Background: Mitral valve disease with concurrent pulmonary hypertension and biventricular dysfunction represents a complex surgical challenge requiring meticulous perioperative management. This case report presents the anesthetic approach to a 43-year-old male with severe mitral regurgitation secondary to posterior leaflet prolapse, Grade III diastolic dysfunction, and intermediate probability pulmonary hypertension undergoing elective mitral valve replacement. Case presentation: The patient presented with 6-month progressive dyspnea, chronic cough, bilateral lower-limb edema, and abdominal distension. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe mitral regurgitation with an effective regurgitant orifice area of 2.7 cm², bilateral atrial dilation, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, reduced tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity suggesting intermediate pulmonary hypertension probability, and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction of 68% with severely restrictive diastolic filling pattern. The patient underwent uncomplicated elective mitral valve replacement under general anesthesia with cardiopulmonary bypass. Intraoperative management emphasized hemodynamic stability through judicious fluid administration, careful anesthetic agent selection, and appropriate pulmonary vascular protection strategies. Cardiopulmonary bypass time was 125 minutes with an aortic cross-clamp time of 57 minutes. The postoperative course was uneventful with prompt extubation and discharge from intensive care on postoperative day three. Conclusion: This case illustrates the importance of comprehensive preoperative optimization, multimodal monitoring, and tailored intraoperative management in patients presenting with the complex intersection of severe organic mitral valve disease, pulmonary hypertension, and advanced diastolic dysfunction. The use of sevoflurane-based anesthesia, preservation of systemic vascular resistance, and lung-protective ventilation strategies contributed to favorable perioperative outcomes. This case highlights unique management considerations that may not be extensively detailed in standard anesthetic textbooks and demonstrates successful outcomes despite significant preoperative cardiac compromise.

Background: The origin and branching pattern of the right subclavian artery usually depict so many variations from the standard textbook descriptions. The subject, the anatomical study of the right subclavian artery is taken up in view of its clinical importance. They are subclavian steal syndrome, various aneurysms, and dysphagia lusoria. Materials and Methods: The present study has been done on 50 fetal and 50 adult cadavers to establish the frequency of the abnormal origin of right subclavian artery, prevalence of the deviations of branching from the usual description, and to analyze the data with the previous studies. The dissection has been done in both fetal and adult cadavers as the number of adult cadavers is limited for the study and not for comparative purposes. Results: The origin of the right subclavian artery from the arch of aorta is 1% in the present study which is in accordance with the previous studies. The normal branching pattern of thyrocervical trunk is found only in 72%. Conclusion: The origin of aberrant right subclavian artery is one of the congenital abnormalities of the arch of aorta and it should be properly evaluated in surgical procedures. The internal thoracic artery is used for revascularization in coronary artery diseases, and it is important to be aware of the variation concerning the internal thoracic artery.

Wireless communication is a classic engineering course in the electronics and communication undergraduate program, and this course also has the potential to create the next generation of industry-ready communication engineers, provided they have a clean understanding of complex communication concepts. That is why this framework aimed to integrate ChatGPT into a wireless communication engineering course to make a new path of innovative and flexible learning through ChatGPT. The prompt developments in generative artificial intelligence have paved the way for innovative teaching methodologies and practices, particularly in higher education. This framework for integrating ChatGPT in wireless communications investigates the potential of utilising generative artificial intelligence tools, specifically ChatGPT, to enhance the teaching and learning experience of the wireless communication course. The proposed framework focuses on improving student engagement, facilitating personalised learning, and making it easier to comprehend complex concepts in wireless communications by integrating ChatGPT. The results indicate that ChatGPT’s responses to user queries are prompt and mostly align with standard textbook concepts of wireless communications. The key focus of this framework is Scilab open-source code generation through ChatGPT, and this leads to effective understanding of wireless concepts easily. The generative artificial intelligence tools heightened the productivity of the learning procedure and empowered educators to concentrate on advanced pedagogical activities. Unlike general discussions on ChatGPT adoption in STEM education, the proposed framework introduces a structured wireless communication laboratory design workflow that integrates artificial intelligence assisted coding with instructor validation checkpoints. A 16.6% improvement in the mean has been observed from pre- to post-translation of the framework.The recommended framework entitlements are that generative artificial intelligence technologies have excessive potential to revolutionise how wireless communication engineering is taught, making the learning skill further interactive, personalised, and competent.

Two-level fractional factorial designs permit the study of multiple factors using a limited number of runs. Traditionally, these designs are obtained from catalogs available in standard textbooks or statistical software. However, modern Large Language Models (LLMs) can now produce two-level fractional factorial designs, but the quality of these designs has not been previously assessed. In this article, we perform a systematic evaluation of two popular classes of LLMs, namely GPT and Gemini models, to construct two-level fractional factorial designs with 8, 16, and 32 runs, and 4 to 26 factors. To this end, we use prompting techniques to develop a high-quality set of design construction tasks for the LLMs. We compare the designs obtained by the LLMs with the best-known designs in terms of resolution and minimum aberration criteria. We show that the LLMs can effectively construct optimal 8-, 16-, and 32-run designs with up to eight factors.

Abstract In the recent literature, moderate naturalistic metaphysicians have been attempting to justify the existence of ‘free range’ analytic metaphysics by employing an analogy with pure mathematics: just as pure mathematics is justified by its potential applications to science, so too, they argue, is analytic metaphysics justified by its potential applications in philosophy of science. Employing standard textbook logical tools to evaluate analogies, we argue that the analogy doesn’t hold: there are relevant dissimilarities between the two disciplines. The grounds and domain of application of metaphysics and mathematics to science are ultimately different, and arguments intended to justify the epistemic value of metaphysics for science often presuppose its value rather than demonstrate it. This is why metaphysics is not like mathematics.

Foundations of computer science are a key area in theoretical research, one to which Stefano has made significant contributions, particularly from a logical and proof-theoretic perspective. Recently, we have been involved, with him, in teaching an introductory course on this topic, guided by the idea that understanding and writing ordinary, discursive proofs is a valuable skill for future programmers. This shared experience has inspired the pedagogical approach at the basis of this paper. Behind specific foundational topics in computer science lie core techniques that are best taught through examples. However, standard textbooks often do not place enough emphasis on these ubiquitous techniques and frequently lack examples that are directly relevant to informatics. We believe that highlighting fundamental techniques, rather than focusing solely on specific foundational topics, would offer significant pedagogical benefits for an introductory course. In this paper we propose transitive closure of relations as a case study supporting our approach. While all proofs are elementary, we claim that this is a suitable topic for putting to work paradigmatic notions -- intrinsically tied to computational thinking -- that can serve as structural anchors for a course in the foundations of computer science. In particular, we highlight the techniques employed in proofs, that constitute a comprehensive summary of those that are normally taught in an introductory logic course, and the abstract structures, that allow to connect transitive closure with Kleene star (via quantales) and closure operators (on complete lattices). We then outline a series of further examples that may be used, as in our case study on stars, as a hands-on approach to basic analytic skills to be learned in a course on the foundations of computing. -- To Stefano Berardi on the occasion of his birthday.

This mixed-method research aims to investigate the impact of alternative assessment applications on the achievement scores of a group of Turkish EFL students and explore their views and feelings regarding these applications. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental design was employed. The participants were 66 preparatory class students; the experimental group included 32 and the control group 34 students. The experimental group was engaged in several different alternative assessment methods and tasks that incorporated all four language skills (i.e., reading, listening, speaking, and writing). In contrast, the control group received traditional instruction (i.e., the standard textbook exercises and worksheets as homework) in line with the policy of the school. During the process, the performances of the experimental group were assessed and evaluated formatively by means of predetermined rubrics throughout the process. On the other hand, the control group's performance was measured using conventional assessment tools such as standardized written exams, tests, and quizzes. Consequently, the quantitative data were obtained via traditional examinations, whereas qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), while qualitative data were examined through content analysis procedures. The results of the quantitative analysis indicated that the use of alternative assessment tools positively influenced the achievement scores of the experimental group and contributed to the development of their four language skills. In addition, the qualitative data revealed that the use of alternative assessment applications provided several affective and instructional benefits for the participants in the experimental group.

The lungs' fissural and lobar variations are clinically and anatomically important, with direct implications for anatomists, radiologists, and thoracic surgeons. Although standard anatomical textbooks commonly describe fissures as complete, numerous studies have reported substantial variability, including incomplete, absent, and accessory fissures. These variations may complicate surgical procedures, affect disease spread, and lead to misinterpretation of imaging findings. Therefore, quantifying the prevalence of fissural and lobar variations is essential for accurate clinical planning, reliable radiologic interpretation, and effective anatomical education. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Hinari, Crossref, and Google Scholar, as well as relevant anatomical journals, in accordance with Evidence-Based Anatomy Workgroup recommendations and reported following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible anatomical studies were included, and study quality was assessed using a standardized appraisal tool. Meta-analysis was performed using MetaXL with a random-effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence and distribution of lung variations. Among all evaluated lungs, anatomical variations were observed in 42%, with 63% occurring on the right side. When assessed independently, variations were present in 55% of right lungs and 33% of left lungs. The right horizontal fissure was complete in 54%, incomplete in 35%, and absent in 11%, while the right oblique fissure was complete in 77%. The left oblique fissure was complete in 72%, incomplete in 26%, and absent in 2%. Accessory fissures were present in 14% of both right and left lungs, most commonly the inferior accessory fissure on the right (6%) and the left minor fissure on the left (8%). Lung fissural and lobar variations occur in nearly half of individuals, with distinct right- and left-sided patterns and variable completeness. Awareness of these variations is essential for accurate anatomical understanding, surgical planning, radiological interpretation, and minimizing complications in thoracic procedures.

Objective: To address the insufficient integration of theory and practice in surgical clinical clerkship teaching, the limited availability of authentic clinical cases, and the limitations of traditional standardized patients (SPs) in terms of consistency and organizational cost, this study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence-based standardized patient (AI-SP) teaching framework grounded in structured clinical case data. Lumbar disc herniation was used as a representative condition for application and exploratory implementation. Methods: An exploratory teaching application design was adopted. Based on the learning objectives of the lumbar disc herniation chapter in standard surgery textbooks, a layered AI-SP system was developed, comprising a case data layer, a clinical rules and teaching logic layer, and an AI interaction layer. Clinical case data were derived from a single-center spine surgery practice and were de-identified and structured into teaching-oriented data units. Diagnostic and therapeutic principles from textbooks, together with expert consensus and clinical guidelines, were abstracted into rule constraints and scenario evolution logic. The interaction layer employed a large language model to support multi-turn dialogue, with standardization ensured through role restriction, rule-based control, and consistency validation. The system was embedded into three stages of clerkship teaching—pre-clerkship preparation, in-clerkship guidance, and post-clerkship consolidation—and representative interaction workflows were developed. Results: A layered AI-SP architecture and information flow model tailored for surgical clinical clerkship teaching was established. Under predefined rule constraints, the system was able to generate stable patient narratives consistent with textbook content and clinical reasoning, enabling reproducible and controllable standardized teaching scenarios. An exploratory application suggested that the AI-SP facilitated the formation of a more structured disease understanding before students entered real clinical settings, improved the consistency and focus of clerkship discussions, and supported repeated practice under conditions of limited clinical resources. Quantitative evaluation of learning outcomes was not conducted in this study. Conclusion: The AI-SP framework, developed using artificial intelligence and structured clinical case data, may serve as an auxiliary tool for surgical clinical clerkship teaching by providing a controlled and standardized interactive training environment without replacing students’ clinical judgment. Future studies should incorporate multicenter case data and employ controlled designs with quantitative outcome measures to systematically evaluate the educational effectiveness.

Background: Cyclothymia is a chronic affective disorder characterized by fluctuating hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for major mood episodes. It is considered as a milder form of bipolar spectrum disorder and it significantly affects interpersonal relationships, occupational functioning, and quality of life. Objectives: This narrative review aims to discuss the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of cyclothymia, with special emphasis on the homoeopathic approach. Methods: The article was prepared based on review of standard psychiatric textbooks, peer-reviewed classical homoeopathic literature and peer-reviewed journal articles. Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar were also reviewed Results: The role of miasmatic understanding, rubrics, and commonly indicated homoeopathic remedies is highlighted in this article. An integrative approach may help to prevent progression to major mood disorders.

Meningococcal infection is a serious, life-threatening condition that develops as a consequence of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, a gram-negative diplococcus, mostly seen in children, adolescents, and young adults. Nonetheless, due to the rapid progression, case fatality, and development of sequelae, it remains a serious concern within the field of public health. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, management, and preventive strategies for meningococcal infection. There has been a narrative integration of standard medical textbooks or guidelines for the synthesis of the article. Briefly, the clinical presentation of the condition is typically that of meningitis or meningococcemia, with symptoms such as fever, headaches, nuchal rigidity, confusion, along with a petechial or purpuric rash in the case of severe symptoms. The preliminary diagnosis can be made based on the physical assessment with confirmation of the CSF specimens, along with blood culture. Immediate initiation of antibiotics, especially third-generation cephalosporins, can play a pivotal role in curtailing the mortality. Chemoprophylaxis in intimate contacts, along with comprehensive vaccination against the seven serogroups, can be a preventive strategy. Conclusively, early detection, prompt management, along with vaccination initiatives, hold the key toward reducing the burden of meningococcal disease with regards to both morbidity as well as mortality.

ABSTRACT Since its publication in 1992, Politics in the Republic of Ireland (originally edited by John Coakley and Michael Gallagher) has become the standard textbook for the study of Irish politics. As such, it plays a critical role in shaping how students understand this subfield of political science. The picture of Irish politics painted by the book has, however, not remained static, as new editions of the book (seven to date) have been released. New chapters have been added (e.g. a chapter on politics and the media), while others have disappeared (e.g. a chapter on constituency work). Other chapters have been split into two or merged together. More importantly, the content of the book has shifted – sometimes subtly, sometimes dramatically. These shifts can be attributed to changes in the Irish political landscape, improved data regarding Irish politics, and changing priorities within the Irish political science profession – changes reflecting, in part, the use of such data.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration resulting from the absence of dystrophin, primarily affecting male children and leading to loss of ambulation, respiratory failure, cardiomyopathy, and reduced life expectancy. The complex and multisystem nature of the disease necessitates a comprehensive and coordinated approach to management. This review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of DMD with a particular emphasis on multidisciplinary management and the integral role of nursing care. A narrative review methodology was adopted, synthesizing evidence from clinical guidelines, standard textbooks, and recent advancements in therapeutic interventions. Current management strategies include corticosteroid therapy, respiratory support, cardiac care, rehabilitation, and emerging genetic therapies such as exon-skipping and gene therapy, which offer promising avenues for disease modification. Despite these advancements, treatment remains largely supportive, with a strong focus on symptom management and prevention of complications. Nursing care plays a pivotal role in continuous assessment, early detection of complications, coordination of multidisciplinary services, patient and caregiver education, and provision of psychosocial support. Holistic nursing interventions significantly contribute to improving functional outcomes and enhancing quality of life. Although a definitive cure remains unavailable, ongoing advancements in genetic therapies and integrated care models hold potential for transforming disease outcomes. Strengthening nursing involvement and adopting a patient-centered, multidisciplinary approach are essential for optimizing long-term care and improving the overall well-being of individuals with DMD.

Palliative care is a multidisciplinary approach aimed at improving the quality of life (QoL) and alleviating sufferings of people with serious and terminal illnesses. The present health system understands that palliative and rehabilitative services offer care to patients when cure is not possible. The concept is relatively new for most Indian graduates due to little emphasis on palliative care in the medical curriculum in India. Although palliative care has been incorporated in Universal Health Coverage in India and now also in the new competency-based medical curriculum in various subjects, including pharmacology, by the National Medical Commission, it is seldom emphasized to medical undergraduates in a structured, separate chapter. Like many other countries, it largely lacks implementation due to a lack of information and emphasis in standard textbooks. Palliative care is considered to be part of the primary healthcare system, and our budding physicians are supposed to be empowered with the prescription skills in palliative care. In the Indian scenario, this is being adopted newly in the medical training of primary care with the new medical education system. Pharmacology plays an important role in understanding the use of palliative care medicines. Palliative care pharmacology includes the use of various medications that target specific symptoms or conditions, for example, opioids such as morphine, fentanyl, and oxycodone for severe pain, antiemetics to alleviate nausea and vomiting, and benzodiazepines to manage anxiety and agitation. Most of the drugs prescribed in palliative care are usually covered in pharmacology textbooks, but in a "piecemeal." However, an explicit chapter on palliative care with the relevant pharmacology helps the young medicos to get sensitized to the drugs and acquire the requisite prescription skills early on the same go. "Strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analysis" is a tool for strategic planning to assess the intrinsic and extrinsic factors, as well as the existing and upcoming potential of an initiative. Palliative care, which is relatively a new concept for MBBS teaching in India, is still at a primitive stage and needs more emphasis to provide definite advantages with the changing needs of society. Here, in a fresh perspective, through this fact-based analysis we looked at competitive position of 'Pharmacology' discipline to provide the early exposure of 'palliative care' to the MBBS students through a new chapter. We also explored its current relevance and future potential. In addition, we analyzed the internal and external factors influencing this approach, including its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

In this paper, we derive the Born rule in Chronon Field Theory (CFT) from first principles under realistic measurement assumptions. A recent work in CFT shows that Lorentzian signature and causal structure emerge dynamically from a unit-norm constraint on the chronon field, providing the geometric foundation for the time-asymmetric alignment dynamics studied here. First, we obtain a diffusion limit for alignment order parameters on the outcome simplex and prove that the overlaps with apparatus eigen-domains form martingales up to the absorption time; optional stopping then yields single-shot Born probabilities. Second, we derive the stochastic limit from noisy chronon gradient flow with boundary coupling by a hydrodynamic limit (tightness, identification of the generator, and boundary layer analysis). Third, we establish a large-deviation principle (LDP) for empirical frequencies in repeated measurements via Sanov’s theorem, with rate function minimized at the Born vector. We quantify robustness to finite temperature, imperfect interfaces and basis degeneracies and outline falsifiable predictions for alignment timescales and drift bounds. Conceptually, the analysis shows that measurement is not a collapse of the system into one of its own eigenstates, but stochastic absorption of the system field into pre-stabilized apparatus eigen-domains. This does not directly contradict the standard textbook view — since apparatus domains are engineered to correspond to system eigenbases — but offers a deeper dynamical interpretation of why outcomes are definite and Born-weighted.

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored as diagnostic copilots in digital pathology, but whether the newest reasoning-augmented architectures provide measurable benefits over earlier versions is unknown. We compared OpenAI's o3 model, which uses an iterative planning loop, with the baseline GPT-4o on 459 oral and maxillofacial (OMF) cases drawn from standard textbooks. Each case consisted of two to five high-resolution haematoxylin-and-eosin micrographs, and both models were queried in zero-shot mode with an identical prompt requesting a single diagnosis and supporting microscopic features. Overall, o3 correctly classified 31.6% of cases, significantly surpassing GPT-4o at 18.7% (Δ = 12.9%, P < 0.001). The largest gain was recorded for the heterogeneous "other conditions" category (37.2% versus 20.2%). For correctly diagnosed cases, o3 generated more detailed descriptions (median Likert score 9 versus 8, P = 0.003). These benefits were offset by longer mean response time (98 s versus near-instant) and lower reproducibility across repeated queries (40.2% versus 57.6%). A board-certified general pathologist achieved 28.3% accuracy on the same image set, underscoring the difficulty of the task. Ground truth was established by two board-certified OMF pathologists with high inter-rater reliability, ensuring the reliability of the reference standard. The general pathologist served only as a non-OMF difficulty benchmark. The findings indicate that advanced reasoning mechanisms materially improve diagnostic performance and explanatory depth in complex histopathology, but additional optimisation is required to meet clinical speed and consistency thresholds. Clinically, such models are adjunctive 'copilots' for preliminary descriptions and differential diagnoses; expert OMF pathologists retain full responsibility for sign-out.

Background: Arabic pop songs are easy to find and often listened to by students, and this makes them an interesting source of natural vocabulary exposure. Their wording tends to be simple and repetitive, which raises the question of whether they can support early stages of Arabic learning. Aims: The study aims to look more closely at the kind of vocabulary that appears in several well known Arabic songs and to consider whether the language they contain is appropriate for learners at the secondary level. Methods: A qualitative textual approach was used to examine two songs by Humood Al-Khudher. The lyrics were read and classified carefully, with attention to basic lexical categories such as verbs and nouns. The findings were then compared with vocabulary taught in MTs and introductory pesantren Arabic courses. Result: The two songs turned out to contain a range of familiar word forms, including common imperatives, simple verb patterns, and nouns that appear frequently in standard textbooks. The lines in both songs repeat key expressions, which makes the language easier for students to absorb. Their motivational themes also help maintain student interest. Conclusion: The study suggests that Arabic pop songs can serve as a useful additional source of vocabulary for secondary-level learners. Their clarity and tone make them suitable for classroom support materials, although further research inside the classroom is still needed to see how students respond when the songs are actually used in teaching.

Reports in the literature suggest that the variations in branching patterns of the upper limb arteries and their prevalence may be influenced by sex and population affinity. A comprehensive investigation of branching patterns of the brachial artery and its branches is lacking in South Africans, with many reports focusing on the axillary artery. Therefore the current study aimed to record the incidence of the variations of the brachial, radial and ulnar arteries in a sample of the South African population. One hundred and eighty (180) upper limbs of 90 South African cadavers from the Department of Anatomy at Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University were dissected. Normal anatomy according to standard anatomy textbooks and variant branching patterns of the brachial, radial and ulnar arteries were identified and recorded. SPSS software was used to establish the differences in variant branching patterns between side and sex. Upper limb arterial variations appeared in all the dissected cadavers. The recorded variations ranged from abnormal origin of the deep brachial artery, high division of the brachial artery into the ulnar and radial arteries, tortuous brachial and radial arteries, and superficial course of radial and ulnar arteries. The prevalence of brachial, ulnar and radial artery variations in the current study is comparable to that of previous studies. However, the superficial radial artery is more prevalent in males than in females in South Africans. The results of the current study provide crucial information for planning surgical procedures and interpretation of angiograms.

This study examines the formation and development of Korean Medical Physiology textbooks, which form the foundation of education in Korean medicine colleges, and proposes future directions for teaching this subject. It analyzes the academic characteristics of early textbooks, focusing on Yoon Gil-young’s New Lectures on Oriental Medical Physiology (1961) and Kim Wan-hee’s General Introduction to New Physiology (1972), and compares the structural and theoretical changes from the first edition (1993) to the third edition (2024) of Dongui Physiology. The analysis shows that early textbooks attempted to integrate Western physiological concepts with traditional theories such as Yin-Yang and the Five Phases, but since the 1970s, the influence of Chinese medicine has weakened Korea’s own direction in physiology, leading to a stronger emphasis on traditional theories. Dongui Physiology has since established academic consistency as a standard textbook across all colleges of Korean medicine, yet the interpretive linkage between traditional theories and modern life sciences remains insufficient. This study suggests that education in Korean medical physiology should move beyond the mere succession of traditional theories to reconstruct the Korean medical view of life in modern biomedical terms. It also emphasizes the need to strengthen clinical applicability and establish an integrative physiological framework based on Korean medical theory, thereby contributing to the development of personalized and integrative medicine.

Benefits from the ecosystems have elicited various research interests, traversing different disciplines, including biomedical and medical. This study investigated Ozi lake microalgae component whose metabolites have been reported to act against SARS-CoV-2. Water samples were collected two times per month for twelve months, at fortnightly intervals. The microalgae in the water samples were studied using a light microscope, and identified with microalgae photographs contained in standard textbooks, journal articles and microalgae database websites; the physico-chemical parameters were analyzed after the methods of American Public Health Association. One hundred and eighty-three microalgae species were recorded, of which thirty-one species belonging to the three genera of Chlorella, Euglena, and Spirulina have been reported to be effective against COVID-19. The microalgae species and abundance data showed temporal and spatial variations; Chlorella had one species, with recorded populations mean of 82 ± 14 cells/mL; Euglena had 29 species, with recorded populations mean of 189 ± 28 cells/mL; and Spirulina had one species with recorded populations mean 1 ± 0 cell/mL. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson correlations and t-test analyses were carried out against the microalgae and physico-chemical parameters. Chlorella, and Euglena showed wider populations variation between months of investigation than across locations. Seasonal variations in the abundance of the microalgae showed that Chlorella, and Euglena were higher during dry season months than rainy season. Euglena had significant correlations with pH, TDS, COD, nitrate, Fe, DO, and rainfall. Ozi lake is veritable harbour and breeding grounds for auspicious microalgae species; including those reported to have shown promising use against COVID-19 pandemic.