Stage Separation Research Articles

Generation of Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytes In Vitro with Specific Considerations for Field Isolates.

Reproducible induction of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro is crucial for performing various experimental analyses to understand gametocyte cellular and molecular biology and immunology, and for the evaluation of antigametocidal agents and vaccine development. In this protocol, we present specific procedures for the enrichment, synchronous production and separation of developmental stages of P. falciparum gametocytes from culture-adapted field isolates.

REDUCTION OF PYRO SHOCK IN STAGE SEPARATION MECHANISM BY USE OF GAS GENERATOR SYSTEMS

REDUCTION OF PYRO SHOCK IN STAGE SEPARATION MECHANISM BY USE OF GAS GENERATOR SYSTEMS

Оптимизация двойных каскадов алгоритмом пчелиной колонии для очистки регенерированного гексафторида урана от изотопов232, 234, 236U

We propose a double cascade scheme for reducing the concentration of232, 234, 236U isotopes in regenerated uranium hexafluoride. In the product of the first ordinary cascade the greatest decrease in the236U /235U mass ratio with enrichment in235U to a concentration of less than 20% is provided. To ensure the required concentrations, a special mode of operation of the stages. In the second ordinary cascade, which is fed by the product of the first, enrichment in isotopes232,234U is performed. The waste flow, purified from232, 234U, is diluted to a concentration of235U less than 5%. A method for calculating the parameters of cascades with stage separation factors corresponding to gas centrifuges is presented. A computational experiment was carried out on its basis. It was shown that the product obtained after dilution with respect to isotopes232, 234U meets the requirements of the ASTM C996-20 specification for the low-enriched commercial grade of uranium hexafluoride. The content of236U in it is several times lower than in the case of direct enrichment of regenerated uranium hexafluoride.

Classification of multi-stage voltage sags and calculation of phase angle jump based on Clarke components ellipse

Multi-stage voltage sag is one of the problems in the power system that requires classification and separation of stages to recognize this phenomenon. An algorithm for classification of multi-stage voltage sags based on the ellipse drawn by Clarke's transformation components is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm has the ability to detect if the voltage sag is single-stage or multi-stage, and separates the various stages of multi-stage voltage sag using the point-on-wave of initiation and recovery parameters that is the novelty of this paper. Also a new method for calculation the phase angle jump by considering the zero Clarke component in drawing an ellipse is presented. The proposed method has a better accuracy than the previous method, which did not consider the zero component of the Clarke's transform. For validation, the method is tested with real data provided by the Department of Energy and the Electric Power Research Institute and compared with the previous method. A 12-bus distribution network has also been used to evaluate the performance of the multi-stage voltage sags classification algorithm accurately. This 33 kV network has distributed generation sources and various types of multi-stage voltage sags have been created in this network that show the efficiency of the algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm is able to classify any type of multi-stage voltage sag.

Script or Scripture? The Ritualization of Discourse in Marthe Cosnard’s Les Chastes Martirs

Abstract Although it has been acknowledged in recent years that Marthe Cosnard’s Les Chastes Martirs (1650) is a sophisticated example of martyr tragedy, the play has received little critical attention. This article investigates Cosnard’s treatment of the martyrological subject with a focus on the relationship between subjectivity and discourse. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s 1982 essay ‘The Subject and Power’, which emphasizes the key role that discourses of power hold in the production of subjectivity, this article examines the construction of character by means of various ‘external’ discourses, most prominently that of the Christian faith. With its Christian subject, Les Chastes Martirs invokes a ritualization of discourse to the extent that martyr figures become fully defined through their adherence to a scriptural narrative. Simultaneously, the tragic theatrical function is reliant upon the specific martyrological discourse for its realization. This interdependency of Christian identity and tragic function embodied by the martyr figure recalls the traditional status of theatre as a site of ritual, alluding to the contemporary critical polemic surrounding the separation of Church and stage. Cosnard’s play can consequently be recognized as a significant and underappreciated contribution to the debate surrounding martyr tragedy’s rebuttal of the seventeenth-century secularization of the theatre.

A new look at the hot separation of liquid rocket stages

A new look at the hot separation of liquid rocket stages

Leakage rate detection of ConFlat seals in aluminum and stainless steel flanges under mechanical loads for quantum optical experiments in space

Several space missions, such as quantum optical experiments or quantum sensors, require ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) systems to perform their experiments and fulfill the scientific mission goals. Most of these experiments use standard ConFlat (CF) flanges for the design of the UHV system. One of the biggest challenges for these vacuum systems during a space mission is the mechanical loads. These loads are applied during launch, stage separation, etc., as a combination of static and dynamic loads. When loads are applied, the UHV system can experience an increased leakage rate, which decreases the vacuum quality. Investigation of the rise of the leakage rate due to static loads is an important step to allow a proper design process of space suitable UHV systems. In this paper, CF DN40 flange connections will be experimentally tested for standard aluminum (AluVaC) and stainless steel (316LN-ESR, 14429-ESU) tubes. Additionally, three different bolt pretension torques of 10, 12.5, and 15 N m are tested and compared. The presented results can be used to improve the design and assembly procedure for future UHV systems, such as the MAIUS (Matter-Wave Interferometry under Microgravity) sounding rocket missions.

REVIEW OF INTELLIGENT MATERIALS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF THEIR USE IN ROCKET AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY

A new generation of materials – «intellectual» materials – is rapidly developing. Intelligent materials are materials that react in a certain way to changes in the state of the environment or the influence of force fields, vibrations or oscillations and radiation. This reaction results in the alterations of material properties, geometry and its adaptation to changes in operating conditions. Constructions are made of intelligent materials, in addition to the traditional functions of taking operational loads and ensuring load and strength, can provide self-monitoring, identification and localization of the fatigue damage. The material in such constructions can contain a set of electronics, built into the structure, which performs the function of receiving, processing and transmitting information in different frequency ranges. Intellectual material requirements are defined by the purpose and conditions of use of the structures and their components. The objective of this work is to give an overview of intellectual materials, in order to introduce the main information about their properties and their applicability in space and rocket technology. Furthermore, in this article data processing and analysis were carried out, which allowed to formalize the properties of the considered intellectual materials. Moreover, the application of intellectual materials can improve existing design schemes and elements or create entirely new design solutions in the future. For instance, the use of magnetostrictive materials allows to reduce the longitudinal oscillations of the launch vehicle on an active part of the trajectory along with absorbing vibrations and regulating the stringency of the stage separation. Structural analysis of the special properties of intellectual materials and their application not only will solve existing problems, but also enable further development of the space rocket industry.

Study on afterbody-effects of multi-stage separation at high-speed

The stage separation of high-speed vehicle is complicated at high dynamic pressure, usually accompanied by strong shock and vortex interaction. There exists a strong interaction between first stage and second stage, which called “afterbody-effects”. The aerodynamic mechanism of “afterbody-effects” is studied in this paper based on numerical simulation. The aerodynamic characteristics of a simplified three-dimensional projectile model at different distances between stages at 0° angle of attack is researched with structural mesh. The results show that the vortexes of stages have a significant impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of different stages, As the distance between stages increases, the drag coefficient of the first stage increases, and the drag coefficient of the second stage increases first and then decreases.

The Development of Multi Stage Separation Ball Mill for Producing Recycled Aggregate

The Development of Multi Stage Separation Ball Mill for Producing Recycled Aggregate

Ciclo de vida y análisis morfométrico de las ninfas de Cynodonmiris corpoicanus Ferreira y Barreto, 2013 (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The bug Cynodonmiris corpoicanus inhabit the Cundiboyacense High Plateau in Colombia feeding on grasses (Poaceae). The authors carry out their life cycle in greenhouse and characterize the damage on oat (Avena sativa) leaves. The duration egg – adult last 49.3 days and undergo five nymphal stages. The morphometric study was conducted by principal component analysis (PCA) and 2.03 PAST software. This method let to determine measures for nymphal stages separation, furthermore we consider coloration, morphology and morphometric description. A key for nymphal stages determination was developed by morphometric and morphology diagnostic characters. Also, we include illustrations of the C. corpoicanus nymphal stages.

Synthesis and CO2 adsorption performance of TEPA-loaded cellulose whisker/silica composite aerogel

The CO2 storage technology of abandoned coal mines has problems such as high gas separation costs and incomplete CO2 separation in the gas capture stage, which hinders the development of abandoned coal mines for CO2 storage. Regarding the issue above, a new type of carbon dioxide adsorption material has been prepared. Cellulose whiskers/silica composite aerogels were synthesized from skim cotton using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOs) and alkaline silica solution as silica precursors through a sol-gel process. The obtained aerogel has a rich porous structure with a specific surface area in the range of 34.7–170.1 m2/g, pore volume in the range of 0.06–1.52 cm3/g, and average pore size in the range of 4.5–11.9 nm. The sample CSA-TEPA-70% showed excellent adsorption performance, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 2.25 mmol/g. The Avrami fractional-order kinetic model can fit the CO2 adsorption process of the adsorbent well. This adsorbent has broad prospects in the CO2 capture process.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ПРАВОВИЙ РОЗПОДІЛ ФІНАНСОВИХ РЕСУРСІВ ОБ’ЄДНАНОЇ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОЇ ГРОМАДИ В КОНТЕКСТІ БЕЗПЕКОЗНАВЧИХ УМОВ

In modern transformational conditions, the formation of Ukrainian statehood with the choice of the European course of urgency is gaining the issue of budget decentralization, where the key figures are the efficiency of local governments. In this regard, there is a problem of optimal redistribution of financial resources and powers of local authorities, which today are the main and most relevant for improving the efficiency of the budget system as a whole, because the effectiveness of socio-economic policy and its economic security directly depend on rational built and balanced system of economic relations, a clear redistribution of financial resources and flexibility of ways to use them. The article conducts a comprehensive study the mechanism of distribution financial resources the united territorial community in the context of security. The system of management balanced development the united territorial community on the basis of application of safety conditions is substantiated. It is proposed to consider the distribution of budget funds in the territorial community depending on the area, the number of rural residents and the actual income of village (settlement) for the relevant period. Two projects of algorithm calculation the budget with separation of main stages are formed.

Differences of chamber pressure variations during stage separation between flight and detonation-shock-tube-based ground tests

Interstage separation is a key link in the flight process of a solid rocket; however, the ground test often cannot cover the environmental conditions of the flight state during interstage separation. Therefore, it is necessary to master the difference between flight and ground tests during this process for the ground test results to reflect the flight environment effectively. With the new detonation-shock-tube-based ground test technology as the research background, combined with a theoretical model and numerical simulation, this paper studies the similarity law of pressure variation in the chamber and the difference of the effect of initial pressure and density conditions between flight and ground tests. In addition, it illustrates the requirement for equivalent-simulating stage separation through the detonation shock tube.

Surrogate-adjoint refine based global optimization method combining with multi-stage fuzzy clustering space reduction strategy for expensive problems

In engineering optimization, surrogate model (SM) is widely used to replace the involved time expensive model, due to the expensive model is complex and high precise requirement caused a long calculation cycle. In traditional process of engineering optimization, the separation of the surrogate model static construction stage and dynamic optimization stage depresses the optimization accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, in order to ensure the accuracy of the surrogate model, expensive model had to be intensively invoked to get enough representative samples in the design space for the SM training. In this paper, a surrogate model adjoint refine based global optimization method combining with the multi-stage fuzzy clustering space reduction strategy (MFCPR-SGO) is proposed to improve the optimization accuracy and efficiency. Firstly, the optimal Latin hypercube design method (OLHD) is used to sample in design space to assure the initial sample set with strong space filling property. Then, the design space is subdivided into three tiered subspaces by using the space reduction strategy of multi-stage fuzzy clustering, which has the ability of space focusing, space reduction and jumping out of local optimum. On this basis, the hierarchical optimization method with ADAM gradient descent is proposed to quickly and accurately search the local minimum value of the objective function in each subspaces. At the same time, combined with the extremum sampling and the gaussian process sampling, a dynamic sampling algorithm is given to realize the synchronization of optimization and surrogate model update. Finally, the benchmark test problems in 12 different dimensions are used to verify the proposed method. The results show that the optimization accuracy can be improved by 21.3% and expensive model invoking times are reduced by 31.5% compared with other three heuristic optimization methods and the three recent surrogate-based optimization (SGO) algorithms. It indicated that the optimization precision and efficiency can be greatly improved by synchronizing the dynamic updating of the surrogate model with the engineering optimization search.

Evaluating the Spectral Response and Yield of Soybean Following Exposure to Sublethal Rates of 2,4-D and Dicamba at Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Stages

The commercialization of synthetic auxin-resistant crops and the commensurate increase in post-emergent auxin-mimic herbicide applications has resulted in millions of hectares of injury to sensitive soybeans in the United States since 2016. Visual yield loss estimations following auxin injury can be difficult. The goal of this research was to determine if spectral variations following auxin injury to soybean allow for more precise yield loss estimations. Identical field experiments were performed in 2018, 2019, and 2020 in Columbia, Missouri to compare the ability of established vegetative indices to differentiate between exposure levels of 2,4-D and dicamba in soybean and predict yield loss. Soybeans were planted at three timings for growth stage separation and were exposed to sublethal rates of 2,4-D and dicamba at the R2, R1, and V3 growth stages. A UAV-mounted multispectral sensor was flown over the trial 14 days after the herbicide treatments. The results of this research found that vegetative indices incorporating the red-edge wavelength were more consistent in estimating yield loss than indices comprised of only visible or NIR wavelengths. Yield loss estimations became difficult when soybean injury occurred during later reproductive stages when soybean biomass was increased. This research also determined that when injury occurs to soybean in vegetative growth stages late in the growing season there is a greater likelihood for yield loss to occur due to decreased time for recovery. The results of this research could provide direction for more objective and accurate evaluations of yield loss following synthetic auxin injury than what is currently available.

REGULATING THE ACTIVITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS: EVOLUTION OF PRIORITIES

Background. The legal status of TNCs in international law has become a separate topic of scientific discussions, which, among other things, concerned the influence of TNCs on the sovereignty of states. Digitalization, globalization and modern imperatives of formation of global value chains actualize the subject of relations between the international community and TNCs, which requires retrospective analysis, separation and substantiation of certain stages of formation of such relations. An analysis of recent research and publications has revealed that a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of international legal regulation of TNCs through the prism of the priorities of the international community has not been conducted, which determines the relevance of the study. The aim of the article is to analyze the genesis of the relationship between TNCs and the international community through the prism of the priorities of the international community at certain historical stages. Materials and methods. The normative basis of the study were UN documents, decisions of the UN International Court of Justice. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific and special legal methods of cognition. Results. The existing definitions of the terms «transnational corporation», «multinational enterprise», «multinational corporation», «global corporation», «group of multinational companies» in various documents of international law are considered. The genesis of the formation of international legal norms on the activities of transnational corporations is analyzed, the priorities of the international community in certain historical periods are highlighted. Key tasks for regulating the activities of transnational corporations are forecasted. Conclusion. The phenomenon of TNCs remains one of the imperatives in the development of international law and the subject of activity of international governmental and non-governmental organizations. It is established that the priorities of the international community are gradually changing in the direction of complexity - from the purely socio-economic situation in developing countries to the role of TNCs in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, with special focus on protection of human rights in the activities of TNCs. Keywords: transnational corporation, human rights, United Nations, corporate responsibility.

Time Course Transcriptomic Study Reveals the Gene Regulation During Liver Development and the Correlation With Abdominal Fat Weight in Chicken.

Background: The liver is the central metabolic organ of animals. In chicken, knowledge on the relationship between gene expression in the liver and fat deposition during development is still limited. A time-course transcriptomic study from the embryonic (day 12) to the egg-producing period (day 180 after hatch) was performed to profile slow-growing meat type chicken liver gene expression and to investigate its correlation with abdominal fat deposition.Results: The transcriptome profiles showed a separation of the different developmental stages. In total, 13,096 genes were ubiquitously expressed at all the tested developmental stages. The analysis of differentially expressed genes between adjacent developmental stages showed that biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathway was enriched from day 21 to day 140 after hatch. The correlation between liver gene expression and the trait abdominal fat weight (AFW) was analyzed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. The genes MFGE8, HHLA1, CKAP2, and ACSBG2 were identified as hub genes in AFW positively correlated modules, which suggested important roles of these genes in the lipid metabolism in chicken liver.Conclusion: Our results provided a resource of developmental transcriptome profiles in chicken liver and suggested that the gene ACSBG2 among other detected genes can be used as a candidate gene for selecting low AFW chickens.

Separation of lithium isotopes by crown ether-room temperature ionic liquid-anisole friendly solvent system

The solvent extraction separation of lithium isotopes has become of growing interest due to the need for 6Li and 7Li isotopes in the nuclear industry. A one-step synthesis of room temperature ionic liquid with low viscosity 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm][NTf2]) (with reaction yields of 87.47%) was used by the ultrasonic method. The addition of ionic liquid [EMIm][NTf2] in the system significantly improved the extraction efficiency and separation factor compared to the traditional organic solvent anisole for extraction separation of lithium isotopes. The distribution ratio increased from 0.00145 (with the single stage separation factor of 1.024 ± 0.001) to 0.134 (with the single stage separation factor of 1.034 ± 0.001). Furthermore, a multi-stage extraction process was intended to enhance lithium isotope separation performance. Each stage of stripping can be considered as an extraction separation equilibrium process, in which the strip liquor from the load organic phase is used for separation in the next stage as the “original aqueous solution”. The abundance of 6Li+ gradually improved with an increase in the extraction stages. The relative abundance of 6Li+ increased by 1.492% at the 20-stage extraction separation (from 7.53% to 9.022%). This new and simple approach (stripping cross-flow multistage method (SCFM)) was to achieve large enrichment of lighter isotopes of lithium (6Li+) by combined extraction and stripping process. In summary, the present study offers the possibility for the enrichment of 6Li+ during lithium isotope extraction separation.

Peculiarities of Forming the Methodology for Investigating Criminal Offenses against the Authority of State Agencies in the Law Enforcement Sphere

The peculiarities for the formation of the methodology of investigating criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity have been highlighted. It has been established that the specified group of criminal offenses includes: 1) interference in the activities of a law enforcement officer; 2) the threat of murder, bodily injury or destruction or damage to property in a generally dangerous manner in respect to an official or his relatives or in respect to a citizen performing public duties, used to terminate the activities of a citizen performing public duties or to change its nature in the interests of the person who makes threats; 3) unauthorized appropriation of powers combined with the commission of any socially dangerous actions.
 The general concept for the formation of forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses of this type has been defined. That concept consists in observing procedural requirements for carrying out inquiry, taking into account the needs of law enforcement agencies, using the experience of scholars on this issue and experience of investigative and judicial agencies in investigating minor crimes and criminal offenses.
 It has been clarified that during the formation of forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses, there were some controversial issues. They include: issues on the need to include matters about the separation of stages of investigation, forensic prevention, etc. into the structure of tactics of conducting covert (investigative) search actions.
 It has been established that the structure of methods of investigating criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity should consist of the following elements: 1) forensic characteristics of criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity; 2) circumstances to be established; 3) features of the beginning of criminal proceedings, typical investigative situations, algorithms of investigative (search) and procedural actions at the initial and subsequent stages of investigation; 4) specific features of tactics of conducting certain investigative (search), covert investigative (search) and procedural actions; 5) general features of using special knowledge; 6) specific features of forensic prevention of criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity.