Stainless Steel Clad Plate Research Articles

Effect of Heat Treatments on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SS317L/ASTM SA516 GR60 Steel Clad Plate Fabricated Through Hot Roll Bonding

Triple-layer stainless-steel clad plate having 317L stainless steel (SS317L) as cladding layer and ASTM SA516 GR60 (GR60) as backing layer was successfully fabricated through vacuum hot roll bonding (VHRB) at 1373 K (1100 °C) temperature and strain rate regime of 1–5 s−1, which were identified through process efficiency maps of the base materials (SS317L and GR60). The process efficiency maps were constructed by conducting isothermal compression tests within the temperature range of 1173 K (900 °C)–1473 K (1200 °C) and 0.1–50 s−1strain rate regime. Effect of post-rolling heat treatments on the mechanical properties of clad plate was studied after solutionization at 1173 K (900 °C) for 1 h followed by cooling at different rates, i.e., water quenching, air cooling, and furnace cooling. As compared to other post-rolling heat treatments, the ultimate tensile strength, uniform plastic elongation, and maximum shear strength showed a significant change from 524 MPa, 0.46 and 519 MPa to 652 MPa, 0.36 and 410 MPa, when the normalized clad plate was solutionized at 1173 K (900 °C) and water quenched. A drastic change in shear fracture mode from gradual failure in normalized condition to catastrophic failure was also noticed after water quenching. These changes are essentially manifestation of the microstructural change in GR60 layer which led to the change in mechanical properties.

Research status and application of 304/Q235 stainless steel clad plate

Research status and application of 304/Q235 stainless steel clad plate

Single-pass high-power laser-Arc hybrid welding of thick stainless steel clad plates: Microstructure and mechanical properties

In order to solve the existing problem of low efficiency of multi-layer and multi-pass welding methods for thick stainless steel clad plate (SSCP), this paper proposes high-power laser-arc hybrid welding (HP-LAHW) single-pass weld thick SSCP. The effects of wire feeding rate (WFR) on the weld's composition distribution, microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The weld morphology is nail-shaped, consisting of a wide arc zone (ArcZ) within the stainless steel layer and a long narrow laser zone (LaserZ), mainly in the carbon steel layer. With the increase of WFR, the dilution rate of the carbon steel layer to the ArcZ decreases first and then increases. The influence of WFR on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld is observed mainly in the ArcZ. When the WFR reaches 6 m/min, the composition of the microstructure within the ArcZ will change from martensite, ferrite, and a small amount of granular austenite to ferrite and a small amount of austenite, resulting in the microhardness of the ArcZ decreasing rapidly from 398 HV to 210 HV. The solidification type and microstructure transformation mechanisms within the weld were elucidated based on quantitative calculations of the chromium and nickel equivalent ratios. The microstructure of the LaserZ in all welds is predominantly martensitic due to the rapid cooling rate, which makes the tensile properties of the weld higher than the base metal (BM). The results of this study provide technical support for realizing high-efficiency and high-performance single-pass HP-LAHW of thick SSCP.

Microstructures and intergranular corrosion resistances of hot-rolled austenitic stainless steel clad plates

In this study, two stainless steel clad plates (STS 316L/A516-70N and STS 304L/A516-70N) were fabricated without Ni interlayers by hot rolling and normalizing under the same conditions, and their microstructures and intergranular corrosion resistances were comparatively evaluated. Although a similar amount of C diffused from carbon steel to stainless steel during clad fabrication, the thickness of the grain-boundary carburized layer was thinner in STS 316L due to Mo atoms segregated at the grain boundaries. The stainless steel parts of both clad plates had carbides even at their free surfaces and STS 304L also had some amount of δ ferrite. Nevertheless, the corrosion resistance of the free surfaces of both stainless steels was not undermined.

Deformation mechanism and microstructure evolution in stainless steel clad plate of longitudinal corrugated hot rolling

Deformation mechanism and microstructure evolution in stainless steel clad plate of longitudinal corrugated hot rolling

Effect of Heat Treatment on Crevice Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel Clad Plate in Seawater Environment.

With the application of stainless steel clad plate (SSCP)-enlarging in the marine engineering field, awareness of the consequences of heat treatment on ameliorating microstructure and mechanical properties in stainless steel (SS)/carbon steel (CS) joints is being raised. However, carbide diffusion from a CS substrate to SS cladding may damage the corrosion resistance during inappropriate heating. In this paper, the corrosion behavior of a hot rolling-produced stainless steel clad plate (SSCP) after quenching and tempering (Q-T) treatment, especially crevice corrosion, was studied by electrochemical and morphological methods, such as cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Q-T treatment led to more significance in carbon atoms diffusion and carbide precipitation, which made the passive film of the SS cladding surface on the SSCP unstable. Subsequently, a device for measuring the crevice corrosion performance of SS cladding was designed; the Q-T-treated cladding showed lower re-passivation potential (-585 mV) during CPP when compared to as-rolled (-522 mV), with the maximum corrosion depth ranging from 70.1 μm to 150.2 μm. In addition, the processing of crevice corrosion on SS cladding could be divided into three parts, including the initiation, propagation and development stages, which were driven by the interactions between corrosive media and carbides. The generation and growth mechanism of corrosive pits in crevices were revealed.

The evolution behavior and constitution characteristics of interfacial oxides in the hot-rolled stainless steel clad plate

The interface oxides’ morphologies, compositions and structures of 316 L/Q235 stainless steel clad plate with different vacuum degrees of 105, 400,10 and 10−2 Pa were investigated. As the vacuum degree raises, the oxides changes from continuous coarse nodules to refined rod particles, and the constitution changes from Cr2O3, MnCr2O4 and SiO2 into amorphous Mn2SiO4. Interestingly, the shear fracture position transfers from the interface into the decarburized layer as the vacuum degree increases. Overall, the dispersed nanoscale amorphous Mn2SiO4 play an important role in strengthening and toughening interface of hot-rolled stainless steel clad plates.

Microstructure and mechanical property assessment of stainless steel–clad plate joint made by hybrid SMAW-GTAW multi-pass welding process

Microstructure and mechanical property assessment of stainless steel–clad plate joint made by hybrid SMAW-GTAW multi-pass welding process

Tailoring of interface microstructure and bonding property in 1Cr17 / 8Cr13MoV / 1Cr17 stainless steel clad plate with Ni interlayer

In this study, the 1Cr17/8Cr13MoV/1Cr17 stainless steel clade plate with Ni interlayer is taken as the research object. The composite rolling and spheroidizing annealing process are used to obtain a clad plate with ideal interface microstructures and excellent bonding properties, which solved the key problem of poor bonding properties in the field of stainless steel clad plate preparation. To reveal the strengthening mechanism of interfacial bonding, multi-scale characterizations are performed to investigate the regulation mechanism of Ni interlayer on elements diffusion and microstructure evolution at the interfacial region. The results suggest that the high density of geometrically necessary dislocations at the interface and the diffusion of Ni promote the formation of fine-grained zones, thereby the crack initiation resistance is improved. The Ni interlayer effectively inhibits the diffusion of C and Cr at the interface and forms a coherent interface with low lattice misfit at the interface of 8Cr13MoV/Ni and 1Cr17/Ni, which effectively improves the bonding strength and the macroscopic uniform plastic deformation capacity of the stainless steel clade plate.

Barrier Verification and Numerical Simulation of Vacuum Coating on Fe-Co-Ni Interlayer of Stainless Steel Clad Plates

Barrier Verification and Numerical Simulation of Vacuum Coating on Fe-Co-Ni Interlayer of Stainless Steel Clad Plates

Bonding process and mechanisms of interface evolution of stainless steel clad plates fabricated by cyclic phase transformation heat treatment

Stainless steel clad plates have been largely used in engineering applications because of their excellent mechanical properties. Thus, there are many kinds of composite processes to prepare stainless steel clad plates. In general, the temperature is one of the most important parameters in the bonding processes, which is studied as a constant value. In this work, a novel bonding process using cyclic phase transformation heat treatment was subjected to manufacture stainless steel clad plates. The results reveal that stainless steel clad plates are successfully bonded. The joining process of the composite interface can be divided into three stages: the appearance of long interface voids, the shrinkage of long interface voids, and the formation of the continuous austenite phase. Microstructural analyses suggest that recrystallization and element diffusion occur during the bonding. Compared with isothermal heat treatment, it is obvious that this process can avoid ferrite grain coarsening. Moreover, the joining efficiency can be improved significantly by accelerating the transformation of the ferrite to the austenite at the interface. The shear test demonstrates that the shear strength of stainless steel clad plates after cyclic phase transformation heat treatment is larger than that of isothermal heat treatment in the same bonding time. The dimples on the shear fracture surface also dramatically increase.

Effect of pure iron interlayer on microstructure and properties of hot-rolled stainless steel clad plate

Experiments on vacuum hot-roll bonding stainless steel clad plates with pure iron interlayers of different thicknesses were conducted at rolling temperatures of 1000 °C, 1100 °C, and 1200 °C and reduction ratios of 30 %, 50 %, and 70 %, respectively, to reduce the formation of brittle compounds at the bonding interface and improve the mechanical properties of the clad plates. The effects of pure iron interlayers with thickness of 1–3 mm on the microstructure and properties of the clad plates subjected to different rolling processes were studied via optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile-shear and tensile tests. Results showed that the carbon chromium compound layer near the interface could seriously reduce the mechanical properties of the clad plates. The pure iron interlayer could also effectively prevent the diffusion of carbon elements in carbon steel to stainless steel and prevent the generation of carbon chromium compounds. At 1100 ℃, 2mm pure iron could effectively inhibit the formation of compounds and obtain good mechanical properties. The maximum elongation was 53.8 % at 50 % reduction, and the shear strength and tensile strength were 318.2 and 501.8 MPa, respectively. When the reduction was 70 %, the elongation decreased to 30 %, but the shear strength and tensile strength peaked at 392 and 641.3 MPa, respectively.

A brief review on welding of stainless steel clad plates: issues and future perspectives

A brief review on welding of stainless steel clad plates: issues and future perspectives

Tensile behavior of stainless steel clad plates with different cladding ratios

The stainless steel clad plate is a new type of composite material with high performance, which combines the advantages of the substrate and cladding material, showing good mechanical properties. Nevertheless, previous studies are still insufficient to support the design of it as structural members. In this paper, the monotonic tensile tests of 24 stainless steel clad plate coupons were carried out. The stress-strain curves of the stainless steel clad plate with different cladding ratios were obtained, as well as that of the substrate and cladding materials. Besides, the layered method was used to modeling the stainless steel clad plate in finite element analysis (FEA), which was proved to be valid. Based on the verified model, four sets of finite element models (FEM) were added to cover the cladding ratio that was not involved in the test. Finally, the relationship between the mechanical properties of the stainless steel clad plate and its cladding ratio was discussed according to the experimental and FEA results. Finally, it was found that the tensile mechanical properties of stainless steel clad plate are between the substrate and the cladding, and changed linearly with the cladding ratio. Besides, it was also found that the stainless steel clad plate shows obvious anisotropy in the small deformation stage, while the anisotropy gradually weakens with the strain increased.

The Effect of Ni Interlayer on the Hot-Rolled and Quenched Stainless Steel Clad Plate.

The vacuum hot-rolled SUS314/Q235 stainless steel clad plate has many drawbacks including serious interface alloy element diffusion, stainless steel cladding’s sensitization, and carbon steel substrate’s low strength. In this study, the comprehensive properties were systematically adjusted by changing the thickness of the Ni interlayer (0, 100, 200 μm) and the quenching temperature (1000~1150 °C). The results showed that the Ni interlayer can obviously hinder the diffusion of carbon element, so as to achieve the purpose of eliminating the decarburized layer and reducing the carbon content of the carburized layer. Meanwhile, the perfect metallurgical bonding between the substrate and cladding can be obtained, effectively improving the stainless steel clad plate’s tensile shear strength and comprehensive mechanical properties, and significantly reduce the brittleness of the carburized layer. As the quenching temperature increases, the grains coarsening of carbon steel and stainless steel became more and more serious, and the sensitization phenomenon and the thickness of the carburized layer are gradually decreased. The stainless steel clad plate (Ni layer thickness of 100 μm) quenched at 1050 °C had the best comprehensive mechanical properties. Herein, the interface shear strength, tensile strength and the fracture elongation reached 360.5 MPa, 867 MPa and 16.10%, respectively, achieving strengthening and toughening aim. This is attributed to the disappearance of the sensitization phenomenon, the grain refinement and the lower interface residual stress.

The Bending, Impact Fracture Behavior and Characteristics of Stainless Steel Clad Plates with Different Rolling Temperature

The Bending, Impact Fracture Behavior and Characteristics of Stainless Steel Clad Plates with Different Rolling Temperature

Microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel clad plate welding joints by different welding processes

This work aims to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel/carbon steel clad plate joints with three welding types: welding without transition layer, welding with transition layer using tungsten inert gas arc welding and shielded metal arc welding, respectively. Both of transition layer-weld metals contain ferrite + austenite phases obtained by different solidification modes. The brittle martensite zone is formed in the stainless steel weld metal without the transition layer because of the excessive diffusion of Cr, Ni elements. The clad plate joints with transition layer welded by shielded metal arc welding achieved the best welding quality without excessive alloy element dilution or formation of brittle phase, which reveals a perfect welding joint without obvious hardness gradient and obtains outstanding mechanical properties.

Research on Production Technology of Asymmetrically Hot Rolled Stainless Steel Clad Plate

The hot rolled single sided stainless steel clad plate of 316L stainless steel and Q345C steel was carried out in a hot rolling line by the technology of “electron beam vacuum welding and hot rolling”. High quality single sided stainless steel clad plates were produced by asymmetrical compound billet and asymmetrically rolling. The productions of stainless steel clad plate have reached the requirements of GB / T 8165-2008. The interface shear strength is greater than 320 MPa. The yield strength is greater than370 MPa. The tensile strength is greater than 520 MPa. The elongation is greater than 30%, A good metallurgical bonding between stainless steel and carbon steel was achieved. The bonding rate reached 100%. The composite interface is straight and perfect. The pilot production in the study has laid down the certain basis for the production of the single-side dissimilar-material composite board.

Microstructure and Interface Fracture Characteristics of Hot‐Rolled Stainless Steel Clad Plates by Adding Different Interlayers

Series of 316L/Q235 stainless steel clad plates are successfully fabricated by hot rolling with different interlayers of ferrum (Fe), nickel (Ni), and niobium (Nb) foils. The interface microstructure, interfacial characteristics, shear performance, tensile properties, and fracture morphologies of clad plates are investigated using optical microscope (OM), ultra‐depth microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and universal testing in detail. It is observed that the addition of Fe interlayer has rare effect on the interface element diffusion. Clad plate with Fe interlayer can only obtain poor tensile and shear properties, which is attributed to severe oxidation at the clad interface. On the contrary, the addition of Ni and Nb interlayers can both effectively inhibit the diffusion behavior of interface carbon element and remarkably reduce interfacial weak areas of carburized and decarburized layers. This is due to that Ni interlayer can sharply slow down the carbon diffusion velocity, and Nb interlayer can suppress interface carbon diffusion by reacting with carbon element and forming niobium carbide phase. After adding Ni or Nb interlayers, stainless steel clad plates can obtain superior interfacial bonding strength, tensile strength, and fracture elongation, eventually achieving the purpose toward strengthening and toughening the interface.

Microstructures and mechanical properties of stainless steel clad plate joint with diverse filler metals

Thick stainless steel clad plate is used widely in the petroleum and petrochemical industries because of its low cost and good corrosion resistance. It is generally welded by the multilayer and multipass welding process with stainless steel filler metal matched with the clad layer. In this research, the base metal of stainless steel clad plates was filled with carbon steel filler metal, and the microstructures and mechanical properties of joints with diverse filler metals were analysed and compared. The results indicate that a local hardening zone (LHZ) forms in the weld filled with the filler metals of stainless steel and carbon steel because of the formation of martensite phase in the first layer of weld with filler metal of carbon steel. The microhardness value in LHZ reaches up to 425 HV1, which is significantly higher than that of the base metal. However, the tensile strength value of joints filled with carbon steel filler metal is equivalent to that of the joints with stainless steel filler metal. The results of the side bending test indicate that the LHZ protrudes from the weld, and the crack occurs near the LHZ if the area of the LHZ on the cross section of joint is larger than 17 % of that of the whole cross section of the joint. The studied results show that it is feasible to use carbon steel filler metal to fill the base metal of carbon steel in welding of stainless steel clad plate.