This paper presents an intelligent coordination strategy for enhancing the dynamic performance of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy systems through real-time reactive power optimization using Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) reinforcement learning. The proposed Reinforcement Learning Coordinated Transient Controller (RL-CTC) coordinates reactive power sharing between DFIG wind farms and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) devices, eliminating the need for explicit system models or fixed control parameters. The approach integrates artificial neural network (ANN)-based wind farm placement (with Bus 5 identified as optimal), rotor angle stability-based power system stabilizer (PSS) selection, and voltage stability-based STATCOM sizing. Comprehensive validation on the IEEE 14-bus test system demonstrates a 74.3% reduction in Sum of Maximum Rotor Angle Deviations (SMRAD), 50.0% improvement in voltage regulation, 57.1% reduction in total harmonic distortion, and 32.1% faster settling times compared to conventional methods. The system maintains frequency deviations within ±0.25 Hz and achieves full compliance with international grid codes, including Zero, Low, and High Voltage Ride-Through (ZVRT, LVRT, HVRT) requirements. Economic analysis indicates annual operational savings of $945k, representing a 40.6% improvement over existing control methods. The results confirm the proposed strategy's effectiveness in improving grid stability, voltage support, and operational efficiency in power systems with high renewable energy penetration.

The increasing penetration of PhotoVoltaic (PV) generation in power systems has become a serious concern regarding transient stability under severe fault conditions. In this study, the effect of fault location on the transient stability of a PV-integrated IEEE 30-bus system was analyzed using the Critical Clearing Time (CCT) as a stability index. A 50 MW PV unit was connected to the selected bus, and several three-phase fault scenarios were simulated using MATLAB/Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). To improve system stability, three Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, namely, Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), were implemented and compared. The obtained results show that transient stability is highly sensitive to fault location, even in the absence of PV integration. The presence of PV generation decreases the CCT and incurs high sensitivity to fault clearing time, especially at a weak bus. The application of FACTS devices enhanced the transient stability and increased the CCT for all considered cases. UPFC is the most effective and reliable device for enhancing system stability, followed by STATCOM, whereas SVC has a limited effect, depending on the fault location.

• Proposed a Novel Control Strategy of STATCOM with Two PID and Cascaded PID and FOPID Tuned by Combined GA-PSO Algorithm. • Conducted a comparative analysis with conventional controllers, evaluating IAE. • Validated the proposed controller's robustness and efficiency in maintaining stability under uncertainties. Voltage stability is a critical factor in the reliable operation of electrical power systems. The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), a member of the shunt-based FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) family is widely used as a voltage regulator to enhance grid stability. This study presents a novel STATCOM control strategy optimized using combined evolutionary algorithms. The control design integrates both conventional PID and Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers. For tuning the controller parameters, three optimization techniques are employed: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and a hybrid GA-PSO method. Simulation and performance analysis are performed using MATLAB/Simulink and minimizing the Integral of Squared Error (ISE) of the voltage signal. Robustness is validated through simulations under various random grid parameter variations. The results demonstrate that the proposed GA-PSO-optimized PID-FOPID control strategy significantly improves voltage stability in the electrical grid.

The paradigm shift from synchronous machine-based power systems to renewable-based power systems has made it necessary to develop grid-forming control methods that enhance stability, particularly under weak grid conditions. This paper focuses on the modelling and analysis of a voltage source converter (VSC) based Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) employing cascaded grid-forming (GFM) controls. The outer loop regulates voltage, while the inner loop is a fast current control that can also assist with current limitation during grid events. A customizable current limiting logic has been developed as a part of this control, which helps to ride through overcurrent events without compromising the device limits. Phasor analysis is provided for GFM control responses under phase jump event. Simulation results under various grid stress events demonstrate the performance of the proposed controls, followed by hardware validation results in RTDS environment. The proposed control strategy provides a robust response under various grid conditions, thereby enhancing system stability.

Abstract The Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) has emerged as a vital solution for enhancing power quality and providing reactive power support in distribution networks. This study investigates the application of DSTATCOM in a multi-machine 9-bus system to achieve effective reactive power compensation and maintain a stable voltage profile under various operating conditions. Optimal placement of the DSTATCOM is determined through load flow analysis, targeting voltage regulation during normal operation as well as in the presence of voltage sag and swell scenarios. Further, this work extends into fault analysis by integrating Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNN) to detect and classify diverse fault events. Fault current signals are decomposed using the Daubechies-4 (Db4) mother wavelet at level 1, enabling the extraction of critical features. Fault Index (FI) and Fault Threshold (FTH) values are computed and compared to distinguish between normal and abnormal system conditions. The extracted DWT coefficients serve as inputs for training and testing the RBFNN, which is employed to accurately identify and categorize different fault types across various buses. To ensure the robustness and reliability of the proposed methodology, a comparative analysis is performed using Feedforward Neural Networks (FFNN), Probabilistic neural network (PNN), Recurrent current neural network (RNN) and Elman neural network (ENN). Additionally, RBFNN demonstrated faster convergence and better generalization capabilities, making it the most effective tool for fault detection in this study. Comprehensive simulations are performed in MATLAB Simulink under varying network conditions and neural network architectures to validate the approach. The results confirm that the proposed method offers a fast, accurate, and reliable solution for real-time fault detection and classification in power distribution systems.

In self-excited induction generator (SEIG)-based wind energy systems, voltage and frequency fluctuate with variations in wind speed and load, reducing power quality and efficiency. A distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) is an effective solution to mitigate these fluctuations but requires real-time and accurate control, including precise estimation of voltage and current parameters. This paper proposes a fast hybrid-phase locked loop (FH-PLL)-based DSTATCOM control algorithm, offering superior filtering capabilities and enhanced sensitivity in detecting amplitude, frequency, and phase angle variations. The proposed method significantly improves the performance of DSTATCOM-assisted SEIG energy systems. Unlike conventional alternatives, which often suffer from either low estimation accuracy or high computational complexity, the proposed approach achieves an optimal balance between computational efficiency and estimation precision, making it a superior alternative to existing control algorithms. Comprehensive comparative performance evaluations under various challenging conditions such as non-linear loads, unbalanced loads, open-circuit faults, and measurement offsets, demonstrate that the proposed method achieves the lowest total harmonic distortion (THD) and total demand distortion (TDD) compared to state-of-the-art techniques, including the enhanced phase locked loop (EPLL), second-order generalized integrator (SOGI), and conventional synchronous reference frame PLL (SRF-PLL), while remaining compliant with the relevant IEEE 519-2014 standards.

Wind power is a promising renewable energy option that will play a major role in future power generation. However, this also introduces integration-related power quality challenges, primarily reactive power compensation and voltage control. Due to their instability and high reactive power consumption, induction machines are mostly utilized as generators in wind-powered generation. In reactive power compensation, the goal of adjusting controller parameters for a pulse width modulated converter-based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is to improve the system’s performance in controlling voltage and power factor. This article presents a comparative analysis between two controllers, which are the conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and the proposed hybrid (PI + Fuzzy logic) controller. A STATCOM should be able to absorb or inject the required amount of reactive power into the grid while operating in inductive mode. The study investigates the dynamic behavior of the system when subjected to both resistive-inductive and nonlinear and time-varying loads. To lessen the amount of burden from the grid, the STATCOM will help to compensate for the reactive power from the grid by keeping it at zero and ensuring all the reactive power demanded by the load will be supplied by the STATCOM, while only the active power demanded by the load will be supplied by the grid. Regarding the performance of the proposed setup in wind and grid conditions, simulation and analysis are executed via MATLAB/Simulink. The results show whether STATCOM operates to sustain dynamic reactive power and mitigate total harmonic distortion to a level acceptable by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards.

This paper proposes a quasi-dynamic Volt–Var control strategy for radial distribution networks based on the optimal sizing of a distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) using a genetic algorithm (GA). The objective is to enhance voltage regulation and reduce technical energy losses under variable loading conditions while preserving nonlinear AC power flow fidelity. The IEEE 33-bus test system was modeled in DIgSILENT PowerFactory (v2021), and the D-STATCOM installation bus was selected based on a rigorous literature-supported placement criterion derived from optimization-based studies. Three representative demand scenarios—minimum, average, and maximum loading—were defined to approximate quasi-dynamic operation over a daily cycle. The GA was implemented in MATLAB (R2023b) to solve a normalized nonlinear multi-objective optimization problem that simultaneously minimizes total active power losses and the aggregate voltage deviation index. The optimized reactive power capacities obtained were 0.49 Mvar, 1.1933 Mvar, and 2.30 Mvar for the minimum, average, and maximum demand scenarios, respectively. These configurations achieved active power loss reductions of 27.5%, 24.602%, and 23.44% under the corresponding loading levels while improving voltage regulation at the critical bus (bus 18) and maintaining system voltages within the admissible 0.95–1.05 p.u. range. Through quasi-dynamic interpolation of operating points, the daily performance assessment showed a 24.11% reduction in total energy losses and a 38.28% decrease in the average voltage deviation. A statistical robustness analysis confirmed stable convergence behavior across independent executions. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides a computationally efficient, planning-oriented approach for reactive power compensation in distribution systems subject to demand variability.

The rising integration of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) in modern distribution networks introduces significant technical, economic, and environmental challenges, particularly under faulted operating conditions. The converter-interfaced characteristics of these sources often reduce system fault current contribution and inertia, leading to degraded voltage and frequency stability. This study proposes an enhanced resilience framework for a faulted Indian 28-bus radial distribution system (RDS) integrated with RDGs and EVCSs through the optimal allocation of Distributed Flexible AC Transmission System (DFACTS) devices ‒ Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM), Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC), Distributed Static Series Synchronous Compensator (DSSSC), Distributed Static VAR Compensator (DSVC), and Distributed Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (DTCSC). A bio-inspired Black Widow Optimisation (BWO) algorithm is utilised and evaluated against Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO), and Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA) for multi-objective optimisation. The combined objective is to get the best environmental performance while minimising technical and economic impacts. BWO consistently beats the other algorithms, with the lowest average total objective (0.487), maximum (0.505), and minimum (0.485) values. It also has a standard deviation of 0.012, an average convergence of 120 iterations, and a CPU time of 8.5 s. Compared to GA, these changes mean that optimisation works up to 16.2% better and calculations are up to 22% faster. The simulation results confirm the concept that the proposed BWO-based model performs well in improving voltage stability, reducing active power loss, improving frequency response, and reducing CO 2 emissions. This suggests that it is robust and can be used to improve supply systems that are rich in renewable resources and prone to breakdowns.

With the fast developments of power electronics, shunt Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices, particularly Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs), have been proposed and implemented in many wind energy systems (WESs). STATCOMs are used to enhance the integration of WESs into existing power systems by controlling power flow between the WESs and the grid, thereby ensuring compliance with grid codes. These devices enhance the grid-connected WES stability and reliability against different fault scenarios. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of STATCOMs along with their control methodologies. The review includes the role and configuration of the STATCOM in WES, as well as its role in mitigating various fault events, including three-phase to ground faults, sag-swell conditions, and ferroresonance events. The paper also discusses the control methodologies in STATCOM-WES, including classical PI controllers, optimized PI controllers, and adaptive control techniques, and their performance against different fault scenarios. Furthermore, the future trends in shunting FACTS technology for renewable energy integration are also explored. The review combines results from numerous case studies and simulation-based assessments, highlighting the role of STATCOM in WES to enhance system performance while supporting the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) and fault ride-through (FRT) capabilities of grid-tied WESs. The study finds that STATCOMs are necessary for the reliable integration of WES into the power grid. It also highlights future trends, such as hybrid systems with energy storage and wide-bandgap semiconductors, that will enhance their efficiency.

Stable circumstances and an improved voltage profile need power compensators integrated with energy storage elements in AC power systems. The control of these compensators is of paramount importance for obtaining high accuracy, reliability, and better system dynamics, which involves careful controller design considerations and small-signal analysis. This paper focuses on the use of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and supercapacitor energy storage system (SCESS) for achieving voltage stability, grid support, and better system dynamics. After the primary load is shifted to the grid, real power assistance is promptly injected into the AC grid to enhance the DC-link voltage, as well as the grid voltage, and reduce supply current from the grid using a vector control technique. The SCESS is handled with the help of a bidirectional DC–DC converter, which facilitates charging and discharging during boost and buck operations, respectively. Using small-signal modeling, the stable system is designed to obtain a reliable and stable output, which is confirmed by the systematic simulations and experiments.

In order to enhance the operational efficacy of distribution power networks (DPNs) across techno economic and environmental aspects within a real-time operational framework, meticulous regulation of active as well as reactive power is imperative. In the present study, a Comprehensive Teaching-Learning based Optimization (CTLBO) algorithm is employed for network reconfiguration (NR) and optimal allocation of Distributed generations (DGs) along with Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (DSTATCOMs) for single-objective in the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution systems (RDSs). Several case studies demonstrate that simultaneous NR and DGs along with DSTATCOM allocation is the most effective solution for reduction of network active power losses ultimately reduces operational costs and emission. The results further demonstrates the superiority in terms of convergence characteristics, solution robustness and global optimality of the CTLBO algorithm under complex , multi-criteria constraints for NR and DGs along with DSTATCOM allocation in RDS against established bio-inspired metaheuristics such as the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA), Fireworks algorithm (FWA), Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Refined genetic algorithm (RGA).

In this paper, a hybrid harmonic-free Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is designed for load current balancing and other power quality purposes in 110V, 60Hz low power distribution systems. It integrates the fast response of the switched capacitors-based static Var compensator (SVC) and the linear response of an inductive half-bridge STATCOM. Two switched capacitors work in tandem with the inductive STATCOM to linearize the SVC stepping response. In contrast, the inductive STATCOM is a half-bridge voltage source converter (VSC) with a linear modulation index control for generating pure and harmonic-free inductive current. The devised STATCOM is designed using PSpice and tested on its simulator. The simulation results guaranteed that the designed hybrid STATCOM has harmonic-free operation and fast response in both modes of operation (capacitive and inductive), dynamic load adaptation (for loads like arc furnaces), linear, and continuous control. Based on the advantages of both active and reactive power compensation in flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), this design offers a reliable, affordable solution for power factor correction and harmonic-free load balancing.

This paper emphases on improving the performance and stability of high voltage AC transmission system by implementing a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). The modern electric power system has many challenges due to rising the load demands, long distance transmission and the integration of renewable energy sources. These factors subject to voltage instability, power quality deterioration in high voltage AC transmission network. One of the most effective methods for improving voltage regulation and system stability is the use of static synchronous compensator, STATCOM. In this study, a high voltage transmission system is modeled and analyzed using MATLAB to observe the impact of STATCOM. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in voltage stability, power loss and power transfer capacity when the STATCOM is integrated.

Voltage stability is very important in electrical systems. The voltage and stability of the system can be significantly impacted by reactive power flows. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the converter-based Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices used for reactive power compensation. In this study, a voltage regulation simulation was carried out via STATCOM in a 400 kV and 2*12 MVAr power system located in Kiziltepe District of Mardin Province, which is a joint project of TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye) Marmara Research Center Energy Institute and TEIAS (Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation) 16th Regional Directorate. The bus voltage from the distribution bus of a power transmission system was controlled by the STATCOM despite the changes in the load. Firstly, the working principle of STATCOM was examined, then STATCOM was installed on the distribution bus of a power transmission system located in Kiziltepe District of Mardin Province and its simulation was performed in the MATLAB program. As a result of the simulation, it was observed that STATCOM keeps the busbar voltage at the desired values, provides fast reactive compensation against load changes and increases the voltage stability of the system.

Due to the incremental applications of the distributed generators that represent renewable energy sources in the electrical networks, the challenges related to power quality issues become factors with very importance. grid has brought new challenges for utilities. These challenges include ensuring the harmonics in the allowable limits, stabilizing voltage, and utilizing energy efficiently, also the nonlinear loads connected to electrical network that may cause lot of harmonics. Nonlinear loads obtained from the application of power electronic devices connected with linear loads or batteries which happened in case for PV inverters, represent a source for harmonics. Due to the increasing demand of electrical power, power electronic converters are commonly used to connect renewable energy sources to distribution and transmission systems including those with energy storage, as well as smart buildings. The applications of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTSs) with dynamic controllers are applied to improve power quality, provide stabilization and filter the harmonics efficiently. FACTSs are also important for improving power factor, and energy utilization, this paper presents detailed study for all types of FACTS devices, including Static VAR Compensators (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC), Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and other types. The analysis of each device introduces the operational principles, advantages, disadvantages, and constraints. Also, the paper assesses the effectiveness of these devices on Microgrids Technical Challenges.

Disturbed optimal power flow with renewable source and static synchronous compensator

Global pursuit towards net-zero emissions and inherent intermittencies associated with solar PV and wind have paved the way to the utilisation of hydrogen fuel-cell based distributed generation units. The growing integration of renewable energy sources distributed throughout power distribution networks has led to unpredictable power flow patterns, creating challenges for traditional network operations and highlighting the need for effective power flow regulation. In this context, this paper proposes a fuel cell system-based static synchronous series compensator (FC-SSSC) capable of regulating the line flows by altering the line impedance along with the injection of controllable active and reactive power, distinguishing itself from the conventional SSSC. The proposed FC-SSSC addresses the limitations of conventional SSSCs that rely solely on a dc link capacitor for energy storage, which is unsuitable for regulating line flows during long-duration events. Moreover, this paper details the system architecture of the proposed FC-SSSC and validates its theoretical compliance with the conventional SSSC. To validate the proposed work at a system-level considering the distribution network model, an IEEE-13 node test feeder is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink and simulation outcomes are reported for different case scenarios.

Abstract- The increasing penetration of power export corridors and renewable generation has intensified concerns related to transient voltage and frequency stability in large-scale interconnected power systems. To address these challenges, extensive research has been reported on the application of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices such as Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM). This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing studies focusing on the role of BESS and STATCOM in improving transient stability performance and enhancing power transfer capability between interconnected transmission networks. Particular emphasis is placed on control strategies adopted for BESS, including proportional–integral (PI), PI-lead, and lead–lag controllers, and their effectiveness in maintaining voltage and frequency regulation within permissible battery state-of-charge limits. Reported investigations based on benchmark transmission networks, including equivalent large-scale grids, are analyzed in the context of grid code compliance under various temporary and permanent fault conditions. Additionally, the impact of sequential disturbance events and increased power export levels on system stability is discussed. The comparative assessment highlights that BESS can provide effective support during severe disturbances, especially under scenarios involving reduced availability of reactive power compensation devices such as STATCOM. Furthermore, literature indicates that advanced control schemes for BESS exhibit superior transient response characteristics compared to conventional control approaches. The review identifies key research gaps and motivates further detailed simulation-based investigations for coordinated stability enhancement in modern power systems. Key Words: optics, photonics, light, lasers, stencils, journals

This project focuses on an advanced strategy for optimizing power quality using a Five-Level Modified Inverter-Based Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) combined with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller. The system is designed to address prevalent power quality challenges such as harmonic distortions, voltage sags and reactive power discrepancies, which are crucial in contemporary power grids. The CHB inverter is engineered to minimize Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) while enhancing power conversion efficiency. To optimize its performance further, the ANN controller adjusts the operations of the STATCOM in response to real-time grid conditions. In contrast to traditional controllers, the ANN controller learns from past data, modifying its reaction to varying load and fault situations, ultimately improving voltage stability, reducing harmonics, and ensuring a quick response from the system. Simulation outcomes illustrate the effectiveness of the ANN-based STATCOM in delivering enhanced harmonic mitigation and voltage regulation when compared to standard control techniques. This method proves to be particularly advantageous for smart grids, industrial power systems, and the integration of renewable energy, where sustaining high power quality is critical. The study concludes that the integration of ANN control with the modified CHB inverter-based STATCOM presents a highly effective and adaptable solution for enhancing power quality in intricate electrical networks