with SPSS. This research finds that both and parsially the 4 (four) factors influence the time-performance (delay) of low-rise state building construction. Based on data analysis, the equation Y = 3.887 + 0.390 X1 + 0.278 X2 + 0.265 X3 + 0.341 X4. Based on the results of the Coefficient of Determination Test, simultaneously CCO Factors (X1), Manpower Factors (X2), Materials Factors (X3) and Machines Factors (X4) have an influence contribution of 74.0 % of Time Performance (Y). Meanwhile, for the results of the most dominant factor analysis using Beta Standardized x Zero-Order, it was found that the CCO Factor (X2) was the most dominant factor that could influence time performance with an influence value of 23.99%. Considerations in determining alternative solutions to control time performance in state low-rise building construction projects are carried out on the most dominant factor, namely the CCO Factor (X1).

Abstract The article analyses the Jewish militias that were established in Galicia during the fall of the Habsburg empire in 1918 and the creation of new nation-states. As public order collapsed and the region descended into violence, Jews throughout Galicia took up arms to protect and organize their communities and to take an active part in the transformation of the region. They mirrored the efforts of their non-Jewish neighbors, creating paramilitary forces that aimed to fill the vacuum left behind by the disintegrating imperial state. The militias were more than a means of self-defense. They actively participated in the establishment of the new states’ monopoly on violence but did so on their own terms—integration was only possible through separation. At the same time, the militias served a decidedly internal, Jewish purpose by replacing traditional leaderships and imposing discipline in the community, at times through universal conscription.

The article is devoted to the role and significance of analytics, the need for its more frequent use in state and interstate construction.

Truth Commissions and State Building ed. by Bonny Ibhawoh, Jasper Abembia Ayelazuno &amp; Sylvia Bawa (review)

BackgroundIdentity politics is one of political terminology which is subjected to continuous and increasingly contested conceptualization and use. Moreover, identity exists in all social level starting for individual to international level, which makes identity a multi-layer concept. There has been a great deal of identity-based terminological distortion and misconception in Ethiopian political discourses and practice since its formation in the modern form. One of the primary challenges in Ethiopian present political discourse is misconception, complexity, and contradiction between ethnic identity (የብሄር ማንነት) and civic identity or citizenship (የዜግነት ማንነት), which must be addressed in Ethiopian political discourse.MethodsIn this paper, critical post-modernism research philosophy and Dialectical Method is used to analyze the rotation of contradiction between Pan-Ethiopianism and Pan-ethnic nationalism. The narrative analysis is used to make a critical investigation of the vicious cycle unending dialectics of identity politics in Ethiopia.DiscussionThe current political situation is an indication of unending dialectics of Ethiopian politics. The existing politics of ethnic identity and citizenship indicate unending dialectic of political friction with the rotation of thesis and anti-thesis which left the state building projection of country incomplete and weak dialectical process. Wrong policy and political responses of successive regime to the nationality questions (quests for power sharing and autonomous self-government) resulted in the sustained and vicious circle of conflict.ConclusionGenerally, it is argued that prescription of one side of nationalism at the expense of the other will never resolve the political crisis of the country. Therefore, it is recommended that both integrationist and accommodationist institutional design and multinational democratic federalism should be implemented effectively to cope with the salience of identity politics in the country.