Stages Of Demineralization Research Articles

Analisis Kitin dari Cangkang Kepiting Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus)

Crab skin is a processing waste that reaches 50-60% by weight intact, with a chitin content of 20-30%. If this waste can be utilized, then in addition to overcoming the problem of water pollution, it will also provide added value to the fisheries processing business. Until now, the use of these wastes is still very limited. Its use includes making petis, shrimp paste, flavor, and as a feed ingredient. This research is about the isolation of chitin from crab shell shells through the stages of demineralization and deproteination. The research method used in this study has 2 stages, namely deproteination with variations in NaOH reagent concentrations of 3.5%, 45.0%, 5 and 6.5%, and demineralization with HCl reagent concentrations of 1 M. Test characteristics of chitin and chitosan isolated results carried out with IR. The results of data analysis showed that the isolation of chitin from crab shells went through several stages, namely two stages of deproteination and demineralization stages. The optimum concentration of NaOH reagents used in the deproteination process is 4.50% with the concentration of protein that can be released in the first test of 18.0467 gr and in the second test of 17.8445 gr. The optimum concentration of HCl reagent used in the demineralization stage is 0.1 N. The optimum incubation time for the chemical deproteinas stage i is 2 hours with chitin levels produced of 32.8320 gr

A Review of the Chemical Extraction of Chitosan from Shrimp Wastes and Prediction of Factors Affecting Chitosan Yield by Using an Artificial Neural Network.

There are two viable options to produce shrimp shells as by-product waste, either within the shrimp production phases or when the shrimp are peeled before cooking by the end user. This waste is considered a double-edged sword, as it is possible to be either a source of environmental pollution, through dumping and burning, or a promising source from which to produce chitosan as a biodegradable, biocompatible biopolymer which has a variety of agricultural, industrial, and biomedical applications. Chitosan is a deacetylated form of chitin that can be chemically recovered from shrimp shells through the three sequential stages of demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. The main aim of this review paper is to summarize the recent literature on the chemical extraction of chitosan from shrimp shells and to represent the physicochemical properties of chitosan extracted from shrimp shells in different articles, such as chitosan yield, moisture content, solubility, ash content, and degree of deacetylation. Another aim is to analyze the influence of the main predictors of the chemical extraction stages (demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation) on the chitosan yield percentage by using a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network. This study showed that the deacetylation alkali concentration is the most crucial parameter, followed by the concentrations of acid and alkali of demineralization and deproteinization, respectively. The current review was conducted to be used in prospective studies for optimizing the chemical extraction of chitosan from shrimp wastes.

Crabs Marine Waste-A Valuable Source of Chitosan: Tuning Chitosan Properties by Chitin Extraction Optimization.

Chitin extraction from crab shells was studied experimentally and optimized aiming to obtain chitosan with predefined deacetylation degree and molecular mass. To find out the optimum operating conditions that ensure the obtaining of a chitosan with highest deacetylation degree and specific molecular mass four parameters were varied: the concentration of NaOH and the temperature for deproteinization step, respectively HCl concentration and the number of acidic treatments for the demineralization stage. The experiment was carried on following Taguchi orthogonal array L9, and the best combination of factors was found using the desirability function approach. The optimization results showed that 5% NaOH concentration and low temperatures lead to a chitosan with high deacetylation degree. High molecular mass chitosan is obtained when a single step acidic treatment is used, while a chitosan with low molar mass is obtained for multiple acid contacts and higher HCl concentration.

Efficacy of Three Commercially Available Fluoride Releasing Varnishes in Remineralization of Artificial White Spot Lesions Evaluated by Laser Fluorescence

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the remineralization of shallow and deep artificial white spot lesion (WSL) by the application of three fluoride releasing varnishes. Methods: Sixty-four extracted premolars were subjected to acid attack inducing two depths of WSLs. Using a DIAGNOdent pen, teeth were divided into two groups according to the WSL depth: shallow enamel (SE) and deep enamel (DE). Then each was subdivided into four intervention groups of eight teeth each: MI varnish, Clinpro White varnish, Clinpro XT, or control (artificial saliva). Laser fluorescence were measured via DIAGNOdent pen at baseline, demineralization stage, 24 h, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after intervention. Results: For each lesion depth, there were statistically significant differences among the agents after intervention (P < 0.01) and among time intervals for each group (P < 0.01). Conclusion: MI varnish is more effective than Clinpro White varnish or Clinpro XT in remineralizing two depths of WSLs at different time points.

The Production of Gelatin from Snapper Scales (Lutjanus camphecanus Sp.) through Enzymatic Pretreatment

Fish wastes such as fish bones and scales have a potential to be used as a gelatin source. It can be used as an alternative material to replace pork or bovine which ordinarily conflicted with religion issue. Gelatin from fish has different characteristics compared with mammalian source. It has several advantageous properties such as high amount of hydrophobic amino acids, less proline and hydroxy proline, lower gelling ability, and melting point. In this study, gelatin was produced from fish waste especially snapper scales using the bromelain enzyme at the pre-treatment stage to improve its characteristic. The snapper scales soaking in hot water at 80⁰C for about 30 minutes to remove the fat which attached the scales. A pre-treatment has been conducted using bromelain enzyme solution at various concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% for 6 hours to remove non-collagenous proteins and loosen the bonds of the fish scales. The next step is demineralization using a 15% concentration of citric acid solution for 3 days. The ossein formed in the demineralization stage was then hydrolyzed at 50⁰C and 70⁰C for 9 hours with stirring at 300 rpm. The best gelatin yield was obtained from the pretreatment of bromelain enzyme solution with a concentration of 3% at a hydrolysis temperature of 70⁰C with a yield of 9.13%, pH value of 3.86, water content of 8%, ash content of 0.80%. FTIR spectra shows the presence of functional groups correspond to gelatin formation, such as carbon, hydrogen, hydroxyl group (O-H), carbonyl group (C=O), amine group (N-H) and alkene group (C=C). The heavy metal content test showed that the gelatin contained no heavy metal content of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As).

White Spot Lesions: A Serious but Often Ignored Complication of Orthodontic Treatment

Objective: The objective of this narrative review is to present an overview of the prevalence, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and latest advances on white spot lesions. Background: White spot lesions have been defined as the earliest stage of demineralization on enamel surfaces that are easily discernible to the human eye. Methods: Relevant articles on white spot lesions were searched and reviewed from March 1975 till May 2021 in Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect and were included in this review. Results: Even though the orthodontic field has seen several advances over the last few years, this is one complication that persists. White spot lesions are very commonly seen after completion of fixed orthodontic therapy when brackets are debonded. Previously conducted research has shown that there is a high prevalence rate of white spot lesions, which ranges from 50 to 90%. On intra-oral examination, a white spot can be seen as a matte-textured, opaque white lesion. Since the demineralization process takes place below the enamel surface, the outer layer only demonstrates pores that affect the natural light refractory properties of a tooth. This is what leads to the characteristic appearance of these lesions. One of the goals of modern dentistry is to treat non-cavitated lesions by promoting remineralization without the involvement of any invasive procedures. Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic therapy is usually a lengthy process and requires active cooperation between the orthodontist and the patient. However, it is the responsibility of the treating orthodontist to examine the tooth surfaces at each appointment to diagnose a developing white spot lesion as early as possible. With recent advances in diagnostic techniques, it has become much easier to identify these initial lesions and prevent their progression to cavitated lesions.

Treatment of deep dental decay with Zn-BIOR. Histological study

The deep dental decay represents the last stage of carious disease, characterized by extensive affectation of hard dental tissues, capturing the deep layers of the dentin (parapulpal dentin) and represents the most severe stage of demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues of the tooth. The higher rate of the complications of the deep dental decay treatment motivates the creation of new remedies and algorithms of work, which will ensure the formation of a tertiary dentin pontoon in order to isolate the pulpal body from decay cavity. Thus, the effect of reducing pulpal inflammation would ensure a high effectiveness of the treatment.

Closing the loop: Valorizing pyrolyzed waste tyre residue into functional carbon materials, SiO2 with exceptionally high silanol groups, and Zn salt

This study aims to identify suitable processing conditions for converting pyrolytic solid residue from off-the-road tyres (OTR) to improve carbon materials properties that can be used in multiple applications and the recovery of minerals from OTR. Pyrolysis of OTR at 800 °C and a heating rate 2 °C.min−1 gave a carbon material with the highest surface area, most defective carbon structures, and the highest micro-porosity. This operating condition was used to compare the conventional three-step carbonization approach, which involves a demineralization stage that produces high volumes of toxic wastewater, with a two-step approach that bypasses this stage. Analysis of the carbon structures showed that the quality of the carbon material from the two-step approach is similar to the three-step approach. This two-step approach resulted in a solid and a liquid phase, in which ∼ 93.4% of Zn was selectively fractionated to the liquid phase. The wastewater from the acid wash of the carbonized OTR was neutralized to recover the SiO2, of which 55.5% was reactive SiO2. The SiO2 was found to have an exceptionally high cross-linking ratio of 5.94, achievable only when SiO2 is reacted with silane groups. The study demonstrated that the engineered carbon material from OTR has a H2 uptake of 1.03 wt% at 77 K and 1.2 bar, and the sulfonated counterpart was an effective catalyst (64% conversion) for the Aldol condensation of levunilic acid to two dimer products [tetrahydro-2- methyl-5,γ-dioxo-2-furanpentanoic acid (TMDFA) and 3-(2-methyl-5-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-4-oxopentanoic acid (MOTOA)] that are precursors for fuels and chemicals.

Semi-Manual Processing Of Blood Clamps Waste into Chitosan Powder

Blood clams (Anadara granosa) are endemic clams found in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Blood clams are widely consumed by the public as seafood dishes in coastal food stalls. The great potential of blood clams will increase the waste of clam shells produced. The accumulation of shellfish waste will cause pollution and reduce environmental aesthetics. The chitin content in blood clam shells can be used as chitosan. Chitosan is a polymer of -(1-4) glucosamine which is formed when the acetyl group in chitin is substituted by hydrogen to become an amine group. Chitosan has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Isolation of chitosan was carried out through the stages of demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The limited use of laboratories during the pandemic is a major obstacle in the isolation process of chitosan. This study aims to process blood clam shell waste into chitosan in a simple way on a home scale. Processing includes deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation were done using tools and materials available at home. Laboratory equipment such as beakers could be replaced with pots, the reflux process was replaced by using a cloth to filter, and measuring cups were replaced with glasses. The research used 1500 grams of blood clam shell powder and produced 1050 grams of white chitosan with a slightly hard texture

Chemical and membrane desalination of natural water with high content of iron-organic compounds

Under the conditions of modernization of Russian thermal power plants (TPP), water treatment plants based on imported membrane technologies are often put into operation without consideration of the quality of the source (natural) water and variable-performance operating modes. At the same time long-running water treatment plants and their capabilities are not considered. In this regard, the cost of additional water is three or more times higher, and the average output is respectively lower than at traditional water treatment plants. Often, one doesn’t take the advantages of reverse osmosis installations based on the rejection of the use of aggressive reagents such as sulfuric acid, etc. The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of desalinated water production. It is especially important to conduct studies of natural waters with high content of iron-organic compounds characteristic of the regions of the center and north of Russia. The authors have carried out laboratory studies of various, primarily new filter materials, regents, and devices, both at the stages of pre-purification of water i.e., clarification, and at the stages of demineralization of clarified water. Water treatment plants of Ivanovo combined-cycle plant (CCP) and Cherepovets state district power station (GRES) are considered as the subject of the research. It is found out that if one applies ion-exchange and membrane water treatment technologies to treat water with high content of iron-organic compounds, high-quality desalinated water can be obtained. The properties of water are the following: specific electrical conductivity of no more than 0,2 mcm/cm and permanganate oxidizability of no more than 1 MgO/l. Results of studies at the Ivanovo CCP and Cherepovets GRES have shown practicability to coagulate water with aluminum sulfate using an anionactive flocculant, for example, during the flood period. Application of coagulation and ultrafiltration units before reverse osmosis installation ensures removing organic impurities from the water. Based on the obtained research results, recommendations are given for the implementation of the results at Ivanovo water treatment plants.

Analysis of Remineralization Potential of Three Different Remineralizing Pastes on Demineralized Enamel: A Comparative Study

Aim of this research was to evaluate the remineralizing potential of three different remineralizing pastes on enamel that has been demineralized. Sixty healthy mandibular single-rooted human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons from subjects between 18 and 25 years of age were included in this research. An area of 4 mm × 4 mm (window) was marked on the buccal surfaces of teeth samples, coated with nail varnish except for the window, which was scrutinized for changes in the values subsequent to demineralization as well as remineralization. Samples were kept in demineralizing solution for 96 hours to produce the artificial lesion in the enamel. Consequent to this process of demineralization, the 60 premolar teeth were randomly allocated to the following three groups (20 in each group) depending on the remineralizing paste used for application as group I: bioactive glass constituting remineralizing paste; group II: tricalcium phosphate (TCP) comprising remineralizing paste; and group III: calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP) remineralizing paste. Following the pH-cycling process, the confocal laser scanning microscope was used to assess the area of demineralization and remineralization. The mean areas of demineralization were slightly more (133.24 ± 0.09) in the remineralization paste comprising bioactive glass seconded by the remineralization paste having CaSP (131.39 ± 0.18), and lastly the remineralizing paste constituting TCP (129.59 ± 0.14). Maximum areas of remineralization were found in the pastes that had CaSP group (96.14 ± 0.04), next by the paste having bioactive glass group (102.18 ± 0.17), and then the remineralization paste constituting TCP (118.37 ± 0.21). The difference was statistically significant among the three remineralization pastes used. Amid the confines of this in vitro research, a conclusion that the remineralization pastes comprising CaSP exhibited enhanced remineralization capacity in comparison to the group having bioactive glass and TCP was established. Caries is a highly prevalent multifactorial disease, but its progression can be prevented in the initial stage of demineralization through remineralization. Significantly increasing attention to the treatment of carious lesions that are not cavitated by employing noninvasive remineralization methods to achieve restoration of enamel has been rendered in the field of research.

Technology of enzymatic-acid hydrolysis of bone raw material in production of gelatine

Bone gelatin is an important and irreplaceable item widely used in the food industry and pharmaceutical production; it is also widely used in tissue engineering and other spheres. Due to widespread use of gelatin it is necessary to search for new safe and effective technologies for bone gelatin production. This research represents the results of enzymatic-acid hydrolysis of raw material in the process of gelatin production. The article presents the results of hydrolysis analyzes, the results of the main quality parameters of the obtained gelatin samples; and the major technological scheme for gelatin production is proposed here. As result of developed technology of enzymatic-acid hydrolysis of bone raw material with the ratio of raw material mass to the volume of solvent (HCl 1M and pepsin with an enzymatic activity of 40 units) as 1:9, duration of exposure: 180 minutes (3 hours), at the stage of demineralization, liming and de-ashing, we obtained samples of gelatin at yield rate of 12.1% from the initial mass of raw materials, which is 6.9% higher in comparison with the lowest yield of gelatin according to the proposed schemes. It is shown that the samples have a high protein mass fraction 91.4%, and a low fat mass fraction 0.4%, the obtained results indicate the high technological qualities of the obtained gelatin sample, this is also confirmed by high strength of gel according to Bloom scale, which value varies within the range of 290 ± 0.7 units.

Application Education as a Place to Increase Community Income During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Parungponteng

Blood clams (Anadara granosa) are endemic clams found in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Blood clams are widely consumed by the public as seafood dishes in coastal food stalls. The great potential of blood clams will increase the waste of clam shells produced. The accumulation of shellfish waste will cause pollution and reduce environmental aesthetics. The chitin content in blood clam shells can be used as chitosan. Chitosan is a polymer of -(1-4) glucosamine which is formed when the acetyl group in chitin is substituted by hydrogen to become an amine group. Chitosan has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Isolation of chitosan was carried out through the stages of demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The limited use of laboratories during the pandemic is a major obstacle in the isolation process of chitosan. This study aims to process blood clam shell waste into chitosan in a simple way on a home scale. Processing includes deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation were done using tools and materials available at home. Laboratory equipment such as beakers could be replaced with pots, the reflux process was replaced by using a cloth to filter, and measuring cups were replaced with glasses. The research used 1500 grams of blood clam shell powder and produced 1050 grams of white chitosan with a slightly hard texture.

Antimicrobial Activity of Biopolymer Extract against Four Selected Microorganisms

The discovery of antibacterial drugs to combat the spread of infectious diseases brought a great relief to the health community which allowed the medical professionals to treat and reduce death rate arising from infections caused by microorganisms. The need to search and formulate more potent and efficient antimicrobial drugs become necessary due to resistance of some microorganisms to available and existing antimicrobial drugs. Chitosan was extracted from crab shell waste through the stages of demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. The chitosan (CHS) was further modified with silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solution using various concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 M) in order to enhance its antimicrobial property. The crab shell powder (CSP) and chitosan (CHS) were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. (SEM-EDS). The antimicrobial activity (zone of inhibition) was carried out using disk diffusion method. The result showed that <i>E.coli</i> and <i>Pseudopodium </i>showed the highest susceptibility of 10.2 ± 0.2 mm with extract from chitosan treated with 1.5 M silver nitrate (1.5 SNCHE) at 1000 µg/L whereas the least susceptibility was observed to be E. coli (2.0 ± 0.1 mm) with extract from chitosan treated with 1.0 M silver nitrate (1.0 SNCHE) at 250 µg/L. However, untreated chitosan extract (UCHSE) did not exhibit any antimicrobial effect against any of the tested microorganisms. The proximate analysis of CHS and CHN showed % crude protein to be 12.24 ± 0.01 and 20.54 ± 0.03 respectively. The FT-IR spectra of CHS and CHN showed their characteristic absorption peaks and the diffractograms of CSP and CHS revealed CaCO₃ to be the major mineral component in the samples.

Effectiveness of Self-assembling Peptide P11-4 Compared to Tricalcium Phosphate Fluoride Varnish in Remineralization of White Spot Lesions: A Clinical Randomized Trial.

BackgroundFluoride varnish with therapeutic tricalcium phosphate formulas such as Clinpro™ varnish has shown greater tendency in treating white spot lesions (WSLs) by inhibiting the progression of initial enamel lesions through the mineral exchange. The self-assembling peptide SAP11-4 (Curodont Repair, CDR) works on a different scale in treating WSLs by mimicking the enamel matrix and aiming to guided enamel regeneration.AimTo quantitatively and qualitatively compare the effectiveness of the SAP11-4 vs tricalcium posphate fluoride (TCPF) in remineralization of WSLs in young permanent teeth.Materials and methodsNine healthy patients were enrolled in this study. The trial was performed on 40 young permanent teeth in the initial demineralization stage. Teeth were randomly assigned to receive either TCPF (group I) or SAP11-4 (group II). Lesions were assessed at pretreatment, 3, and 6 months posttreatment quantitatively per laser fluorescence DIAGNOdent pen and qualitatively through the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II.ResultsThe result of the current study revealed a significant quantitative and qualitative increase in remineralization of WSLs in both groups and over time intervals. However, the WSL recovery was significantly better in the self-assembling peptide group, reflecting an excellent remineralization potential of the WSLs by the SAP11-4 compared to TCPF varnish.ConclusionBoth TCPF and SAP11-4 were effective in treating WSLs. However, the success of guided enamel regeneration by the SAP11-4 through the biomineralization has proven superiority of this material compared to TCPF.Clinical significanceEarly detection of WSLs and minimal intervention through remineralizing agents can limit unnecessary tissue loss, further caries progression, and consequently prevent further harm to the patients.How to cite this articleKobeissi R, Badr SBY, Osman E. Effectiveness of Self-assembling Peptide P11-4 Compared to Tricalcium Phosphate Fluoride Varnish in remineralization of White Spot Lesions: A Clinical Randomized Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):451–456.

Antibacterial Potential of Chitosan Extracted from Rama Shrimp (Thalassina Anomala) Carapace

The added value of the waste of Rama shrimp (Thalassina anomala) carapace could be increased by extracting it to be a chitosan through the stages of demineralization, deproteination and deacetylation. The aim of the research was to determine the ability of chitosan extracted from the carapace to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Chitosan extracted from the shrimp carapace was showing its chemical characteristics, namely: the content of water 6.74%, ash 4.13%, nitrogen 7.5%, and deacetylation degree 71%. Chitosan was dissolved in 1% acetic acid. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out by using the well diffusion method, conducted by addition of chitosan at varied concentration (0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 6%). The results showed that the chitosan had an ability to be antibacterial against Salmonella thypi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. It was indicated by the clear zones formed around the well. The clear zone formed was indicating that the chitosan extracted from the carapace could inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria at a concentration of 1 %. The average of inhibition zone diameter for each bacterium was 11.54 mm, 11.46 mm, 7.78 mm, and 9.84 mm, respectively.

Detection of enamel subsurface lesions by swept-source optical coherence tomography.

This study aimed to non-destructively analyze the progression of subsurface enamel caries using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), a recently developed imaging analysis modality. Artificial enamel caries at various stages of demineralization were created in bovine tooth enamel using a modified lactic acid gel system. Untreated enamel served as a control. OCT images from cross-sections of enamel were collected. Mineral density, distribution, and histological changes were analyzed using an electron probe microanalyzer, scanning electron microscopy, and contact microradiography. The Raman spectrum and X-ray structural analysis of the enamel surfaces were determined. SS-OCT detected significant differences in mineral loss among the samples. A high-brightness image was confirmed, along with changes in the respective brightness graphs proportionate to the degree of demineralization. SS-OCT can potentially be used to evaluate the progression of incipient enamel carious lesions.

The Effect of Demineralization Stage of Agar’s Solid Waste on the Characterization of Activated Carbon

Agar’s solid waste contains quite high amount of crude fiber at 38.05%, so it can be used as activated carbon. Activated carbon is carbon whose configuration of carbon atoms is freed from bonding with other elements. The effectiveness of activated carbon as an adsorbent is seen from the ash content. High level of ash in a material can reduce the ability of activated carbon in the adsorption process, making it undesirable in the manufacture of activated charcoal. Demineralization using HCl solution can affect the decrease in ash content. This study used the experimental method of pre-post test and the analysis was carried out using the associated T-Test (paired T-Test). Pre-test was conducted using 0% HCl or without demineralization and Post-test was conducted using 5% HCl. Study results show that there is no effect on the characteristics of ash content, volatile substances, pure activated carbon, yield and there is effect on water content. It indicates that demineralization process using 5% HCl on the yet optimum material does not have tangible impact on the resulted ash content and characteristics of activated carbon.

Comparative Evaluation of the Remineralizing Potential of Commercially Available Agents on Artificially Demineralized Human Enamel: An In vitro Study.

Background:Caries is highly prevalent multifactorial disease, but its progression can be prevented in the initial stage of demineralization through remineralization (RML). Various materials have been proposed for the same, successful outcome can prove to be a boon in the prevention of caries.Aim:The aim of the study is to assess the RML potential of four commercially available agents so as to restore the enamel closest to its previous microhardness levels.Materials and Methods:Sixty permanent intact premolars were randomly divided into six groups: Four test groups – (1) bioactive glass (BAG) Novamin (SHY-NM), (2) nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) (Acclaim), (3) functionalized tricalcium phosphate (f-TCP) (Clinpro Tooth Crème), and (4) grape seed extract (GSE); one positive control – (5) fluoride (1000 ppm) containing dentifrice (Colgate Calci-Lock); and one negative control – (6) distilled water. The samples were initially evaluated for baseline surface microhardness (SMH); later on, these samples were placed in the demineralizing solution for 48 h in an incubator at 37°C, and postdemineralization again SMH was measured. Thereafter, the samples were subjected to the pH cycling for consecutive 21 days, and SMH was recorded. The SMH was evaluated using a Vickers microhardness tester. Statistical analysis was done using a post hoc Tukey test for each group based on the stage of treatment and one-way ANOVA for comparison among different groups.Results:BAG Novamin showed SMH recovery at 96.75% followed by f-TCP at 95.83%, nHAp at 90.88%, and GSE at 48.71%. Statistically significant differences were observed between the first three groups and the rest of the groups after RML stage.Conclusion:BAG Novamin, f-TCP, and nHAp showed considerable RML followed to a lesser extent by GSE.

PRODUKSI DAN KARAKTERISTIK GELATIN HALAL BERBAHAN DASAR USUS AYAM

Gelatine is one of the most indispensable products in the food industry, pharmaceutical industry, photography industry, and other industries. Currently, the demand for gelatine in Indonesia is almost 100% fulfilled by gelatine imports from various countries. Imported gelatineare obtained from the hydrolysis of collagen from pigs and cattle body parts, which causes the anxiety of the Indonesian because the majority of Indonesian are moslems. Moslems forbid all types of food products derived from pigs and livestock that are not slaughtered using Islamic ways. Therefore, it is necessary to find out various raw materials alternatives to get halal gelatine. Gelatine can be made from various body tissues of livestock such as chicken intestines. The main ingredients of the intestine are proteins including collagen. Gelatine is obtained from collagen hydrolysis. Optimization of the acid concentration and soaking time at the demineralization stage influence to gelatine quality. This experiment was conducted experimentally, the design used was a complete randomized design with factorial pattern, the treatments were hydrochloric acid concentration (3, 5, and 7%) and soaking time (24, 48, and 72 hours), each treatment was repeated four times. Variant analysis was used to determine the treatment difference, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to test the differences between treatments. The results showed that there was an interaction between the use of hydrochloric acid concentration with the length of soaking time on the quality of chicken intestine gelatine. The use of 3% hydrochloric acid with 24 hours soaking time resulted the best quality of chicken intestine gelatin, and had gelatine characteristic ie yield of 4.33%; water content of 5.49%; ash content 3.80%; pH 5.5; and gel strength of 157.48 g bloom.Keywords: gelatin, characterization, production, chicken intestine