Standard Deviation Values Research Articles

Investigation the Concentration Levels of Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Veterinary Vaccines by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.

Vaccination is one of the cutting-edge approaches for preventing and controlling infectious diseases in humans and animals. However, using elements as mineral adjuvants in vaccine manufacture has raised a vaccine safety concern. This study was designed to determine the concentrations of 19 elements in 33 veterinary vaccines and their diluents given to poultry, pets such as cats and dogs, and large animals including sheep, goats, cattle, and camels using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to track these sources of these elements by analyzing vaccines and their diluents. The findings in this study indicated that pet vaccines had a high concentration of all targeted elements, and all analyzed samples were rich in the most vital elements for animals, with particularly high concentrations of Ca. In addition, the results indicate that the majority of elements including Ca, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Bi, Th, U, Cd, In, and Pb originate from the vaccination diluents. Conversely, antigens are the source of Li, Ga, Sr, and Ba. The study demonstrated the use of Al and Ca as an adjuvant through their high concentrations of both elements in vaccines. The relative standard deviation values (RSD %) were < 4% for all targeted elements, R2 > 0.996, and accuracy % varies between 93% (for 88Sr, and 209Bi) and 99% (for most elements). Research and monitoring to assess the safety and efficacy of elements in veterinary vaccines should be expanded and highlighted to guide future use of these ingredients.

Stability Study of a Coating Welding Using Pulsed FCAW Process Through the Evaluation of Current and Voltage Oscillograms

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the electric arc signals in pulsed cored wire surfacing welding with SAE 1020 base metal and AWS EC410NiMo MC filler metal. Theoretical Framework: Fluxed Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) is a process where fusion is produced by an electric arc established between the workpiece and the consumable wire with the protection of the molten pool by a gas. Method: The tests were performed with some fixed test parameters such as: flat position, electrode polarity (CCEP), welding torch position (90º), shielding gas (Ar + 2% O2) with a flow rate of 15 L/min.; peak current of 350A. Results and Discussion: Current and voltage oscillograms were analyzed to verify the stability of the process, with the regularity of metal transfer through voltage pulses at peak current moments, the maintenance of variables through mean and standard deviation values, and the analysis of the Vilarinho Regularity Index. Research Implications: Through the signals obtained by the accelerometer, it was possible to conclude that for the 230A current, the system presented a smaller oscillation, with values between 0.132 and 0.197 m/s2, which was fundamental for the industrial viability of the process. Originality/Value: By acquiring the voltage, current, and acoustic pressure signals of the electric arc, the stability of the process generated important operational aspects for this welding process.

Benchmark Response (BMR) Values for In Vivo Mutagenicity Endpoints

ABSTRACTThe benchmark dose (BMD) approach constitutes the most effective and pragmatic strategy for the derivation of a point of departure (PoD) for comparative potency analysis, risk assessment, and regulatory decision‐making. There is considerable controversy regarding the most appropriate benchmark response (BMR) for genotoxicity endpoints. This work employed the Slob (2017) Effect Size (ES) theory to define robust BMR values for the in vivo transgenic rodent (TGR) and Pig‐a mutagenicity endpoints. An extensive database of dose–response data was prepared and curated; BMD analyses were used to determine endpoint‐specific maxima (i.e., parameter c) and within‐group variance (i.e., var). Detailed analyses investigated the dependence of var on experimental factors such as tissue, administration route, treatment duration, and post‐exposure tissue sampling time. The overall lack of influence of these experimental factors on var permitted the determination of typical values for the endpoints investigated. Typical var for the TGR endpoint is 0.19; the value for the Pig‐a endpoint is 0.29. Endpoint‐specific var values were used to calculate endpoint‐specific BMR values; the values are 47% for TGR and 60% for Pig‐a. Endpoint‐specific BMR values were also calculated using the trimmed distribution of study‐specific standard deviation (SD) values for concurrent controls. Those analyses yielded endpoint‐specific BMR values for the TGR and Pig‐a endpoints of 33% and 58%, respectively. Considering the results obtained, and the in vivo genetic toxicity BMR values noted in the literature, we recommend a BMR of 50% for in vivo mutagenicity endpoints. The value can be employed to interpret mutagenicity dose–response data in a risk assessment context.

Sustainable method development: Applying Analytical Quality by Design and comprehensive green chemistry principles in the HILIC method for caffeine and paracetamol analysis

AbstractDespite extensive development and widespread use, existing methods for analysis of caffeine and paracetamol overlook their environmental impact. Furthermore, these methods were not developed using the Analytical Quality by Design approach, leading to a significant gap in understanding critical separation factors. Moreover, the absence of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method for the simultaneous analysis of caffeine and paracetamol, integrating Analytical Quality by Design and a comprehensive green approach, presents an exciting opportunity for innovation and advancement in the field. In this paper, we report an efficient and sustainable HILIC method for caffeine and paracetamol analysis, which is based on Analytical Quality by Design, green and white chemistry principles. Optimal chromatographic conditions were adjusted using an InertSil Diol column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate buffer. The method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines, and its applicability in the analysis of Panadol Extra® tablets was confirmed. Relative standard deviation values were 0.07–0.28% for accuracy and 0.45–0.54% for precision. The environmental footprint and effectiveness of the method were evaluated through assessments of triple-color analysis which showed the dominance of green, blue, and white with scores of 0.66, 85.0, and 83.3, respectively. These parameters confirm that the method is eco-friendly, reliable, accurate, and precise for future use in the analysis of dosage forms containing caffeine and paracetamol. This is the first time that the Analytical Quality by Design approach has been combined with green and white chemistry principles, creating a strong synergy for the development of environmentally friendly methods.

FROM: A Fish Recognition-Inspired Optimization Method for Multi-Agent Decision-Making Problems with a Fluid Environment

Underwater multi-agent systems face critical hydrodynamic constraints that significantly degrade the performance of conventional constraint optimization algorithms in dynamic fluid environments. To meet the needs of underwater multi-agent applications, a fish recognition-inspired optimization method (FROM) is proposed in this paper. The proposed method introduces the characteristics of fish recognition. There are two major improvements in the proposed method: the neighbor topology improvement based on vision recognition and the learning strategies improvement based on hydrodynamic recognition. The computational complexity of the proposed algorithm was analyzed, and it was found to be acceptable. The statistical analysis of the experimental results shows that the FROM algorithm performs better than other algorithms in terms of minimum, maximum, standard deviation, mean, and median values calculated from objective functions. With solid experiment results, we conclude that the proposed FROM algorithm is a better solution to solve multi-agent decision-making problems with fluid environment constraints.

Analysis of Changes in Bone Mineral Density by Disability Level in Patients with Myotonic Dystrophy Myopathy.

Analysis of Changes in Bone Mineral Density by Disability Level in Patients with Myotonic Dystrophy Myopathy.

GC-MS and HPLC-FLD for Sensitive Assay of Toxic Cyclohexylamine in Artificial Sweetener Tablets and Human Biological Fluids.

GC-MS and HPLC-FLD for Sensitive Assay of Toxic Cyclohexylamine in Artificial Sweetener Tablets and Human Biological Fluids.

Regenerable AgNPs-CdSNWs/Nanofilm as SERS substrates for sensitive detection of carbamate pesticides.

Regenerable AgNPs-CdSNWs/Nanofilm as SERS substrates for sensitive detection of carbamate pesticides.

Prognosticating WHO/ISUP grade in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Insights from amide proton transfer-weighted MRI.

Prognosticating WHO/ISUP grade in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Insights from amide proton transfer-weighted MRI.

985 Social Workers as Members of Burn Care Teams: Perspectives from Interdisciplinary Teammates

Abstract Introduction There is little written about Social Work practice in domestic burn centers. Additionally, there are no standardized skills or guidelines required for Social Work burn care, resulting in considerable variability between burn centers. As the final phase in a three-part study investigating the roles, responsibilities, and impact of Social Work in burn care, the aim of this study was to better understand the demographics, resources, and perceptions of Social Work practice by multidisciplinary burn care teammates. Methods The study employed a cross-sectional design to analyze descriptive statistics related to multidisciplinary burn care teammates’ perceptions of social work practice in burn centers. Structured surveys were distributed through ABA’s “listserv” that included institutional (number of ICU/step-down/pediatric beds, institutional ABA verification status, presence of social workers in respondents’ burn centers) and respondent (race, ethnicity, years working in burn care, gender, age) demographics and team members’ perception about social workers as members of multidisciplinary burn care teams. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS. Frequency distributions and percentages were calculated for the categorical and binary variables such as race, ethnicity, geographic region, ABA verification status, population served, gender identity, presence and perceptions on social workers. Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values were calculated for continuous variables such as number of ICU/step-down/pediatric beds and mean years worked in a burn center. Results Survey results revealed that 53.7% of respondents (N=190) identified as female and 20.5% as male. More than half (62.6%) of the respondents identified as Caucasian, 3.7% as Asian, 1.1% as African American and 7.4% as Hispanic or Latino/a. Most burn centers (77.9%) were verified by the ABA, with nearly half (49.5%) serving both adult and pediatric patients. A significant number of respondents (75.3%) indicated their burn center has a designated social worker and 76.3% consider social workers to be integral members of multidisciplinary burn care teams. Conclusions With the understanding that social workers are accepted members of most burn care teams, there is sound justification to employ designated social workers who are formally trained and ABA certified specifically for practice with burn patients and survivors in the same manner as other members of burn care teams. Applicability of Research to Practice By increasing knowledge and understanding of Social Work’s role and impact in the care of burn patients, their families, and other members of the burn care team, future studies will support designating prepared social workers in every burn center. Funding for the Study N/A

Efficient conversion and highly sensitive detection of PAEs in milk based on hydrazinolysis reaction and hydrogen bonding using SERS technique.

Efficient conversion and highly sensitive detection of PAEs in milk based on hydrazinolysis reaction and hydrogen bonding using SERS technique.

Climate variability and warming in Coastal Odisha: assessing interannual temperature trends and impacts

Coastal Odisha, strategically positioned between the Bay of Bengal and a vast inland landmass, is highly susceptible to climate change and variability impacts. This study comprehensively examines interannual temperature variability and its relationship with mean seasonal temperature using 54 years of homogenised surface meteorological data (1969–2022) from seven WMO-standard meteorological stations. To assess inter-annual variability in association with mean seasonal temperature and precipitation, a difference of standard deviations (SD) of two periods (e.g. 1969–1996 and 1995–2022) along with the relation between running 28-year values of SD and means of seasonal temperature for the period from 1969 to 2022, F-ratio test along with slope and correlation values have been conducted. By comparing two distinct periods (1969–1996 and 1995–2022), the analysis reveals significant climatic shifts, including rising mean temperatures and increased interannual variability at most stations, but some of the stations show an increase in mean temperature with decreased or fluctuating variability. These trends are linked to a heightened frequency of extreme weather events, cascading impacts on agriculture, water resources, health, and infrastructure. Notably, the findings identify localised patterns where warming is accompanied by increased or reduced variability, offering nuanced insights into the region’s complex dynamics. Explicitly noted the limitations of prior studies (e.g. low station density, short temporal scales, lack of focus on interannual variability),this study contributes novel insights to climate research in Odisha by employing long-term, high-resolution station-level data and advanced homogenisation techniques. The relationship between temperature and interannual variability is unique and the inverse relationship between the mean temperature and the variance of temperature is disrupted at most of the stations in coastal Odisha. Its findings hold critical implications for future research as a foundation for regional climate modelling, extreme event prediction, and studying climate variability’s socio-economic impacts. Actionable recommendations, including targeted disaster risk reduction measures, adaptive agricultural practices, and resilient infrastructure planning, underscore policy relevance. By addressing gaps in regional climate knowledge, this work provides a roadmap for integrating localised climate insights into state-level and national climate adaptation frameworks, ensuring preparedness for the evolving climate challenges in coastal Odisha.

An electrochemical CRISPR/Cas12a biosensing platform utilizing Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanosheets for highly sensitive detection of EGFR-19Del

An electrochemical CRISPR/Cas12a biosensing platform utilizing Fe₃O₄/α-Fe₂O₃ nanosheets for highly sensitive detection of EGFR-19Del

Application Of The Cooperative Learning Method Supported By The Think-Pair-Share Strategy In Mathematical Concept Understanding

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the cooperative learning method supported by the Think Pair Share (TPS) strategy in improving students' understanding of mathematical concepts, particularly at SDN Karangtanjung 2, with a population of all students at the school and a sample of 26 students from class V. This research uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and non-random sampling technique. The instruments used are subjective tests that have been tested for validity and reliability. The data analysis prerequisite tests include descriptive statistics to provide an overview of the mathematics learning outcomes at each school, with mean and standard deviation values. The results of the study show a significant increase in the average score of students from 53.23 (pretest) to 74.27 (posttest), with a decrease in standard deviation, indicating improved homogeneity of results. The normality test shows that the data are normally distributed, while the paired sample t-test results (Sig. = 0.000) confirm a significant difference in students' abilities before and after the lesson. The TPS method allows students with varying levels of ability to support each other in understanding the material, thus improving learning outcomes uniformly. Therefore, this method can be recommended as an effective learning strategy to enhance students' understanding of mathematical concepts.

Quantitative RP-HPLC analysis of cabotegravir and rilpivirine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms: development and validation

This study details the development and validation of a robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was designed for precision, accuracy, and simplicity, employing an Inertsil ODS column (200 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with an isocratic mobile phase of 0.1% ortho-phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (80:20 v/v). Chromatographic separation was achieved at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min, with detection at 230 nm. The method demonstrated linearity within concentration ranges of 10–50 µg/ml for Cabotegravir and 5–25 µg/ml for Rilpivirine, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999, indicating excellent linear relationships. Validation followed International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines, assessing precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness, and stability. The % relative standard deviation (%RSD) values for both drugs remained within acceptable limits, confirming high repeatability and reproducibility. Robustness was tested by varying the flow rate and mobile phase composition, showing minimal impact on method performance. Stability studies under acidic, basic, and oxidative conditions confirmed the method’s capability to quantify degradation products effectively. This validated RP-HPLC method serves as a reliable and efficient tool for quality control and stability testing of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine in bulk and formulated products, ensuring compliance with pharmaceutical standards and therapeutic efficacy assessment.

A hierarchical registration method for optical surface measurement based on a meta-heuristic algorithm

Abstract Optical surface measurement and characterization precision are significantly influenced by the performance of surface registration methods. Most existing optical surface registration methods suffer from poor efficiency or lower precision. To address these challenges, this investigation proposes a hierarchical registration method based on a meta-heuristic algorithm, primarily targeting freeform and grid surfaces (relatively simple non-rotationally symmetric surfaces) and rotationally symmetric surfaces in optical applications. First, to enhance efficiency and avoid unnecessary registration, the importance of six degrees of freedom (DOFs) is evaluated and classified into four categories. The registration process then follows the importance level of the DOFs, prioritizing those of higher significance. The deviation value is obtained by considering the last registration result as a constraint condition and employing a meta-heuristic algorithm to minimize the fit function. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves lower average, minimum, and standard deviation values compared to other registration methods. Notably, when the population size and the number of iterations are reduced, the standard deviation decreases by over 99% compared to conventional methods. The proposed method exhibits significant advantages in both precision and efficiency, and its practicality has been validated through experiments on freeform, aspheric, and sinusoidal grid surfaces.

The Effectiveness of Imagery Training on Improving the Overhead Serve Skill Level of MSSD Mersing Volleyball Athletes

In this era of globalization, the mental capability and stress resilience of Malaysian athletes remain relatively low. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of imagery training in enhancing the overhead serve skill level among athletes of the Mersing District School Sports Council (MSSD). This quasi-experimental study involved two groups of athletes: the control group and the experimental group. Each group consisted of 15 athletes of different genders. The Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised (MIQ-R), a revision of the original MIQ (Butler et al., 2012), was used to assess the athletes’ visual and kinesthetic movement imagery abilities. The questionnaire consists of eight items, with four visual and four kinesthetic items for each movement. This study demonstrates significant effectiveness in improving an athlete’s overhead serve skill in volleyball. The AAPERD Serving Test was used to assess the researchers’ ability to serve the ball accurately and consistently. A Paired T-Test was conducted to compare the improvement in overhead serve skill levels between pre- and post-tests. The overall comparison revealed an average score difference (M), standard deviation (SD), and t-test value between the pre- and post-test of M = 28.04, SD = 0.543, and t = 24.353. These values indicate a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test, with p &lt; 0.001, confirming statistical significance. Imagery training showed a substantial impact in enhancing overhead serve skills in volleyball. Coaches or school volleyball team advisors may incorporate imagery training into athletes’ daily training sessions to improve their mental strength and stress resilience.

A binuclear zinc complex (Zn2L) as ratiometric probe for the pyrophosphate (PPi) sensing.

Phosphate anion (PPi) as hydrolysis products of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is related to various biochemical reactions, particularly energy storage and transfer, nucleotide metabolism, and cellular signaling. In this paper, a binuclear zinc complex (Zn2L) was prepared for the PPi sensing in Tris-HCl solution. The results showed a clear fluorescence change from blue to green (425 nm → 500 nm) with the addition of PPi to the probe. The probe Zn2L demonstrated a remarkable selectivity for PPi in comparison to common anions, with an estimated limit of detection (LOD) of 0.29 μM within a working range of 0-9 μM. UV titration experiments showed two binding steps from 1 : 1 to 1 : 2 complex (Zn2L-PPi). Density-functional theory (DFT) studies were further conducted to find an energy gap that decreases with complex (probe + 2PPi) formation, resulting in a redshift of the absorption spectrum (360 nm → 430 nm). In addition, the Zn2L probe was also used for PPi sensing in a urine sample, in which relative standard deviation values (1.19-2.17%) and recoveries (95.00-103.00%) were obtained.

Observation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels in patients with neurocysticercosis at a tertiary care super specialty institute in North India

Objectives Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid have been observed in patients diagnosed with cysticercus granuloma. These elevated levels significantly contribute to the onset of symptoms, such as active seizures, in patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC). This study aimed to compare and correlate MMP-9 levels between NCC cases and control subjects. Materials and Methods In this prospective case-control study, 45 symptomatic cases of NCC and 30 controls were enrolled. Serum MMP-9 levels were measured using a commercially procured enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (QayeeBio, Shanghai, China) in all collected serum samples, following the manufacturer’s instructions. Statistical analysis Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), frequencies, and percentages. Chi-square and unpaired t-tests were used for comparisons, while receiver operating curve analysis was performed to assess diagnostic accuracy metrics, with a significance threshold of P &lt; 0.05. Results The mean age of cases and controls was 31.20 ± 11.98 years and 55.40 ± 9.80 years, respectively. The mean ± SD values of MMP-9 were significantly higher in NCC cases (13.42 ± 5.70 ng/mL) compared to controls (8.49 ± 4.21 ng/mL) (P &lt; 0.00001). At a cutoff of &gt;10 ng/mL, serum MMP-9 levels correctly identified 73.3% of the 45 confirmed NCC cases (33/45; sensitivity) and correctly excluded 63.3% of the 30 controls (19/30; specificity). This threshold resulted in a positive predictive value of 75.0% and a negative predictive value of 61.3%. Conclusions MMP-9 demonstrated the ability to distinguish NCC cases from controls with a sensitivity of &gt;73% and may serve as a marker for predicting and diagnosing symptomatic NCC. However, due to its moderate sensitivity and specificity, MMP-9 should not be used as a standalone diagnostic marker. Instead, it may complement existing serological and imaging tools to diagnose NCC.

Determination of the water content of crude oil by thermometric titration.

The water content of crude oil needs to be accurately and conveniently determined. A thermometric titration method in which triethyl orthoformate and water react stoichiometrically and then absorb heat has been developed to determine the water content of crude oil. Triethyl orthoformate solution was used as the titrant; a mixture of cyclohexane, isopropanol, and xylene was used as the solvent; and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid was used as the catalyst. The optimized method has a water mass range of 5 to 300mg. The upper limit of water mass (300mg) was greater than those of Karl Fischer coulometric titration (KFCT) and azeotropic distillation-KFCT (AD-KFCT). Real-time calibration by alternatively measuring the sample and a standard and modifying the result by the neighboring recovery was used to reduce the effect of the shift of the calibration curve. The effect of the types of catalysts and titrants was investigated. When the certified reference materials of light or heavy crude oil for water content were measured, the relative standard deviation and absolute value of the relative error of the results were ≤ 1.2% and ≤ 3.9%, respectively. The repeatability and accuracy were better than those of the distillation, KFCT, and AD-KFCT. The present method can determine the water content of commercial crude oil with good accuracy and convenience, and thus has the potential to be an international standard method.