Communication Standards Research Articles

Chaos-based Cryptography for Voice Communication Security

Chaos-based cryptography represents a groundbreaking approach to securing voice communications, leveraging chaotic systems to integrate unpredictability and randomness into encryption keys. This innovative methodology protects against eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks, and spyware, safeguarding sensitive conversations. By utilizing chaos theory to encrypt voice signals, Chaos- based cryptography strictly limits access to authorized parties, maintaining confidentiality and data integrity. Notably, this chaos-based encryption framework delivers exceptional voice transmission speed and reliability, making it ideal for critical applications demanding high communication velocity and precision. Chaos- based cryptography also adheres to regulatory standards for secure communication, guaranteeing compliance across various industries. Consequently, this cutting-edge technology is highly sought after for enhancing voice communication system security. The study presents an overview of the chaos- based cryptography for voice communication security.

Bibliometric and visual assessment of research trends in the management of hyperuricemia (HUA).

To analyze the development status and trend of related research in the health management of hyperuricemia and provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on hyperuricemia health management research data from 2000 to 2024 using the Web Science Core Collection database, PubMed, and SINOMED. A total of 789 articles were evaluated for specific characteristics, such as year of publication, journal, author, institution, country/region, reference, and keyword. The VOSviewer was used for co-author, co-occurrence, co-citation, and network visualization. Important sub-topics identified by bibliometric characteristics were discussed and reviewed. The number of articles published in the last 24years has generally followed a year-on-year trend, and the total number of papers published is increasing. Over 200 affiliations from 70 countries and regions contributed papers, and PLOS ONE has the highest number of linked publications. Dalbeth N, is the author with the most publications, with an H-index of 17. Hyperuricemia, gout, management, prevalence, allopurinol, risk, and other keywords were often used. Researchers formed mature teams, and the teams' study directions intersect and are comparable. However, these teams demonstrated a lack of communication and coordination. This study highlights research hotspots, global cooperation models, and emerging frontiers in hyperuricemia, focusing on uric acid control, disease screening, health education, and epidemiological investigation in hyperuricemia-associated complications over the past two decades. However, there is still a lack of standardized management processes and systems, and the communication between research teams needs to be enhanced. Key Points • The study analyzed hyperuricemia health management research data from 2000 to 2024 using the Web Science Core Collection database, PubMed, and SINOMED, evaluating 789 articles and discussing key sub-topics using VOSviewer. • Over 200 articles from 70 countries, including PLOS ONE, have been published over the past 24 years, focusing on hyperuricemia, gout, management, prevalence, allopurinol risk, etc. • Our study outlines research hotspots, global cooperation models, and emerging hyperuricemia frontiers, emphasizing the need for standardized management processes and improved communication between research teams.

A Differential LNA Employing Feedforward and Complementary Techniques for Integration of 5G Sub‐6 GHz With Legacy Communication Standards

A Differential LNA Employing Feedforward and Complementary Techniques for Integration of 5G Sub‐6 GHz With Legacy Communication Standards

Creativity in crisis communication: a systematic review

This systematic review explores the concept of creativity in crisis communication, a widely used but poorly conceptualised phenomenon. It draws on empirical research and case studies to highlight the diversity of creative approaches during major crises such as natural disasters, health crises, or conflicts. The focus is particularly on situations where these crises are protracted, and creativity is required to deal with the “fog of warning” caused by repeated alerts. It is also important to exercise creativity in order to control the meaning of information and combat the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories. Creativity in crisis communication during major crises is described as the dynamic generation of novel and contextually relevant strategies using unconventional or metaphorical elements to engage audiences, reshape their understanding, and drive behavioural change for effective crisis resolution and recovery. The study provides a framework for understanding creativity in crisis communication by synthesising existing academic knowledge. Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses methodology, 42 articles were analysed and categorised into three areas of communication: meaning making, behaviour framing, and reputation preservation. The framework illustrates the multiple facets of creativity: metaphorical creativity promotes critical reflection; visual representation enhances accessibility; humour and creative solutions engage and motivate diverse audiences; artistic elements, serious games and creative scenarios facilitate behaviour change. This framework underscores the critical role of creativity in crisis contexts, bridging the gap between standard communication and innovative, contextually relevant strategies in crisis communication strategies.

Design and simulation of reconfigurable modular snake robots with bevel gear transmission

With the advancement of technologies, robotics is playing an increasingly important role in various fields. The snake robot has attracted widespread academic attention due to its efficient and flexible movement characteristics. Nevertheless, its popularity and application range are constrained by complex control, low durability, and high cost. Given this, this study proposed a modular design framework based on the concept of modular design and a reconfigurable modular snake robot using bevel gear transmission. The snake robot consists of several basic module units with the same structure, which are restructured and reconfigured to achieve different shapes and functions. A standardized interface and communication protocol were optimized and designed, with each module containing an autonomous control unit and several execution units. The robot realized motion and tasks through the collaborative work of multiple modules to adapt to various work and environmental requirements. In addition, the research analyzes distributed control, improved motion control (using PID algorithm), energy management, safety design and other aspects, based on the cost data, improvement measures were proposed. At the same time, the work risks of the robot are analyzed, such as mechanical damage to the human body, adverse environment and electromagnetic interference, and corresponding solutions are proposed, and problems are found through durability testing and material improvement measures are proposed. Finally, based on SolidWorks software, a three-dimensional modeling and simulation analysis was conducted on the robot to verify its correctness. This study can provide inspiration for the design and research of snake robots.

An Efficient Flow-Based Anomaly Detection System for Enhanced Security in IoT Networks.

The growing integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices into various sectors like healthcare, transportation, and agriculture has dramatically increased their presence in everyday life. However, this rapid expansion has exposed new vulnerabilities within computer networks, creating security challenges. These IoT devices, often limited by their hardware constraints, lack advanced security features, making them easy targets for attackers and compromising overall network integrity. To counteract these security issues, Behavioral-based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) have been proposed as a potential solution for safeguarding IoT networks. While Behavioral-based IDS have demonstrated their ability to detect threats effectively, they encounter practical challenges due to their reliance on pre-labeled data and the heavy computational power they require, limiting their practical deployment. This research introduces the IoT-FIDS (Flow-based Intrusion Detection System for IoT), a lightweight and efficient anomaly detection framework tailored for IoT environments. Instead of employing traditional machine learning techniques, the IoT-FIDS focuses on identifying unusual behaviors by examining flow-based representations that capture standard device communication patterns, services used, and packet header details. By analyzing only benign traffic, this network-based IDS offers a streamlined and practical approach to securing IoT networks. Our experimental results reveal that the IoT-FIDS can accurately detect most abnormal traffic patterns with minimal false positives, making it a feasible security solution for real-world IoT implementations.

Deep Learning-Based Identification of Immoral Posts on Social Media Using Fine-tuned Bert Model

The propagation of immoral content on social media poses substantial worries to online societal well-being and communication standards. While beneficial, traditional machine learning (ML) methods fall short of capturing the difficulty of textual and sequential data. This work reports this gap by suggesting a deep learning-based technique for detecting immoral posts on social media. The proposed model presents a fine-tuned Bidirectional Encoder representation from Transformers (BERT) with word embedding methods. Word2Vec and Global Vectors for Word Representation (GloVe) are employed to improve the identification of immoral posts on social media platforms to advance detection accuracy and strength. The incentive behind this study stems from the increasing demand for more sophisticated methods to struggle with damaging content. The proposed model is considered to capture the complicated patterns and semantic nuances in immoral posts by decreasing the dependence on manual feature engineering. The model is trained and assessed using benchmark datasets containing SARC and HatEval, which deliver a detailed set of labelled user-generated posts. The proposed model shows the best performance compared to traditional ML approaches. The fine-tuned Bert-based Word2Vec embeddings achieved a precision of 95.68%, recall of 96.85 %, and F1 scores of 96.26% on the SARC dataset. Fine-tuned Bert-based GloVe on the HatEval dataset achieved superior precision of 96.65, recall of 97.75, and F1-score of 97.20. The proposed results highlight the potential of the deep learning (DL) approach and fine-tuned BERT models, considerably refining the detection of unethical content on social networks.

Unpacking the Role of Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Surgical Teams: A Critical Analysis of Operational Efficiency and Patient Outcomes

Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for effective surgical operations, impacting both operational efficiency and patient outcomes. This critical analysis explores the dynamics of teamwork within surgical teams, focusing on how structured collaboration can streamline procedures, enhance resource management, and reduce surgical errors. Drawing from existing literature and recent empirical data, the article examines key factors that contribute to successful interdisciplinary collaboration, including role clarity, communication protocols, and mutual respect among team members. Findings reveal that well-coordinated interdisciplinary efforts lead to improved patient safety, reduced postoperative complications, and increased patient satisfaction. However, barriers such as hierarchical structures and communication breakdowns remain significant challenges. This analysis highlights actionable recommendations for fostering effective collaboration in surgical settings, such as targeted training, standardized communication strategies, and clear role definitions. Ultimately, strengthening teamwork within surgical teams not only optimizes operational efficiency but also enhances patient care quality, underscoring the importance of collaborative practices in modern healthcare.

Using 'Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation' Method in Palliative Care to Enhance Handover Quality and Nursing Practice: A Mix Method Study.

To evaluate the impact of using 'Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation' method ('SBAR') in a palliative care setting. Effective handover communication is crucial for patient safety. Standardised communication tools, such as the SBAR method, are recommended to reduce errors and improve care coordination, but their use in palliative care is not investigated. Mixed method study design, adhering to the GRAMMS guideline. From January to October 2021, a SBAR guide tailored for palliative care was developed using the Delphi method and implemented in a Hospice setting. Data on 150 nurse handovers were collected before and after implementation to assess changes in nursing outcomes, including medication errors, adverse events and the identification of psychological and spiritual needs. Nurses' perceptions on the handover process were gathered through a qualitative survey. The SBAR guide significantly improved the handovers quality, reducing medication errors and eliminating adverse events postimplementation. The identification of psychological and spiritual needs increased during postimplementation period. Nurses also reported improved clarity, accuracy and completeness of information during handover. This is the first study to evaluate the impact of SBAR for handover in palliative nursing care. Findings show the added value of using communication tools.

A Qualitative Study of Patient and Interprofessional Healthcare Team Member Experiences of Bedside Interdisciplinary Rounds at a VA: Language, Teamwork, and Trust.

Patient and interprofessional healthcare team member experiences of bedside interdisciplinary rounds (BIDR) are generally positive. Overall, there is large heterogeneity in existingBIDR frameworks, and best practices have not been defined. Understand patients' and interprofessional healthcare team members' experiences of BIDR. Academic VA Medical Center (VAMC) with daily structured BIDR. Inpatients, nurses, pharmacists, and care coordinators who participated in BIDR. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with study participants about their experiences with BIDR between January and June 2020. All interviews were recorded and professionally transcribed. We used thematic analysis to identify key themes. We interviewed 14 inpatients and 18 interprofessional healthcare team members, including nurses, pharmacists, and care coordinators. Patients participating in BIDR reported positive perceptions of being included in the discussion of their healthcare plans and increased trust in providers; patient discomfort resulted from physician use of technical language and frombeing presented with unclear, vague careplans. Interdisciplinary healthcare team members participating in BIDR reported an increased understanding, respect, and trust for other team members and improved patient care; challenges were posed by lack of supportive structural elements to interprofessional workflow and prolonged physician presentations. BIDR can build trust between patients andhealthcare providers and within the interprofessional team by creating a setting where teamwork interactions can be observed. Based on our findings, we recommend trust-building practices for BIDR, which include sharing BIDR goals with patients, using patient-centered language, creating structures for interprofessional inclusion, defining team roles, using standardized communication, and addressing interprofessional inputs in real time.

Analisis Etika Publik dalam Mencapai Good Governance di Badan Kepegawaian Daerah (BKD) Provinsi Sumatera Barat

This study examines the implementation of public service ethics at the Regional Civil Service Agency (BKD) of West Sumatra Province as an effort to achieve good governance. Good public service ethics contribute to enhancing service quality and transparency in personnel administration. The findings indicate that BKD has implemented various standard operating procedures (SOPs) and communication strategies, including the use of social media, to improve information access and responsiveness to complaints. Despite challenges such as maladministration and insufficient socialization, BKD is committed to improving services and building trust among the public and civil servants.

Visualizing science - the rise of graphical abstracts in public health journals

Abstract Background As graphical abstracts (GA) gain popularity in scientific journals, they enhance visibility and engagement by summarizing research articles visually, while reaching both scientists and lay audiences more effectively. This study assesses the integration of GA in public health journals, focusing their role in enhancing scientific dissemination. Methods We conducted a descriptive quantitative analysis of 163 top-tier journals in Public Health, Environmental, and Occupational Health, using SCImago rankings. The analysis focused on factors such as mentions of GA and video abstracts (VA) in guidelines, mandatory use of GA, accessibility to GA, and adherence to GA’s best practices, which include graphical support, titles, and basic explanations. Results Of the journals analysed, 43 (26.4%) mention GA in their guidelines; only three (1.8%) require their mandatory use. Eight journals (4.9%) offer GA as part of paid promotional services, while 16 (9.8%) provide easy access to GA in their articles, and just six adhere to basic best practices. VA is mentioned in 25 journals (15.3%), with only nine (5.5%) featuring both GA and VA. Dedicated website sections for GA or VA are found in six journals (3.7%). Elsevier B.V. and Wiley-Blackwell are leaders in promoting GA usage, with 19 and nine mentions in guidelines, respectively. Conclusions The adoption of GA in public health journals is increasing, yet full adherence to best practices is not widespread. This trend points to a more visually engaging form of scientific communication, potentially influencing publication standards and research dissemination. The study underscores the need for further training in GA production and promotion among researchers and editors. Additionally, the emergence of GA as a paid promotional tool indicates a novel approach to broadening research outreach, with relevant implications for the standardization of scientific communication across Europe. Key messages • Only 26.4% of public health journals mention graphical abstracts, highlighting the need for wider adoption to enhance research visibility. • Graphical abstracts boost engagement, but adherence to best practices remains low, underlining the need for better training in visual communication.

Split ring resonators and composite FR4 substrate for analysis and design of tri-band monopole antenna

This paper presents the design, optimization, and analysis of a tri-band monopole antenna tailored for wireless communication, constructed with a composite FR4 substrate and incorporating split ring resonators (SRRs). The antenna is fabricated on a 19-mm-wide, 31-mm-long FR4 substrate featuring a ground structure integrated with SRRs. Through parameter analysis and optimization, the antenna achieves resonance at 2.3, 4.8, and 7 GHz, catering to diverse wireless communication standards. The use of composite FR4 material ensures enhanced performance. Post-fabrication measurements reveal that the antenna's s11, gain, directivity, and E-plane and H-plane patterns are consistent with simulations. Its compact size, stable radiation patterns, dual-band functionality, excellent impedance matching, and wide bandwidth make it ideal for the industrial, scientific, and medical sectors, as well as other wireless communication applications. This study marks a significant step forward in multi-band antenna technology using composite materials, offering promising solutions for future wireless communication needs.

Tackling Pertussis in Schools: A Public Health Unit’s Approach

Abstract Issue Pertussis is a highly infectious bacterial respiratory disease, easily transmitted in closed settings, such as schools. In Portugal, 2019 was the last year with a significant number of cases (83). As pertussis usually follows epidemic cycles from 3 to 5 years, another wave is expected in 2024. Children aged 1-5 years are particularly vulnerable as they no longer benefit from maternal vaccination and have not yet received the 5-year boost recommended in the national schedule. Description of the problem In April 2024, the Cascais Public Health Unit (PHU) addressed two possible pertussis cases in preschools. A streamlined response protocol was drafted, including an online contact tracing form and task distribution among response team members, along with templates and a scripted guide for standardized communication. Results We were provided a list of close contacts for the children and staff and shared an online form. In the first case, 34 in 35 identified contacts responded to the form, while in the second case, 38 in 55. When comparing both scenarios, the average scripted call duration decreased from 10 to 6 minutes. The PHU response to the first index case took 6 hours, involving 4 physicians and 5 nurses, whereas to the second took 4 hours, involving 3 physicians and 3 nurses. However, implementation requires at least one team member with basic information technology skills to set up the system. Lessons Clear communication channels between schools and public health authorities are vital for effective outbreak management. Streamlining communication processes with online forms and scripted conversation guides improved efficiency. Centralised data collection reduced response time and resource requirements in each outbreak. Key messages • Established communication channel, standardized data collection, and streamlined protocol allow more effective outbreak management. • Centralized data collection via digital tools is particularly useful in limited human resources settings.

Reconfigurable Frequency Response Masking Multi-MAC Filters for Software Defined Radio Channelization

Mobile technology is currently trending toward supporting multiple communication standards on a single device. This means that some reconfigurable techniques must be the foundation of their design. The two essential requirements of channel filters are minimized complexity and reconfigurability. In this research, a novel extension of Frequency Response Masking (FRM) was investigated by employing Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)-based single Multiply and Accumulate (MAC) architecture using the principle of resource sharing to realize multiple sharp filter responses from a single prototype constant group delay low pass filter. This paper uses a single multiply and add units regardless of the quantity of channels and taps. The suggested reconfigurable filter was synthesized on technology based on 0.18-µm CMOS and put into practice. Further trials were carried out on Virtex-II 2v3000ff1152-4 FPGA device. The outcomes revealed that the suggested channel filter, which was synthesized using FPGA, provides 21.36% of the area curtail and 14.88% of power scaling down on average and put into practice using ASIC provides 5.18% of the area reduction and 9.08% of power scaling down on average.

Maturity Assessment of the Health Information System Using Stages of Continuous Improvement Methodology: Results From Serbia.

Since the health information system (HIS) in public health care services in Serbia was introduced in 2009, it has gradually expanded. However, it is unclear how well the HIS components have developed and the whole system's stage of maturity. In June-September 2021, a maturity assessment of the Serbian HIS was conducted for the first time using the HIS Stages of Continuous Improvement (SOCI) toolkit. The toolkit measures HIS status across 5 HIS domains: leadership and governance, management and workforce, information and communication technology (ICT), standards and interoperability, and data quality and use. The domains were further divided into 13 components and 39 subcomponents whose maturity stage was assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, indicating the level of development: (1) emerging/ad hoc; (2) repeatable; (3) defined; (4) managed; and (5) optimized. The toolkit was applied in a working group of 32 professionals and experts who were engaged in developing the new national eHealth strategy and action plan. The overall maturity score of the Serbian HIS was 1.6, which indicates a low level. The highest baseline score (2) was given to the standards and interoperability domain, and the lowest (1.1) was given to ICT infrastructure. The remaining 3 domains (leadership and governance, Management and Workforce, and Data Quality and Use) were similarly rated (1.7, 1.7, and 1.6, respectively). A baseline assessment of the maturity level of Serbian HIS indicates that the majority of components are between the emerging/ad hoc stage and repeatable, which represent isolated, ad hoc efforts, with some basic processes in place and existing and accessible policies. This exercise provided an opportunity to address identified weaknesses in the upcoming national eHealth strategy.

Evolution of Information Technology: A Comprehensive Review

Pervasive computing, wireless sensor networks, and M2M communication have fuelled the Internet of Things. The IoT connects and interacts with many physical items using unique internet addresses. This article covers the structure and technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Things (IoT) needs a standard structure. Thus, it begins with a complete explanation of architectural designs and then discusses communication protocols and standards. The article also includes a succinct review of common IoT protocols and standards, helping the reader comprehend the topic. It also provides concrete solutions and tactics for addressing Internet of Things issues. The essay culminates by demonstrating the practical applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). Nolan's Stages Theory offered a new perspective on commercial IT development in 1973. The rapid digital revolution has changed its underlying foundation, despite its continuous use. The initial idea focused on IT in production. Later, it expanded to include the complex relationship between IT and organisational strategy. Since its inception, the methodology has helped business and IT leaders navigate IT adoption without technical details. Nolan's Stages Theory still applies, but cloud computing, artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things require a more evolved approach. The rapid progress of technology has blurred the barriers between IT and other company functions, requiring a complete digital transformation strategy. Information systems and organisational structures have grown in importance and interconnection. As firms gained independence and flexibility, IT systems developed. IT integration into key company activities has transformed it into a strategic enabler. Nolan's strict methodology provides valuable insights into history, but it limits understanding of the dynamic and transformational forces altering the digital landscape. Contemporary studies emphasise the need for flexible and adaptive frameworks to accommodate the rapid pace of technological advances and their impact on organisational structures and business models. Nolan's Stages Theory is still significant in IT administration, although it has limitations in today's networked and data-driven business contexts. Future research should develop sophisticated and forward-thinking models to help organizations navigate the digital transition.

Just Give Me A Reason: How goal setting increases the number of blood donations

In general, there is a positive attitude towards blood donation but only a very small percentage of the population are eligible to donate blood actually does. Based on ability-opportunity-motivation theory and goal-setting theory, we espouse that asking potential donors to commit to a donation goal in the form of a specific reason for donating blood increases donation frequency. In an online experiment with a sample of 168 respondents conducted in Austria, different donation goals were developed based on medical data and tested. As a result, we were able to show that asking people to “just” donate, which is currently the standard communication approach of many blood donation organizations, if applied to 100 potential donors would result in 98 blood donations. However, motivating blood donors to reach a goal that requires multiple blood donations more than doubles the number of blood donations over the course of a year. If we think one step further and have potential blood donors select the most appropriate donation goal for them based on the effectiveness, this will triple the amount of blood donated compared to "just donate blood again”. The goal of blood donor organizations should therefore be to use appropriate communication measures to encourage potential blood donors to commit to a blood donation goal that suits them best. This could then motivate them to donate blood more frequently, which would increase the amount of blood donated and secure a continuous supply of much-needed blood.

Organizational health literacy in German hospitals: a cross-sectional survey among hospital managers

BackgroundOrganizational health literacy (OHL) describes conditions and measures in healthcare institutions to enable patients to make good health-related decisions. By providing easy access to and appropriate communication of understandable information to use and navigate the facility, healthcare organizations can contribute to strengthening patients’ health literacy and self-management. The extent of OHL implementation in German hospitals remains largely unknown. This study aims to fill this gap in our knowledge by investigating OHL-related activities reported by hospital managers.MethodsBetween November and December 2022, we conducted a national online survey among medical, nursing and administrative hospital managers with hospitals that operate more than 50 beds. The data were collected via the health literate health care organization ten item questionnaire (HLHO-10) and supplemented by sociodemographic questions and an open-ended question. We applied variance and correlation analyses to investigate the data.ResultsOf 3,301 invited hospital managers, 371 participated in the survey (response rate 11%). The overall mean score for HLHO-10 was 4.6 (SD = 1.1) on a 7-point Likert scale, indicating a moderate level of OHL implementation. Hospital managers stated that hospitals concentrate on helping patients find their way around and communicating the costs of treatment transparently and clearly; conversely, that active patient participation in the design and evaluation of health information is rare in care settings, and that health information is seldom provided to patients through a range of media. For the practical implementation of the OHL, most hospital managers mentioned activities regarding communication standards, such as providing information materials.ConclusionsGiven their unique position as hubs of human interaction, hospitals provide an ideal opportunity to promote the adoption of OHL. By actively involving patients, hospitals can better tailor their approaches to meet patient needs and preferences. Compared to studies from oncology centres in Germany and 20 Italian hospitals, the average HLHO-10 score of this study is lower. While some aspects of OHL are already embedded in inpatient care, it is imperative that OHL is thoroughly embedded in the hospitals’ organizational culture and plays a fundamental role in the daily operations of the institution. This could be done, for instance, by more explicitly addressing the topic of health literacy in staff communication training.

Performance Evaluation of Radio Frequency Visualisation Tool for Wireless Communications: A UNIUYO Campus Case Study

This study was motivated by the challenge of evaluating radio frequency (RF) signal behaviour concerning transmitter and receiver positioning prior to deployment and during troubleshooting. This paper presented the development and testing of a MATLAB-based signal visualisation application to enhance RF signal analysis across various frequencies and terrains, specifically focusing on the University of Uyo (UNIUYO) permanent site and selected locations in Uyo. The application featured three distinct tabs with specialised functions. The first tab integrated campus radio broadcasts at 144.5 MHz and visualised signals for mobile communication standards (2G, 3G, and 4G). The second tab offered a computation interface for selected radio propagation parameters and a tool for converting geographic coordinates from degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS) to decimal degrees (DD). The third tab was dedicated to 5G testing and deployment. To determine the signal travel extent for each transmitter location, the Longley-Rice and Freespace propagation models were used to represent worst-case and best-case scenarios, respectively. The results, illustrated graphically, demonstrated the application’s effectiveness and versatility in RF signal analysis and 5G deployment planning. The study explored two primary 5G deployment strategies: the standalone (SA) approach and the non-standalone (NSA) technique. The SA strategy employed mid-band frequency (3.5 GHz) point-to-multipoint stations within clusters. The application utilised up to 19 transmitters (one main transmitter and 18 repeaters) per cluster. Conversely, the NSA technique integrated 5G technology with the existing 4G infrastructure to enhance coverage. The findings offer valuable insights into optimising 5G deployment in terrains similar to those at the UNIUYO permanent site and Uyo in general.