Stainless Steel Alloy Research Articles

Magnetizable Flow Diverters Can Magnetically Capture and Retain Endothelial Cells to Promote Healing in Rabbit Arteries.

Magnetizable Flow Diverters Can Magnetically Capture and Retain Endothelial Cells to Promote Healing in Rabbit Arteries.

Surface integrity analysis of machined duplex stainless steel alloys by dry end milling

Surface integrity analysis of machined duplex stainless steel alloys by dry end milling

Achieving High Strength of Dissimilar TC4/304 Stainless Steel Joints by Laser Welding Using a Novel V/CuCrZr/CoCrNi Composite Layer

A novel V/CuCrZr/CoCrNi composite interlayer is successfully developed for dissimilar laser welding of 304 stainless steel (SS) to TC4 titanium alloy, where CoCrNi and V layers are first deposited on 304 SS and TC4 substrates, respectively, via laser metal deposition. By incorporating a 0.5 or 1.0 mm CuCrZr interlayer between these functional coatings and performing two‐pass laser welding at the V/CuCrZr and CuCrZr/CoCrNi interfaces, full‐penetration butt joints have been achieved without Fe–Ti brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Microstructural characterization reveals that the fusion zone near TC4 (FZ‐1) primarily consists of (β‐Ti, V) solid solution, while the 304 SS‐side fusion zone (FZ‐2) contains (Cu) and (Co–Cr–Fe–Ni) solid solutions. The 304 SS/TC4 joints exhibit remarkable ultimate tensile strengths of 487.9 and 412.6 MPa for 0.5 and 1.0 mm CuCrZr thicknesses, respectively, attributable to both the elimination of softening zones in unmelted CuCrZr and the complete suppression of IMC formation. This study demonstrates an effective strategy for producing high‐strength dissimilar joints between SS and titanium alloys.

Influence of applied coating time on nano hydroxyapatite/chitosan coating on 316L stainless steel alloy using electrophoretic deposition for biomedical application

Influence of applied coating time on nano hydroxyapatite/chitosan coating on 316L stainless steel alloy using electrophoretic deposition for biomedical application

Corrosion behavior of 316 stainless steel alloy in high temperature heat storage medium containing oxygen-chloride salt

Corrosion behavior of 316 stainless steel alloy in high temperature heat storage medium containing oxygen-chloride salt

Enhancing austenitic stainless-steel alloys for fast breeder reactor fuel cladding: A comparative study

Enhancing austenitic stainless-steel alloys for fast breeder reactor fuel cladding: A comparative study

Microwave hybrid process-based fabrication of super duplex stainless steel joints using nickel and stainless steel filler materials

Abstract This study introduces a joining procedure applicable to super duplex stainless steel (SAF2507) alloys through the microwave hybrid heating (MHH)-based process using nickel (Ni) and stainless steel (SS304) filler powders. Mechanical test results of the Ni-filler joints revealed an average value of microhardness of 432 HV and an ultimate tensile strength value of 442 MPa. Similarly, SS304 filler joints showed an average value of microhardness of 461 HV and an ultimate tensile strength of 534 MPa. The hardness of SS304 filler joints was 6.71% more than that of Ni-filler joints. Increased hardness leads to better ear properties, which are required in many engineering applications. Furthermore, the tensile strength of SS304 filler joints was 20.81% better than that of Ni-filler joints. Better tensile strength of joints is a major requirement from a design safety point of view. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy results revealed the presence of iron, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, manganese, and carbon elements in the weld zone. Furthermore, the microstructural analysis performed using scanning electron microscopy showed a robust metallurgical bonding among the two interface surfaces, leading to the formation of good quality joints with no interfacial cracking.

Comparison of Different Materials in the Same-Sized Cemented Stems on Periprosthetic Fractures in Bone Models.

Objective: The increasing number of aging patients with total hip arthroplasties (THA) causes an increased incidence of periprosthetic fractures (PPF). The study aimed to evaluate the impacts of two different materials in the same-sized cemented stems on PPF in bone models. Methods: This study compared the maximum rotational torque leading to PPF when stems made of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloy and stainless use steel (SUS) were implanted using simulated bone models (Sawbones, 3403). The maximum destruction torque was compared statistically for each material (Co-Cr-Mo alloy vs. SUS stainless steel) in this model, and fracture patterns were examined. Results: The PPF occurred with a spiral propagation from the proximal femur towards the diaphysis, with breakage occurring near the distal end of the stem. There were no significant differences in the destruction torque values between the Co-Cr-Mo alloy (103.0 ± 14.9 Nm) and SUS (98.7 ± 15.1 Nm) samples (p = 0.575). The fractures using the bone models exhibited similar patterns in all specimens, resembling clinical PPF fracture types clinically, specifically Vancouver classification B2. Conclusions: The comparison of the maximum destruction torques of the Co-Cr-Mo alloy and SUS cemented stems in simulating PPF showed no significant differences. The results suggest that the materials of the cemented stems might not significantly affect the occurrence of PPF in THA.

Nanostructuring of Additively Manufactured Stainless-Steel Surfaces for Superior Boiling Heat Transfer.

While stainless steel offers unique advantages for thermal applications in corrosive environments, it is resilient to traditional nanostructuring techniques such as chemical etching for heat transfer augmentation. In this work, we fabricate a 304L stainless steel alloy using directed energy deposition additive manufacturing, which leads to a metastable microstructure state that facilitates efficient and scalable etching using chloride species. We unveil a two-step etching mechanism that results in the formation of a network of micro- and nanoscale surface structures. This structured surface shows a 5-fold enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient at significantly lower superheat during pool boiling of water, attributed to increased nucleation in suitably sized cavities created by etching. Our work illustrates the vast potential of advances in additive manufacturing techniques for the development of highly efficient and compact thermal systems.

Study of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-38Zr-11Nb Alloy.

Hip joint implants are among the most prevalent types of medical implants utilized for the replacement of damaged joints. The utilization of modern implant materials, such as cobalt-chromium alloys, stainless steel, titanium, and other titanium alloys, is accompanied by challenges, including the toxicity of certain elements (e.g., aluminum, vanadium, nickel) and excessive Young's modulus, which adversely impact biomechanical compatibility. A mismatch between the stiffness of the implant material and the bone tissue, known as stress shielding, can lead to adverse outcomes such as bone resorption and implant loosening. Recent studies have shifted the focus to β-titanium alloys due to their exceptional biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and low Young's modulus, which is close to the Young's modulus of bone tissue (10-30 GPa). In this study, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and phase stability of the Ti-38Zr-11Nb alloy were investigated. Energy dispersion spectrometry was employed to confirm the homogeneous distribution of Ti, Zr, and Nb in the alloy. A subsequent microstructural analysis revealed the presence of elongated β-grains subsequent to rolling and quenching. Furthermore, grinding contributed to the process of recrystallization and the formation of subgrains. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of a stable β-phase under any heat treatment conditions, which can be explained by the use of Nb as a β-stabilizer and Zr as a neutral element with a weak β-stabilizing effect in the presence of other β-stabilizers. Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity, as determined by tensile testing, exhibited a decline from 85 GPa to 81 GPa after annealing. Mechanical tests demonstrated a substantial enhancement in tensile strength (from 529 MPa to 628 MPa) concurrent with a 32% reduction in elongation to fracture of the samples. These alterations are attributed to microstructural transformations, including the formation of subgrains and the rearrangement of dislocations. This study's findings suggest that the Ti-38Zr-11Nb alloy has potential as a material of choice due to its lower Young's modulus compared to traditional materials and its stable β-phase, which enhances the implant's durability and reduces the risk of brittle phases forming over time. This study demonstrates that the corrosion resistance of titanium grade 2 and Ti-38Zr-11Nb is comparable. The material in question exhibited no evidence of cytotoxic activity in the context of mammalian cells.

Accelerated corrosion of stainless steel and Ni-based alloys in molten NaNO3-KNO3 salt vapour phases

Accelerated corrosion of stainless steel and Ni-based alloys in molten NaNO3-KNO3 salt vapour phases

Influence of post deposition annealing on the microstructural evolution and tensile behavior of austenitic stainless-steel alloy 709 made by laser powder bed fusion

Influence of post deposition annealing on the microstructural evolution and tensile behavior of austenitic stainless-steel alloy 709 made by laser powder bed fusion

Achieving 17-4 PH parts with comparable performance to high-investment technologies through a multivariable Doehlert design optimization and material extrusion

Purpose This study aims to optimize Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) via Material Extrusion (MEX) using desktop equipment to produce high-performance 17-4 PH stainless steel parts. This research seeks to address the underexplored extrusion process parameters that hinder optimization in this field, contributing to a deeper understanding of the MAM via the MEX process and its implications for other materials. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach using robust statistical methods, including Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology designs. Data was collected through a systematic investigation of the effects of process parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of the produced parts. Taguchi’s design was used to determine parameter significance, whereas a Doehlert design was used to optimize responses, focusing on layer adhesion and porosity reduction. Findings The results reveal that the optimized extrusion process parameters significantly improved the tensile modulus (198.2±11.9 GPa), tensile strength (977.2±31.8 MPa) and Vickers hardness (287±7 HV100). These findings confirm the efficacy of the methodology, demonstrating that superior mechanical properties can be achieved using desktop equipment. Comparative analysis with professional-grade equipment supports the feasibility of producing cost-effective, high-performance metal parts. Originality/value This research offers a novel approach to optimizing MAM via MEX, particularly for stainless steel alloys. The findings contribute valuable insights that extend the current understanding of MEX processes, highlighting the potential for this approach to advance MAM capabilities for industrial applications. This study also identifies areas for future research and potential practical applications, contributing to the broader field of MAM.

POST-HEAT TREATMENT IN METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PROCESSES, MICROSTRUCTURE EVOLUTION, AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) has revolutionized the manufacturing of intricate three-dimensional structures. Sometimes, the material properties and microstructures of metals produced by additive manufacturing (AM) are often worse than those created using traditional manufacturing methods. Mechanical characteristics and microstructure of AM-made metals can be enhanced with post-heat treatment (PHT). This paper reviews and discusses the various types of PHT techniques, including solution treatment (ST), aging, Isostatic Hot Pressing, and precipitation hardening. In this study, several characterization methods, such as mechanical testing, hardness testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), are utilized to investigate how the microstructure and mechanical properties of the printed components change after being subjected to PHT. The study results give important information about each selected metal’s most effective heat treatment conditions. This lets the microstructure and mechanical properties of the printed parts be tuned effectively. The paper has reviewed the various PHT effects in MAM on various metallic materials such as Stainless Steel, Maraging steel, Aluminum, and Titanium alloys.

Corrosion Mechanism and Properties of 316L Stainless Steel in NaCl-KCl Molten Salt at High Temperatures

The corrosion properties of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) alloy within molten NaCl-KCl salt were explored through a static immersion experiment carried out at 700 °C under Ar flow for 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 h. The loss in weight of the corroded 316L SS alloy increased from 0.06 to 1.71 mg/cm2, while the maximum corrosion depth increased from 1.71 to 14.09 μm. However, the corrosion rate initially increased from 27.54 μm/year to 93.45 μm/year and then decreased to 47.22 μm/year as the soaking time was increased from 25 to 400 h. The impurities in the molten salts produced corrosive Cl2 and HCl, which corroded the 316L SS matrix. The accelerated selective Cr dissolution with small amounts of Fe and Ni resulted in intergranular corrosion as the time of corrosion was increased. The depletion depths for Ni, Cr, and Fe at 400 h were found to be 0.87 μm, 3.94 μm, and 1.47 μm, respectively. The formation of Cr and Fe oxides might potentially play a vital role. The grain boundary and outward diffusion of Mo may prevent the outward diffusion of Cr, thereby mitigating alloy corrosion. Therefore, molten chloride salt purification and the selection of stainless steel are crucial for developing future concentrated solar power technologies. The findings of this study provide guidelines for the use of 316L SS in NaCl-KCl salt at high temperatures.

Cr-Al Spinel phase formation in alumina dispersed 316 L stainless steel processed by spark plasma sintering

Phase transformation of oxide phase in oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) 316 L stainless steel alloys was observed during spark plasma sintering (SPS).The composites were prepared with two different compositions of 0.33 wt% Al2O3 and 1wt% Al2O3. The alumina particles were located at grain boundaries mixed with micrometer sized steel debris from milling after attrition milling. The alumina particles transformed to a Cr-Al spinel phase dominantly with Cr rich composition surrounded by an amorphous silica phase during SPS process in both sintered composites. Both Cr component of Cr-Al spinel phase and Si in silica could diffuse from the 316 L steel during the spark plasma sintering process. The lattice parameter of the spinel phase is 8.36Å independent of the local cation composition variation. The lattice parameter of the spinel phase is relatively large among synthetic Cr-Al spinels which implies that octahedral sites of spinel structure are mainly occupied by Cr3+ cations replacing a portion of Al. The finding that the transformation occurs in presence of amorphous silica is consistent with literature describing both geological occurrence of chromite and phases with spinel structure in annealed glass composites in the presence of silica phase. The phase transition may be also promoted by local temperature increase at the grain boundaries of steel during the spark plasma sintering.

Evolution of Metals and Alloys in Orthopedics with Their Relevance in Osteoporosis.

The evolution of metals and alloys in orthopedics has significantly improved the management of bone-related disorders, particularly osteoporosis, where decreased bone density and fragility complicate implant stability and healing. Traditional materials such as stainless steel and cobalt-chromium alloys provided strength and wear resistance but were associated with challenges like stress shielding and implant loosening. To address these limitations, titanium alloys emerged as a superior alternative due to their biocompatibility, lightweight nature, and bone-like elasticity, making them suitable for osteoporotic patients. Recent advancements have led to the development of magnesium-based biodegradable implants and nitinol (shape-memory alloy), which enable minimally invasive procedures and provide dynamic support. Additionally, porous and bioactive coatings, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), have been introduced to enhance osseointegration and implant fixation in compromised bone. The integration of pharmacological strategies, such as bisphosphonates and sclerostin antibodies, with advanced implant surfaces has further enhanced bone regeneration. Emerging innovations, including 3D-printed personalized implants and smart alloys capable of adapting to physiological changes, show promise for improved long-term stability and faster recovery in osteoporotic patients. The continuous development of orthopedic materials has paved the way for more effective treatments for osteoporosis, addressing key challenges such as implant stability, stress shielding, and bone regeneration. Innovations in bioactive coatings, biodegradable metals, and personalized implants represent the future of orthopedic care, offering improved outcomes for patients with compromised bone health. However, continuous research is essential to optimize these technologies for broader clinical applications.

Electrochemical analysis of L-Tyrosine sensor using ball-milled duplex stainless steel alloy powder

Electrochemical analysis of L-Tyrosine sensor using ball-milled duplex stainless steel alloy powder

Exploring new formulated polymer composite coatings by glass for corrosion protection of additively manufactured 316 L stainless steel alloy in acidic environment: electrochemical measurements characterization and computational approaches

Exploring new formulated polymer composite coatings by glass for corrosion protection of additively manufactured 316 L stainless steel alloy in acidic environment: electrochemical measurements characterization and computational approaches

Study on Fatigue Life and Fracture Behaviour of Similar and Dissimilar Resistance Spot-Welded Joints of Titanium Grade 2 Alloy and Austenitic Stainless Steel 304

Study on Fatigue Life and Fracture Behaviour of Similar and Dissimilar Resistance Spot-Welded Joints of Titanium Grade 2 Alloy and Austenitic Stainless Steel 304