Standard Rooms Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Cooling Load Calculations: CLTD Method vs. Carrier HAP 5.01 Software for Hotel HVAC Design

This study examines the cooling load requirements of a hotel building by comparing two methodologies: the traditional Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) method and the Carrier Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) 5.01 software. The primary objective is to validate the accuracy and reliability of these methods in calculating cooling loads across different room types, from standard rooms to larger, more complex suites. The results show that the CLTD method consistently yields higher cooling load estimates, with discrepancies ranging from 3% to 14% compared to HAP 5.01 calculations. These differences are most significant in larger rooms, such as suites and owner’s suites, which have more extensive glass areas, higher occupancy, and more heat-generating equipment. The findings indicate that while the CLTD method is valuable for quick, preliminary estimates, the HAP 5.01 software provides a more precise and comprehensive analysis, taking into account hourly variations, equipment schedules, and other factors that impact cooling loads. This research highlights the need for careful selection of the appropriate calculation method to ensure the efficient design of HVAC systems, maximizing energy efficiency, and maintaining occupant comfort. The study concludes that for projects requiring high accuracy, particularly in complex or large spaces, dynamic simulation tools like HAP 5.01 are preferable. Detailed cooling load results and comparisons are provided in the supplementary documentation, offering further insights into the analysis and its implications for HVAC design.

Analisis Iuran dan Kamar Rawat Inap Standar di Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan dalam Perspektif Maqashid Syariah

This research began with the issue of national health insurance contributions which basically became a polemic in society regarding obtaining health insurance by the Government in accordance with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Health is an important aspect in fulfilling human rights and is a benchmark. welfare in society.The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of contributionsSocial Security AdministratorHealth from the Maqashid Sharia Perspective. To analyze Maqasid Syariah's views on the increase in contributions for health insurance. To analyze Moaqasid Syariah's views on the implementation of standard inpatient rooms. Object of researchSocial Security AdministratorHealth, this type of research is normative qualitative, the data source used is secondary data in the form of regulations relating to BPJS Health, fatwas from the ulama council. The data analysis technique used in this research was descriptive analysis.First research results: Implementation of contributions from the Social Security Administering Agency Health from the Maqasid Syariah perspective is an important effort in realizing a just, equitable and sustainable health system. By continuing to improve efficiency, transparency and service quality, this system can be more effective in achieving the main objectives of Sharia, namely protecting and promoting the welfare of individuals and society as a whole. Second, from the Maqasid Syariah point of view, the increase in contributions in health insurance is acceptable and is even necessary if (1) It is carried out with the principles of justice and solidarity. (2) Increases access and quality of services. (3) Transparency and accountability, (4). Not burdening the underprivileged. Third, from the perspective of Maqasid Syariah, the implementation of inpatient class standards in the Social Security Administering Body supports the main objectives of Sharia in the following way: (1). Increasing Justice and Solidarity, (2). Guaranteeing Mental Health and Safety, (3) Improving Mental and Intellectual Well-being (4). Protecting the Health of Future Generations, (5). Managing Resources Efficiently.

Influence of a Built-in Finned Trombe Wall on the Indoor Thermal Environment in Cold Regions

This study focuses on energy conservation, reducing the amount of energy consumed to heat a room, and decreasing the intensity of carbon emissions. The research object is a room heated by a floor with a built-in finned Trombe wall (TW) located in Lanzhou, Gansu Province. ANSYS software was employed to conduct a simulation study on parameters such as fin height, transverse spacing, longitudinal spacing, arrangement mode, and fin apex angle. The simulation results were used to determine the fin parameters’ thermal impact on the TW’s thermal performance, including with respect to a room’s thermal environment (TE). The results show that the heat transfer performance of a TW with respect to the thermal environment of a room is the greatest when the height of the heat-absorbing surface is 20 mm, the transverse spacing is 0.20 m, the longitudinal spacing is 0.533 m, and in-line 90° top-angle fins, that is, isosceles right triangle fins, are used. The average Nu number of the fin-type TW is 154.75. Compared with the average Nu number of the finless TW, which is 141.43, the average Nu number increases by 13.32 due to the addition of fins. The optimized fin-type TW has 7.77% higher convective heat supply efficiency than the finless TW. Although the PMV-PPD results of the two TW-type rooms are not very different, the comfort period of the fin-type TW room is longer. At the same time, the LPD3 of the non-finned TW and the finned TW rooms is less than 10%, the wind speed at the head and ankle is less than 0.12 m/s, the air gust sensation is not strong, and the thermal comfort is good, indicating that the addition of fins is beneficial to the improvement of indoor thermal comfort. Compared to standard rooms, finless TW rooms and fin-type TW rooms have energy-saving rates of 36.38% and 44.63%, respectively. Thus, fin-type TW rooms’ energy saving rate is 8.25% higher, resulting in effective savings in heating energy consumption. Therefore, the indoor TE and auxiliary heating conditions are improved, and the integration of solar building technology can be facilitated, which offers significant reference value for energy transformation.

Analisa Bauran Pemasaran Jasa Hotel Belangi Syariah Takengon

This thesis is the result of research and discussion. The problem identification in this research is what is the marketing mix for the services of the Takengon Belangi Syariah Hotel. And the aim of this research is to determine the service marketing mix at the Belangi Syariah Takengon Hotel. And the benefit of this research is to develop good knowledge and apply the knowledge that has been obtained during the course. Information and references for the Belangi Syariah Takengon Hotel as well as a wealth of knowledge. The scope of this research concerns the analysis of the marketing mix of services at the Belangi Syariah Takengon Hotel. The respondents for this research were the managers and employees of the Belangi Syariah Takengon Hotel, totaling 5 people. This data collection was carried out by observation and interviews. The research results show that in terms of product, the main product of the Belangi Syariah Takengon Hotel is rooms with 5 types, namely family rooms, deluxe rooms, twin rooms, standard double rooms and single rooms. For price, in determining the price of the Belangi Syariah Takengon Hotel, it refers to the facilities, the price is according to its class, namely IDR 300,000 for a single room, standard double room type IDR. 365,000, twin room type Rp. 550,000, deluxe room type Rp. 665,000, and family room for Rp. 800,000. For Place, the location of the Hotel Belangi Syariah Takengon is strategic and very easy to access for consumers who come from outside Takengon. For People, employees provide good, fast, friendly, thorough and accurate service. For Physical Evidence, the Belangi Syariah Takengon Hotel has a 3-story building, the first floor is filled with an AC lobby, smoking area and mini market and there is an ATM machine, the second and third floors are filled with hotel rooms. In the Process, the Belangi Syariah Takengon Hotel service process collaborates with online hotel booking services, such as tiket.com, booking.com, traveloka.com, pegipegi.com and others, and customers can also come by telephone or come in person, method Payment can be made via cash and non-cash. Finally, for Promotion, there are two strategies implemented at the Belangi Syariah Takengon Hotel, namely pull and push strategies that utilize various social media, placing advertisements in mass media, electronic media, as well as trying to be active in government and non-government activities.

Performance of low-frequency sound zones with very fast room impulse response measurements.

Sound zone methods aim to control the sound field produced by an array of loudspeakers to render a given audio content in specific areas while making it almost inaudible in others. At low frequencies, control filters are based on information of the electro-acoustical path between loudspeakers and listening areas, contained in the room impulse responses (RIRs). This information can be acquired wirelessly through ubiquitous networks of microphones. In that case and for real-time applications in general, short acquisition and processing times are critical. In addition, limiting the amount of data that should be retrieved and processed can also reduce computational demands. Furthermore, such a framework would enable fast adaptation of control filters in changing acoustic environments. This work explores reducing the amount of time and information required to compute control filters when rendering and updating low-frequency sound zones. Using real RIR measurements, it is demonstrated that in some standard acoustic rooms, acquisition times on the order of a few hundred milliseconds are sufficient for accurately rendering sound zones. Moreover, an additional amount of information can be removed from the acquired RIRs without degrading the performance.

Modification in ICU Design May Affect Delirium and Circadian Melatonin: A Proof of Concept Pilot Study.

Nonpharmacologic delirium management is recommended by current guidelines, but studies on the impact of ICU design are still limited. The study's primary purpose was to determine if a multicomponent change in room design prevents ICU delirium. Second, the influence of lighting conditions on serum melatonin was assessed. Prospective observational cohort pilot study. The new design concept was established in two two-bed ICU rooms of a university hospital. Besides modifications aimed at stress relief, it includes a new dynamic lighting system. Seventy-four adult critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation with an expected ICU length of stay of at least 48 hours, treated in modified or standard rooms. None. The clinical examination included a prospective assessment for depth of sedation, delirium, and pain every 8 hours using validated scores. Blood samples for serum melatonin profiles were collected every 4 hours for a maximum of three 24-hour periods. Seventy-four patients were included in the analysis. Seventy-six percent ( n = 28) of patients in the standard rooms developed delirium compared with 46% of patients ( n = 17) in the modified rooms ( p = 0.017). Patients in standard rooms (vs. modified rooms) had a 2.3-fold higher delirium severity (odds ratio = 2.292; 95% CI, 1.582-3.321; p < 0.0001). Light intensity, calculated using the measure of circadian effective irradiance, significantly influenced the course of serum melatonin ( p < 0.0001). Significant interactions ( p < 0.001) revealed that differences in serum melatonin between patients in standard and modified rooms were not the same over time but varied in specific periods of time. Modifications in ICU room design may influence the incidence and severity of delirium. Dedicated light therapy could potentially influence delirium outcomes by modulating circadian melatonin levels.

App-Based Hearing Screenings in Preschool Children With Different Types of Headphones: Diagnostic Study.

Hearing disability in preschool children can delay or impact oral communication and social skills. Provision of hearing screening tests by standard audiometry in low- to middle-income countries is problematic due to a lack of pediatric audiologists, standard hearing equipment, and standard soundproof rooms. Therefore, an innovative hearing screening tool that is easily accessible and inexpensive such as a mobile app should be considered. Headphones have been a crucial part of hearing screenings. Audiometric headphones, which serve as the reference standard, have been used in most studies. However, since audiometric headphones are not accessible in rural areas, we hypothesized that generic headphones can also be used in hearing screenings. This study aimed to determine the sensitivity, specificity, κ coefficiency, and time consumption of the PASS-Pro (Preschool Audiometry Screening System-Pro) app when using TDH39 headphones, Beyerdynamic DT 770 PRO headphones, and generic earmuff headphones compared to standard conditioned play audiometry. We recruited preschool children aged 4 to 5 years to participate in this study. The children received 3 PASS-Pro screening tests using different types of headphones in a quiet room and 1 standard conditioned play audiometry in a soundproof room. All tests were administered in random order. The agreement coefficient, sensitivity, specificity, and mean test duration were determined. A total of 44 children participated in this study. For mild hearing loss screening, the κ coefficients between standard conditioned play audiometry and the PASS-Pro app using TDH39 headphones, Beyerdynamic DT 770 PRO headphones, and generic earmuff headphones were 0.195, 0.290, and 0.261 (P=.02, P=.002, and P=.004), respectively. The sensitivity for all headphones was 50% and the specificity was more than 88%. For moderate hearing loss screening, the κ coefficients were 0.206, 0.272, and 0.235 (all Ps=.001), respectively. The sensitivity for all headphones was 100% and the specificity was more than 92%. There were no statistical differences in sensitivity and specificity between the reference headphone (TDH39), Beyerdynamic DT 770 PRO headphone, and generic earmuff headphones (all Ps >.05). The PASS-Pro app used significantly less time to carry out hearing tests than conditioned play audiometry (P<.001). The PASS-Pro app, used with generic headphones, is effective for conducting hearing screening tests in preschool children with high sensitivity and specificity.

Analisis Penerapan Metode Activity Based Costing System Dalam Penentuan Harga Pokok Kamar

This study aims to determine the cost of goods sold calculation of the room, how to calculate the activity based costing method in determining the cost of the room and to determine the magnitude of differences in hospitalization rates using companies and Activity Based Costing in the hotel The Royale Krakatoa. This study used a descriptive method that describes the actual situation existing at The Royale Krakatau, as for the techniques used to collect the data is Research Library (Library Research), field research (field research). It can be concluded, that the results of the calculation of the cost of the room by using the company for this type Standard room Rp 552,466, while for the ABC method for this type of Rp 447 271 standard rooms. From the results obtained can be compared to the difference in the cost of the room that the hotel management has determined Royale Krakatoa with the results of calculations using Activity Based approach Costing.dengan difference Rp. 105 195.

A hedonic analysis of the determinants of hotel room rates in the Greater Gaborone Region (Botswana) using quantile regression

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the influence of key hotel attributes on the room rates of selected hotels in the Greater Gaborone Region, Botswana.Design/methodology/approachUsing hedonic pricing analysis, the effect of eight attributes collected from 80 standard double rooms on Booking.com in the area was analysed using quantile regression.FindingsThe estimated results from quantile regression suggested the importance of the 10th quantile as the best predictor of hotel room price distribution. Overall, the presence of a fitness centre and the availability of meeting and conference facilities were positively significant for the lowest- and premium-priced hotels, respectively.Research limitations/implicationsThe study advanced the literature in hedonic pricing models by confirming the applicability of hotel room rate attribute research in unexplored environments.Practical implicationsHotel managers should be aware of the influence of key attributes, such as meeting and conference space availability and locational factors, on the pricing decisions of room rates in the Greater Gaborone Region. The study also presented opportunities for business-to-business marketing between hotel and tour operators in the region.Originality/valueThe study is one of the few that uses quantile regression in the hedonic pricing analysis of hotel room rates.

Econometric Modelling of CGPA and its Associated Factors: A Study of Undergraduate Students of Riphah International University Malakand Campus

This study is conducted to model the CGPA and its associated factors of undergraduate students of Riphah International University Malakand Campus Chakdara Dir lower, Pakistan. The stratified random sampling method is used to identify the students from population. The academic departments are considered as strata. One hundred and eight undergraduate students are selected for taking information from the University. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Model is used for modelling the CGPA and its associated factors. The MLR model shows that SSC obtained marks, parents’ education, parents’ support and attention in classes is significantly related with obtained CGPA of the students. In terms of policy recommendations, the results of this study present several policies for teachers, parents and administration. Both teachers and administration should focus on attention of students in class. Teachers should prepare interesting and informative lecture that students remain attentive in class. While administration should ensure standard class rooms consist of necessary facilities. Parents should support their children morally, financially and every aspect of life. Teacher and University administration should focus on those students who have illiterate parents. They should play role to guide the students more as their parents is illiterate. Finally, parents should ensure high marks of their children in previous classes that they can perform well in university. This study can be extended to other universities with large sample sizes. Other factors like teacher, environment and administration role can be consider for future study.

Global democratisation of proton radiotherapy.

Proton radiotherapy is an advanced treatment option compared with conventional x-ray treatment, delivering much lower doses of radiation to healthy tissues surrounding the tumour. However, proton therapy is currently not widely available. In this Review, we summarise the evolution of proton therapy to date, together with the benefits to patients and society. These developments have led to an exponential growth in the number of hospitals using proton radiotherapy worldwide. However, the gap between the number of patients who should be treated with proton radiotherapy and those who have access to it remains large. We summarise the ongoing research and development that is contributing to closing this gap, including the improvement of treatment efficiency and efficacy, and advances in fixed-beam treatments that do not require an enormously large, heavy, and costly gantry. The ultimate goal of decreasing the size of proton therapy machines to fit into standard treatment rooms appears to be within reach, and we discuss future research and development opportunities to achieve this goal.

An Autonomous IoT-Based Contact Tracing Platform in a COVID-19 Patient Ward

Since 2020, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had a substantial impact on all community sectors worldwide, particularly the health care sector. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of COVID-19 infection due to occupational exposure to infectious patients, visitors, and staff. Contact tracing of close physical interaction is an essential control measure, especially in hospitals, to prevent onward transmission during an outbreak event. In this article, we propose an IoT-based contact tracing system for subject identification, interaction tracking and data transmission in hospital wards. The system, based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices, tracks the duration of interactions between different HCWs, and the time each HCW spends within the patient rooms using additional information from proximity sensors in the hallway or on the door frame of the patient room. The collected data are transferred via Long Range (LoRa) wireless technology and further analyzed to inform infection prevention activities. The suggested system’s performance is evaluated in a COVID-19 patient ward with both standard and negative pressure isolation rooms, and the current system’s capabilities and future research prospects are briefly discussed.

Моделювання змінення цін на стандартні номери в польських готелях

The world market of hotel services is constantly changing, has a dynamic structure, develops in interaction with other markets of goods and services, is influenced by the market environment. Therefore, modern hotels have to adapt to a new type of tourists with rather high requirements for accommodation conditions. In Europe, there is a tendency to stay in 1* and 2* hotels. The study covers data from such Polish cities as Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk. And they are the spatial series, on the basis of which regression mathematical models are built for evaluating the trends of changes in the level of prices for the corresponding hotel rooms. The series are spatial because the data are collected at a specific moment in time, but from different objects located geographically at different points. The built models are not representative, but they provide an opportunity to assess the trends of price growth or decline and the possibility of entering into crisis economic manifestations. The work is devoted to the analysis of trends in hotel room price changes and the evaluation of these changes using the construction of regression economic-mathematical models of space and time series. The relevance and significance of the study lies in the analysis and assessment of price trends for standard hotel rooms in the popular segment of 1* and 2* hotels in Poland. This country is Ukraine's closest neighbor, therefore the study of economic trends in the development of its hotel industry is relevant not only for trends in Europe, but also for the future of the hotel segment of our country. The trends in the development of the hotel industry in Europe and in Poland in particular are analyzed. Extensive statistical material has been collected, which is up-to-date, because the figures are taken from booking sites as of November 2022. Most often, the analysis of economic trends in the development of the hotel industry is based on expert assessments or statistical data from travel agencies. The conducted analysis is based on approaches to mathematical modeling and the use of mathematical and statistical tools of the Microsoft Excel software. The conducted analysis showed the presence of a mathematically defined tendency towards a moderate increase in prices for «STANDARD» hotel rooms. The price function for these hotel rooms is increasing and crosses the growth limit which is the corresponding exponential function built on the base of the same spatial number series.

Proposal of a simplified methodology for reverberation time prediction in standard medium size rooms with non-uniformly distributed sound absorption

Sabine, Eyring and Millington formulas are commonly used for reverberation time prediction, mainly, as a calculation tool in building acoustics design. These classical theories are valid only for rooms with diffuse sound fields, in which the energy density is constant throughout the enclosure, an acoustic condition that is achieved only when using surfaces with low sound absorption. Despite these limitations, Sabine’s formula is still the most widely used in the prediction of the reverberation time, when spaces such as classrooms or offices are addressed. However, for these rooms, after the construction works are completed, it is quite often verified that the implemented sound-absorbent surface area is manifestly insufficient to fulfill the reverberation time requirement. In this technical note a simplified approach for reverberation time prediction, based on the use of Sabine’s formula, is proposed, that can be useful in acoustic design of classrooms or offices, due to its simplicity. A previous correction to the sound absorption coefficient of the lining materials declared by the manufacturer is here proposed, making use of an empirical correction that was achieved fromin situexperimental results and through geometrical room acoustic modelling. The empirical correction can be employed for room conditions where diffuse sound field is not met, composed of small or medium volumes (volume below 300 m3), with regular geometry, approaching parallelepipedal shapes, where the average height is below 4.0 m.

Моделювання змінення цін на стандартні номери в польських готелях (Краків)

The tendencies in the development of the hotel industry in Europe and in Poland in particular are analyzed. Extensive and relevant statistical material was taken from booking sites as of November 2022. Most often, the analysis of economic tendencies in the development of the hotel industry is based on expert assessments or statistical data from travel agencies. The conducted analysis is based on mathematical modeling and the use of Microsoft Excel mathematical and statistical tools. The world market of hotel services is constantly changing, has a dynamic structure, develops in interaction with other markets of goods and services, is influenced by the market environment. Therefore, modern hotels have to adapt to a new type of tourists with rather high requirements for accommodation conditions. In Europe, there is a tendency to stay in 1* and 2* hotels. The study covers data from the Polish city of Krakow. These data represent the spatial series, on the basis of which regression mathematical models are built for evaluating the tendencies of changes in the level of prices for the corresponding hotel rooms. The series are spatial because the data are collected at a specific point in time, but from different objects located geographically at different points. The built models are not representative, but they provide an opportunity to assess the tendencies of price growth or decline and the possibility of entering into crisis economic occurrences. The work is devoted to the analysis of tendencies of changes in hotel room prices and the evaluation of these changes using the construction of regression economic-mathematical models of space and time series. The relevance and significance of the study lies in the analysis and assessment of price tendencies for standard hotel rooms in the popular segment of 1* and 2* hotels in Poland. This country is Ukraine’s closest neighbor, therefore the study of economic trends in the development of its hotel industry is relevant not only for tendencies in Europe, but also for the future of the hotel segment of our country. The conducted analysis showed the presence of a mathematically defined tendency towards a moderate increase in prices for «standard» hotel rooms. The price function for these hotel rooms is an increasing one, but it does not cross the growth limit of the corresponding exponential function built on the same spatial number series. But such a tendency should not lead to any crisis occurrences in the hotel sector of Poland

Subjective assessment of indoor air quality and thermal environment in patient rooms: A survey study of Polish hospitals

The indoor environment of patient rooms should provide adequate conditions for the safe recovery of the patient. However, in clinical standards, the requirements for conditions in standard patient rooms are either omitted or limited to stating the temperature or humidity. Simultaneously, patients in different countries often feel uncomfortable, and the data indicate large discrepancies in patient room thermal conditions across the world.Therefore, this study aimed to determine how patients in Polish hospitals perceive the indoor environment in their rooms, as well as the relationship between individual patient characteristics (gender and age) and feelings about selected elements of the indoor environment, in addition to feelings related to the self-assessment of the impact of the indoor environment on the recovery process.The results of the presented study indicate that the analysed thermal environment elements are essential in patient rooms and should be given appropriate attention. The individual characteristics of patients, including those caused by illness and medication, make it impossible to create a comfortable environment for each patient in a multi-patient room, and solutions and guidelines to support the recovery process of patients should continue to be developed, including solutions that provide opportunities to create a controlled environment around each patient.

Strategi pelestarian naskah kuno di Dinas Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Provinsi Jawa Timur

Background. The implementation of preservation at The Library and Archives of East Java Province is less than optimal. This study aims to determine the strategies and efforts to develop the preservation of library materials at the Office of the Library and Archives of East Java Province, especially in the preservation of ancient manuscripts that are threatened with damage or loss due to physical damage.Methodology. This research is a descriptive research method with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The selection of informants in this study used the entire population of librarians in the field of preservation.Results and discussion. The results of this study show that the IFAS matrix shows that the strength and weakness factors have a total score of 2.28. Because the total score is above 0.73 it means that it identifies a strong internal position, where this strength has good strengths in terms of product. Furthermore, the EFAS matrix shows that the opportunity factor with a value of 0.68 and the threat has a value of 1.17. The total score between opportunities and threats is 1.85, with this identifying that responded that it was known after using strengths with SO opportunities and strategies.Conclusions. The right development strategy is SO and WO. SO strategies include improving the quality of deposit services, ancient manuscript services, and adding information repackaging services. And the WO strategy includes conducting conservation training for librarians, recruiting expert librarians with preservation qualifications, recruiting philologists, procuring preservation equipment, constructing standard preservation rooms or buildings.

A Comparative Study on the Influence of Different Decoration Styles on Subjective Evaluation of Hotel Indoor Environment

The purpose of this study is to explore the occupants’ subjective evaluation of the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of hotels with the same physical environment and different decoration styles, and to reveal the influence of different decoration styles on the subjective evaluation of the indoor environmental quality. The study found a hotel with three mainstream styles of modern simple style, British pastoral style, and modern Japanese style, and adopted standard rooms with the same area, pattern, lighting, orientation, and decoration cost. The only variable controlled was the decoration style, and the subjective feelings of customers on the physical environment were investigated. Based on the literature and 604 online comments, the researchers designed a questionnaire and collected 710 effective questionnaires for empirical analysis. The analysis results of KH coder and SPSS software (Chicago, IL, USA) show that ➀ the light environment in the indoor environment (including indoor natural lighting, lighting and other influencing factors) and non-light visual factors (including indoor color matching, plant layout, closeness to nature, decoration texture, space materials, decoration atmosphere and other factors) has the greatest impact on the subjective evaluation of decoration style, especially on the subjective evaluation of modern simple indoor environment. ➁ Light environment, air quality and non-light visual factors play a key role in the subjective evaluation of the indoor environment of the British pastoral-style hotels. ➂ The light environment, thermal environment and non-light visual factors are the most sensitive to the subjective evaluation of the indoor environment of modern Japanese-style hotels. ➃ Thermal environment, light environment, acoustic environment, air quality environment and non-light visual factors have the greatest impact on the subjective evaluation of the hotel indoor environment. Based on the findings, this study puts forward some suggestions to improve the interior environment of the hotel with different decoration styles to improve the quality and attractiveness of the hotel.

Untangling the Inefficiency of Hotel Industry: The Portuguese Teixeira Duarte Hotel Chain Analysis

In this study the technical efficiency was analyzed for four hotels of the Teixeira Duarte Group - a renowned Portuguese hotel chain. An efficiency ranking was established for these four Portuguese hotels units using Stochastic Frontier Analysis. This methodology allowed discriminating between measurement error and systematic inefficiencies, enabling the identification of the main inefficiency causes. The results showed that distance to the airport and higher price of accommodations promote efficiency. Additionally, hotels with many standard rooms and sea views are likely to achieve higher levels of efficiency. These results should be carefully considered when aiming at improving hotel's efficiency, especially in Portuguese units with similar typology and location of the ones considered in this analysis.

Total body irradiation for standard treatment rooms: a robust sweeping beam technique with respect to the body shape.

BackgroundThe purpose of this work is to improve a sweeping beam technique for total body irradiation (TBI) on a low flat couch using a varying patient thickness model. We designed a flat couch for total body irradiation in supine and prone position. Three generic arcs with rectangular segments for a patient torso thickness of 16, 22 and 28 cm were generated with respect to varying patient thickness of four particular parts of the body: head, torso, thighs and calves.Materials and methodsLongitudinal and transversal dose profiles were measured using an ionization chamber and the EBT3 gafchromic film in a solid water slab phantom. The robustness of the method was examined in phantoms of different thicknesses.ResultsMeasured dose homogeneity stays within ±10% of prescribed dose for all of the three patient thickness models. The robustness of the method was evaluated as the increase in dose in the phantom center of 0.7% per 1 cm reduction in phantom thickness.ConclusionThe method is applicable for the broad range of patient sizes, comfortable for patients, robust and suitable for standard treatment rooms with a standard linear accelerator. It requires minimal investments into equipment.