In recent decades, there has been significant growth and change in the methods and platforms used by political forces to communicate with their activists and voters. The era of digitalization and public discussion on social networks has gained relevance due to citizens’ new habits of consumption and presence in the virtual world, as well as the technological advances that have taken place, particularly through Artificial Intelligence. However, this does not indicate that parties have abandoned the use of models such as the party press, which had its heyday in the first half of the 20th century, as powerful vehicles for propaganda and the transmission of political messages. Several political forces continue to utilize the party press, which is currently more focused on direct communication with their militants. In recent years, Chega has emerged as one of the most significant parties in Portuguese politics. During the last legislative elections in 2025, it secured 60 seats, a significant increase from the 8 seats it held in 2022 and its initial entry into parliament in 2019 with only one elected representative. Currently, Chega holds the largest presence on social media among all Portuguese political parties. In June 2022, the party launched its newspaper, Folha Nacional , as an additional platform to complement its online presence. The publication has been consistently released since its debut. The aim of this research is to analyze the content published on the newspaper’s front page and how the topics are approached, contributing to the dissemination of Chega’s political message and the respective influence of these stories on militants. The analysis focuses on the year 2024, marked by the early parliamentary elections in March, the European elections in May, the regional elections in Madeira, and the intense debate on the State Budget in Portugal, with an unstable parliamentary configuration. The approach utilizes content analysis. It aims to contribute to the study of how political parties communicate and how their strategies are crucial in consolidating their positions. This process allows for anticipating the levels of interaction and involvement of militants and citizens with their respective party forces.

The state budget system in Vietnam functions within a cohesive structure that allocates financial resources between central and local governments; nevertheless, substantial disparities in socioeconomic conditions among provinces have resulted in increasing discrepancies in local budget revenue. This study, therefore, examines the impacts of fiscal decentralization policy, land utilization, urbanization, provincial competitiveness index, and human capital on local government revenue. The analysis utilizes quantitative panel-data techniques on a dataset encompassing all 63 Vietnamese provinces and municipalities from 2017 to 2022, totaling 378 observations. Econometric estimation employs pooled ordinary least squares, fixed-effects, random-effects, and viable generalized least squares models, along with diagnostic and robustness checks to mitigate unobserved heterogeneity and error dependence. The findings demonstrate statistically significant correlations between local budget revenue and five studied determinants. However, fiscal decentralization policy exerts the most significant influence on the revenue of the local government budget. The results suggest that enhancing municipal fiscal performance needs more than merely modifying revenue-sharing ratios, with significant ramifications.

In this article, financial planning is an important component of the economic management system, which directly affects the socio-economic development of society. Its main content is to direct available financial resources to specific goals, their effective use and ensure economic stability. Through financial planning, the state budget, enterprise finances and population incomes are harmonized, proportionality is maintained in the distribution of resources and the opportunity to develop priority areas is created. The social significance of financial planning is manifested in increasing the standard and quality of living of the population, supporting social sectors (education, healthcare, infrastructure, etc.), reducing poverty and ensuring employment. Economically, it serves macroeconomic stability, improving the investment climate, and increasing the competitiveness of the national economy.

This study aims to analyze the influence of compensation, motivation, and work conflict on employee performance in a state-owned construction company, with government budget efficiency as a moderating variable. The research phenomenon stems from the suboptimal performance of employees in government infrastructure projects due to compensation discrepancies, low motivation, and internal conflict amidst demands for efficient use of the state budget. The study used a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis and moderated regression analysis (MRA). The study population consisted of 60 employees using a saturated sampling technique. Data were obtained through a Likert-scale questionnaire and processed using SPSS version 25, accompanied by validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests to ensure data quality. The results of the partial test (t-test) showed that compensation and motivation had a significant positive effect on employee performance. The results of the simultaneous test (F-test) proved that compensation, motivation, and work conflict together had a significant effect on employee performance. Simultaneously, all independent variables had a significant effect on performance. The variable of government budget efficiency was shown to moderate the relationship between compensation and motivation on performance, but did not moderate the relationship between work conflict and performance. These findings indicate that budget efficiency can strengthen the positive influence of compensation and motivation on performance improvement, but is not yet effective in reducing the negative impact of work conflict. The research findings are expected to serve as a reference for the management of state-owned construction companies (BUMN Karya Konstruksi) in formulating human resource management strategies that balance budget efficiency with improving employee welfare to achieve optimal organizational performance.

For over three decades, the Farmers' Terms of Trade (Nilai Tukar Petani or NTP) has served as the hegemonic indicator for measuring agricultural performance and farmer welfare in Indonesia. However, the limitation of NTP as a mere price ratio index has often obscured the structural poverty faced by smallholders, creating a policy blind spot in which market prices decouple from household well-being. The inclusion of the Farmers' Welfare Index (Indeks Kesejahteraan Petani or IKP) in the 2026 State Budget (APBN), as agreed upon by the government and the House of Representatives in late 2025, marks a paradigm shift from a price-centric to a multidimensional people-centric approach. This study employs a qualitative literature review to critically analyze the challenges of transitioning from NTP to IKP. By synthesizing academic literature from 2020–2025 and analyzing policy documents, this paper identifies three thematic challenges: (1) the methodological resistance in shifting from monthly high-frequency price data to annual multidimensional asset data; (2) the "prosperity illusion" where high NTP in sectors like palm oil does not correlate with improved human development outcomes; and (3) the political economy of data, where more accurate poverty metrics may face bureaucratic inertia. The study concludes that while IKP offers a superior conceptual framework based on the capability approach, its implementation requires a "hybrid" transition period in which NTP serves as a market signal while IKP drives long-term development policy

The article examines the main legislative innovations in the mechanism of employment of persons with disabilities in Ukraine. It has been established that the state fund for social protection of persons with disabilities is a special fund of the State Budget of Ukraine. It is found that the main source of funding for the state social protection fund is contributions from employers to support the employment of persons with disabilities. It is argued that the procedure for using the state fund should be based on the principle of its targeted use. The need to develop and approve the Procedure for using the state social protection fund for persons with disabilities is emphasized. The experience of individual countries in the field of employment of persons with disabilities has been studied and two models of state policy in this area have been analyzed: the quota model – the regulatory establishment of a certain number of jobs for the employment of persons with disabilities; the anti-discrimination approach model – the introduction of provisions into national legislation that counteract discrimination in the labor market with positive incentives for employers. It is emphasized that the employment of persons with disabilities is now mandatory for employers in the private and public sectors of the economy. Changes in the quota for jobs for persons with disabilities were analyzed, in particular regarding the establishment of a quota of 2% of the number of employees for healthcare facilities, rehabilitation facilities, and social service providers; state, municipal, and non-state enterprises, institutions, and organizations whose main activity is the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, the training of such persons, or their care. An analysis was conducted of the mechanism for implementing reasonable workplace accommodations for persons with disabilities and their impact on increasing the employment of such persons. The provisions of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On Approval of the Principles, Criteria, and Limits of Reasonable Accommodation and Universal Design” were critically analyzed from the perspective of effectively incentivizing employers to employ persons with disabilities. The legislative provisions that provide for the establishment of enterprises for the labor integration of persons with disabilities and sheltered employment enterprises are examined.

. The improvement of the efficiency of budgetary expenditures in the Republic of Armenia has become one of the key areas of public administration reforms in recent years. In conditions of limited financial resources, it is particularly important to assess not only the volume of government spending, but also its efficiency and macroeconomic impact. In this context, program-based budgeting is considered a tool that makes it possible to link budgetary expenditures with clearly defined objectives and expected outcomes. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the Republic of Armenia’s budgetary expenditures on GDP using econometric modeling and to evaluate the efficiency of Armenia’s budgetary measures through the calculation of an index. Within the framework of the study, a composite index for assessing the efficiency of budgetary programs and measures has been developed, which reflects the ratio between the performance of outcome and output indicators established for these programs and measures, and the performance of expenditures. This index allows for a quantitative assessment of the extent to which budgetary expenditures are transformed into targeted results. At the same time, using vector autoregression (VAR) and multifactor regression models, the impact of expenditures of the RA state budget, as well as the main items of the economic classification of the budget -capital and current expenditures - on GDP was estimated. In addition, the impact of certain functional classification items of the Republic of Armenia’s state budget on specific components of GDP was analyzed, in particular: the effect of expenditures directed toward economic relations on exports, the effect of social protection expenditures on final consumption, and the effect of defense expenditures on gross accumulation (investment).

Subject of study. The study focuses on the institutional role of corporate income tax as a tool of financial and economic regulation and as a mechanism of tax compromise between the state and businesses in the context of Ukraine's transforming economy. The aim of the study. The aim of the study is to analyze the institutional role of corporate income tax in shaping financial and economic regulation and facilitating a tax compromise between the state and businesses. Research methods. To achieve this aim, a combination of methods was employed: analysis of regulatory acts and scientific sources, comparative analysis of international practices, statistical analysis of tax revenue dynamics for 2022-2024, and systemic and logical analysis. Results of work. It was found that corporate income tax ensures the formation of state and local budget revenues while simultaneously influencing corporate financial behavior, affecting decisions on profit reinvestment, dividend distribution, and investment activity. Its institutional role is realized through fiscal, regulatory, stimulating, informational, and strategic components, which generate a socio-economic effect and create conditions for achieving a tax compromise. The tax compromise emerges from the interaction between the state and enterprises, balancing budgetary needs with the financial capacities of businesses. Empirical analysis of corporate income tax revenues from 2022-2024 indicates a stable increase in absolute revenue levels alongside fluctuations in the tax’s share of total budget revenues, reflecting cyclical dependence on enterprise economic activity and the impact of martial law and economic transformations. International experience demonstrates the effectiveness of tax incentives and digital administration platforms in enhancing investment and innovation activity of enterprises. Prospects for further research are related to improving tax administration, increasing the transparency of financial results, developing analytical models for forecasting tax revenues, and optimizing incentives for the strategic development of enterprises. Thus, corporate income tax is a comprehensive instrument of tax policy capable of balancing the state’s fiscal interests with the economic priorities of business, contributing to sustainable development of the national economy.

Subject of the study. The financial and investment mechanism for ensuring the viability of regional tourism infrastructure under conditions of capital deficit and military transformation of the economy. The aim of the study. Scientific substantiation of the financial and investment mechanism for ensuring the viability of regional tourism infrastructure during the capital deficit and military transformation of the Ukrainian economy. Research methods. The research is based on methods of systemic and comparative analysis, generalization, structural-logical modeling, and synthesis of analytical data on financing sources and regional asymmetry in wartime conditions. Results of the work. The article examines the financial and investment mechanism for ensuring the viability of regional tourism infrastructure in conditions of capital shortage and military transformation of the Ukraine’s economy.It has been substantiated that under conditions of full-scale war, the key factors in the degradation of tourism infrastructure are not only physical destruction and reduction in tourist flows, but primarily systemic financial and economic restrictions caused by a shortage of budget resources, a decline in the income of business entities, and an increase in investment risks. The article has shown the presence of significant regional asymmetry in the impact of military factors on the functioning of demand, the condition of infrastructure facilities, access to finance, and self-financing ability. The research has systematized the main sources of financing for tourism infrastructure in a wartime economy, including state and local budgets, private investments, international financial assistance and income from tourism activities, and also identifies their potential and key limitations. It has been verified that none of the available sources of financing is sufficient to independently ensure the sustainability and functional capacity of tourism infrastructure, which necessitates an integrated approach to the mobilization of financial and investment resources. Based on the generalization of the analysis results, the article has suggested a financial and investment mechanism for ensuring the viability of regional tourism infrastructure, which combines financial and investment resources, tools and mechanisms for implementing development programs within a single adaptive system. It has substantiated that the conditions of the wartime economy affect the sustainability and functional capacity of the tourism infrastructure both directly and indirectly through the elements of the proposed mechanism. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the obtained results to form regional programs in order to support tourism infrastructure and create financial prerequisites for its post-war restoration.

The article clarifies the state and prospects for the functioning of state electronic resources for registration of real estate objects. The article identifies the legal principles of the procedure for state registration of real estate rights, defines the general principles of the administrative procedure for state registration of real estate rights, analyzes the technological processes of forming state electronic resources for registration of real estate objects, and defines the prospects for improving the administration and financing of the State Register of Rights. As a result of the study, it was found that the following ways are proposed to improve the administration and financing of the State Register of Rights: implementation of electronic services, optimization of procedures, modernization of information systems, attraction of private investments for the creation and maintenance of databases and diversification of funding sources, in particular by increasing the efficiency of fund management and expanding paid services, as well as expanding cooperation with international organizations. It has been established that the key areas for improving the administration of the State Register of Rights include: further implementation and development of electronic services – transferring most services to electronic format to ensure convenience for citizens and businesses, as well as reducing corruption risks; optimization of procedures – reducing document processing times and improving the quality of service by simplifying administrative procedures related to the registration of rights; modernization of information systems – updating software and technical base to ensure reliability, security and speed of the register; staff training – conducting training and advanced training of employees responsible for maintaining the register to ensure a high level of professionalism. It has been proven that the key areas for improving the financing of the State Register of Rights are: diversification of funding sources – reducing dependence on the state budget by attracting funds from other sources; attracting private investment (introducing the principles of public-private partnership, in which the software of the register and its updates are provided by a private partner, and the maintenance of databases and their protection is carried out by the state); paid services – optimization of service fees, expansion of the list of paid services provided by the registry in order to obtain additional funding; cooperation with international organizations – expansion of cooperation with international financial institutions and organizations to obtain technical and financial assistance.

The article examines the current state, dynamics, and key features of the development of the government securities market in Ukraine under conditions of martial law and increased fiscal pressure. Particular attention is paid to the role of domestic government bonds as a primary instrument for mobilizing financial resources to finance the state budget, support defense expenditures, and maintain macrofinancial stability. The study analyzes changes in the structure of investors, highlighting the growing participation of the banking sector, the National Bank of Ukraine, and households, alongside a significant decline in the share of non-resident investors due to heightened military, currency, and macroeconomic risks. Special emphasis is placed on military government bonds as an innovative tool of domestic borrowing that combines fiscal, social, and stabilization functions and strengthens public confidence in state financial instruments. The paper provides an assessment of the impact of wartime economic conditions on bond yields, maturity structure, and investor behavior, as well as the implications for public debt sustainability. The article identifies the main challenges hindering the development of the government securities market, including limited liquidity of the secondary market, high concentration of ownership, currency volatility, inflationary pressures, and imperfections in the regulatory, technological, and information infrastructure. Attention is also drawn to the insufficient level of financial literacy and its influence on the participation of retail investors. The research substantiates strategic directions for further development of the market, such as deepening digitalization of issuance, settlement, and trading processes, expanding the investor base through enhanced financial inclusion and institutional demand, and harmonizing regulatory frameworks with European standards. It is argued that in the postwar period the government securities market can become a crucial mechanism for financing economic recovery, infrastructure reconstruction, and long-term growth, provided that a prudent debt policy, effective risk management, and sustainable fiscal governance are ensured.

The purpose of the article is to identify, systematise and typologise the tools and macroeconomic challenges to the sustainability of public finances in the context of the current struggle for Ukraine's independence (the Russian-Ukrainian war) and the European integration orientation of the ontogenesis of the system for managing them. Methodology. The methodology is based on a multi-approach that combines empirical data on the structural and qualitative parameters of the functioning of the public finance system, econometric modelling of its parameters, and a "heat matrix" for visualising and developing practical recommendations for ensuring the sustainability of public finances during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Results. Empirical research has shown that defence spending has the greatest impact on the structure of state budget expenditure, with each increase of 1 billion UAH leading to an increase in total expenditure of 1.32 billion UAH (β₃ = 1,3178, p = 0,005). A comprehensive correlation analysis of macrofinancial indicators confirmed the high dependence of tax revenues on the macroeconomic context (r ≈ 0.99) and an inverse correlation between defence spending and the budget balance (r ≈ -0.61), which demonstrates the mechanism of deficit formation in conditions of armed conflict. Based on forecast models, it has been established that the budget deficit could be reduced from 20.4% of GDP in 2024 to 4.5% in 2027, provided that international financial support for Ukraine's sovereignty and its European integration aspirations remains united. Practical significance of the study. The developed integrated model for assessing the sustainability of public finances provides public authorities with scientifically sound recommendations on optimising the allocation of fiscal resources and attracting domestic and external sources of financing in extreme conditions marked by armed conflict. The set of macro-financial indicators and approaches to monitoring fiscal risks proposed in the study serves as a practical tool for the rapid assessment of critical changes in public finances and the timely adjustment of budgetary and tax policies, taking into account the triggers identified in sectoral documents that determine the architecture of the public finance management system. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the construction of a comprehensive model for assessing the sustainability of public finances, adapted to the extreme conditions of armed conflict, which synthesises econometric modelling with multifaceted correlation analysis. A key innovation is the establishment of the fact that fiscal sustainability depends not only on orthodox debt and deficit indicators, but also on systemic interaction, expressed through the transmission mechanism of the tax base, the volume of external financing and the structure of budget expenditures. This corresponds to the conditions of the new normal in public finance and is in line with Ukrainian academic discourse on assessing the sustainability of public finances, taking into account the needs of early post-war recovery.

State revenue holds a vital position in sustaining national development and the functioning of government, with taxation serving as the primary contributor to Indonesia’s State Budget (APBN). The substantial reliance on tax income obliges the government to manage the taxation system in an optimal, efficient, and sustainable manner. Nevertheless, the attainment of tax revenue targets in practice remains challenged by various issues, including structural, administrative, and strategic limitations. This study seeks to examine the role of strategic tax management in supporting the achievement of state revenue objectives. The research adopts a literature review approach by analyzing textbooks, national and international scholarly journals, official government publications, and relevant regulatory frameworks. The data are analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method through processes of classification, comparison, and synthesis of findings from previous studies. The findings reveal that strategic tax management has a crucial influence on enhancing state revenue performance through coherent policy formulation, flexible strategy execution, and ongoing performance assessment. The integration of information technology, the reinforcement of tax administration, and the improvement of taxpayer compliance emerge as key determinants in achieving revenue targets. Accordingly, strategic tax management constitutes a fundamental tool for ensuring fiscal resilience and promoting sustainable national development.

This article analyzes the current state of the taxation system in Uzbekistan and the impact of the informal economy on economic development. The reasons for the formation of the informal economy, its negative impact on tax revenues and the consequences for the stability of the state budget are highlighted. Also, proposals and recommendations are developed to improve tax administration, develop the digital economy and reduce informal activity

This paper examines the current state and future prospects of economic diversification policy in Azerbaijan’s economy, which remains highly dependent on oil and gas resources. Based on time-series data covering the period 2014–2024, trend analysis was conducted to visualize structural changes and identify intersectoral dynamics. Using ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) and VAR (Vector Autoregression) models, the short- and long-term interactions between the share of oil in GDP, non-oil exports, innovation and research expenditures, and fiscal revenues were empirically assessed. The findings indicate that the share of the oil sector in GDP decreased from 41% to 27.5%, while non-oil exports and R&D expenditures demonstrated upward trends. However, the high share of oil revenues in the state budget persists, confirming that sustainable diversification within the fiscal structure has yet to be fully achieved. Strategic investments by SOCAR and other energy enterprises in non-oil sectors play a crucial role in this transition process, providing additional impetus to industrial transformation. A comparative analysis with Norway, the United Arab Emirates, and Kazakhstan, based on panel data, revealed the potential for local adaptation of international experiences in this area. Applying SWOT and GAP analysis approaches, Azerbaijan’s economic strengths and weaknesses were systematized, leading to the conclusion that institutional reform is necessary within the framework of strategic planning. The main conclusion of the paper is that Azerbaijan, in the course of its transition to the post-oil stage, must strengthen its innovation policy and improve institutional mechanisms aimed at developing non-oil sectors.

Since Congress enacted Medicaid estate recovery into law in 1993, there have been few changes to the policy and little research to investigate its effectiveness. Under Medicaid estate recovery—a response to the rising and uncertain costs associated with long-term custodial care among a rapidly aging American population—states have the right to track former Medicaid beneficiaries’ assets and seek recovery from their estate after their death. Although it makes an insignificant dent in state budgets, Medicaid estate recovery can nonetheless have a lasting impact on the lives of families subject to its repayment requirements. For low-income families where homeownership is their primary source of wealth, policies aimed at homeowners may exacerbate longstanding disparities in wealth and disproportionately burden Black and Hispanic families. Recently, some states have initiated policy changes to address problems with Medicaid estate recovery, and similar legislation has also been introduced in Congress. Such reforms, if more widely adopted, may improve the financial circumstances of surviving family members of deceased Medicaid beneficiaries.

The aim of the article is to examine the level of diversification of local budget revenues and to identify trends and characteristics of revenue formation across regions, as well as structural shifts during wartime. The article analyzes the structure of local budget revenues for the regions of Ukraine from 2018 to 2024. To assess the impact of the full-scale invasion on local budget revenue formation, the period was divided into two sub-periods: 2018–2021 and 2021–2024. The study included an analysis of changes in the shares of budget revenue items, as well as major tax and non-tax revenue sources. During the study period of 2018–2024, two critical events occurred – the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale invasion of the country, which necessitated changes in the interaction between state and local budgets and had a negative impact on overall business activity in the country. The structure of revenues was affected by changes in the procedure for calculating official transfers, which led to a redistribution of all shares. Tax revenues play a key role in ensuring local budgets’ own revenues (excluding official transfers). It has been shown that there is a general trend towards a decrease in the role of personal income tax and levies. Revenues from local government investment activities are practically nonexistent. Investments in local projects can promote a faster recovery of regional economies and the stabilization of local budget revenues during the post-war reconstruction period. To provide a general characterization of the structural changes in the sources of local budget revenues in the regions, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index was calculated for 16 revenue items of local budgets and 7 items of tax revenues. The analysis of index dynamics showed that, overall across regions, there is a trend towards increasing diversification, with the index in 2024 being reduced to 1.8 times the level of 2018. In the structure of tax revenues, there was a weak tendency towards concentration, which significantly intensified in 2022–2023, but subsequently returned to the pre-war level. It was concluded that to ensure a higher level of diversification and to stabilize local budget revenues, greater autonomy of local government authorities is necessary, enabling them to utilize available opportunities and local resources. Further research should identify the factors that determine the level of diversification, ensure revenue stability during crisis periods, and can be activated by local government authorities.

This study analyzes the use of state budget financial assistance for political parties in Tabalong Regency for the 2019–2024 period. This study uses qualitative descriptive methods through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that although the value of assistance increased to Rp 10,000 per valid vote in 2023, its implementation still faces obstacles, such as delays in reports, incomplete documents, and the use of funds that are not fully in accordance with regulations. The main obstacles come from limited human resources, weak internal supervision, and lack of understanding of the rules. The research emphasizes the need to improve governance, strengthen the party's administrative capacity, and consistency in the application of sanctions to ensure accountability in the use of public funds.

This article examines effective ways of using state budget funds for the development of professional training of management staff in higher education institutions. The research analyzes the legislative framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan, international best practices in budget allocation, and develops practical recommendations for optimizing financial resources. The article explores performance-based budgeting mechanisms, transparency principles, and institutional capacity building approaches. Special attention is given to the relationship between budget allocation efficiency and the quality of leadership development programs. The study demonstrates that strategic allocation of state budget resources, combined with institutional autonomy and accountability mechanisms, creates conditions for sustainable development of management competencies in higher education.

This scientific article analyzes the theoretical foundations, economic mechanisms, and institutional aspects of supporting the participation of state-owned enterprises in financial markets. Based on empirical and statistical data, the study demonstrates that the participation of state-owned enterprises in capital markets contributes to increasing market liquidity, attracting long-term investment resources, and reducing the burden on the state budget. In particular, the role of the public sector in capital markets is revealed through the analysis of IPO and SPO activities as well as corporate bond issuance dynamics. The research findings indicate that supporting the participation of state-owned enterprises in financial markets is a key factor in strengthening financial stability, developing market infrastructure, and ensuring the long-term growth of the national economy.