Stages Of Behavior Change Research Articles

Influence of perceived barriers and facilitators for physical activity on physical activity levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or spondyloarthritis: a cross-sectional study of 150 patients

BackgroundBarriers and facilitators to physical activity in inflammatory arthritis can be assessed through the Inflammatory arthritis FAcilitators and Barriers (IFAB) questionnaire. The objective was to measure the correlation between IFAB and self-reported physical activity levels.MethodsThis was an international, multicentric, cross-sectional study in 2019–20. Consecutive spondyloarthritis (axSpA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients completed the 10-item IFAB, which ranges from − 70 to 70 with lower scores indicating more barriers. Physical activity was measured by the IPAQ-S questionnaire, steps per day collected by smartphone, and psychological readiness to change by stages of behaviour change. Spearman correlations and multivariable linear regression were calculated.ResultsOf 245 patients included, 150 were analysed: 69 (46%) axSpA, 63 (42%) RA, 18 (12%) PsA. Mean age was 48.6 years (standard deviation, SD 17.1), mean disease duration 11.7 (10.1) years and 60% were women. Barriers to physical activity were moderate: mean IFAB, 6 (SD 19.2); 39 (26%) patients scored less than − 5, corresponding to significant barriers. The mean physical activity was 2837 (SD 2668, median 1784) MET-minutes per week. The IPAQ-S questionnaire was correlated with the IFAB (rho 0.28, p < 0.001), as well as the stage of behaviour change (rho 0.35, p < 0.001) though not with steps per day. Multivariable analyses were confirmatory.ConclusionPerceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity were correlated with physical activity, indicating that targeting patients with high barriers and low facilitators to physical activity could be an effective option to improve physical activity levels.Trial registrationClinicalTrial NCT04426747. Registered 11 June 2020 - Retrospectively registered.

Perceived Motivational Climate and Stages of Exercise Behavior Change: Mediating Roles of Motivation Within and Beyond Physical Education Class.

This study examined the relationship between the perceived motivational climate in physical education (PE) classes and the stage of exercise behavior change among 322 high school students in northeastern China. Furthermore, the chain-mediating effects of autonomous motivation in PE and the five types of motivation (interest, competence, social relatedness, appearance, and health) in leisure-time physical activity (PA) were examined. Results showed that autonomous motivation in PE and the five types of motivation in leisure-time PA had chain-mediating effects on the relationships between the perceived mastery- and performance-oriented motivational climate and the stage of exercise behavior change in the whole sample (controlling for gender). Specifically, a perceived mastery-oriented motivational climate promoted autonomous motivation in PE, which, in turn, increased the five types of motivation in leisure-time PA and led to a higher stage of exercise behavior change. Conversely, a perceived performance-oriented motivational climate reduced autonomous motivation in PE which, in turn, decreased the five types of motivation in leisure-time PA and led to earlier stages of exercise behavior change. The patterns of the chain-mediating effects of autonomous motivation in PE and the five types of motivation in leisure-time PA were somewhat similar in girls and boys. The results suggested that PE teachers should create mastery-oriented climates and avoid performance-oriented motivational climates, which may promote intrinsic or identified motivations of students for PA within and beyond PE classes, thereby affecting the leisure-time PA of students.

Examination of students' willingness to change behaviour regarding meat consumption

The aim of this study was to assess the behaviour of Swiss students regarding meat consumption by analysing their current consumption habits, attitudes and knowledge, acceptance of meat alternatives and willingness to reduce meat intake. Data were collected through an online survey conducted in universities and universities of applied sciences among German- and French-speaking students in Switzerland (n = 498). By segmenting the student population using an adapted transtheoretical model of change, four distinct clusters were identified: passive (14.7%), curious (6%), awoken (44.7%) and active consumers (34.6%). The results provide a deeper insight into Swiss students' dietary patterns, attitudes and knowledge concerning the impact of meat consumption as along with concrete practical interventions to target the different clusters and initiate and promote behaviour change regarding meat consumption. The ideal recommendations depend on the current stage of behaviour change. However, to reduce meat consumption, policy makers need to set specific, quantifiable goals within defined time frames while involving a variety of stakeholders.

The Contemplation Stage of Smoking Behavior Change among Health Students in Kupang City

A health department student is an individual who has a higher level of knowledge and education in the field of health. However, around 37,3% of college students in Indonesia, including health students, are smokers. Previous studies of health students showed the desire of smokers to quit smoking. The intention to quit smoking can be identified through a process of change at the contemplation stage. The research described smoking behaviour change on the contemplation stage on health department students in Kota Kupang in 2021. The type of research was qualitative with the technique of in-depth interviews. This research recruited nine health students in Kota Kupang who have willing to change their smoking behaviour. The research found that while all informants intend to quit smoking, three have not yet committed to changing actions. Four behaviour change processes played a significant role in raising awareness and forming the intention to quit among informants on the contemplation stage. Therefore, health students should not smoke to be a good agent of change for society. Behaviour change communication and health promotion need to ensure the involvement of the four change processes for smokers to be at the contemplation stage and readily moved to an action stage.

Evaluating Knowledge and Stages of Nutritional Behavior Change in Diabetic Patients Covered by Comprehensive Health Service Centers in Ghayenat City in 2020

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic and non-communicable metabolic diseases and one of the major public health problems. Lifestyle and diet are remarkable factors in controlling diabetes. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and stages of nutritional behavior change in diabetic patients. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, a simple random sampling method was used to select 330 diabetic patients covered by comprehensive health service centers in Ghayenat city, South Khorasan Province, Iran. The research instrument addressed the participants’ demographic information, knowledge, and stages of nutritional behavior change in diabetic patients. The ordinal logistic regression was used to examine factors affecting behavior change. In this regard, the significance level was set to be P &lt; 0.05. Results: The participants’ mean age was 57.86 ± 11.72 years, and 63.7% of the patients were female. The mean score of knowledge was 15.73 ± 2.61, and 52.8, 16.9, 8.9, 11.3, and 10.1 percent of the participants were in the maintenance, action, preparation, contemplation, and pre-contemplation stages. The ordinal Logistic regression model revealed that the main factors affecting behavior change were knowledge, level of income, and a family member with diabetes (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Given that about two-thirds of diabetic patients take no training course on diabetes, that above forty percent of these individuals have no proper knowledge about the disease, and that half of the patients are in the pre-maintenance stages of behavior change, holding a training course is of paramount importance for patients.

Health-related lifestyle and dropout from a web-based physical activity intervention trial in older adults: A latent profile analysis.

Selective study dropout limits manifestation and detection of intervention effects and is a major challenge in behavioral intervention studies. Engaging in health-risk behaviors might make individuals especially dropout-vulnerable. Thus, this theory-based study's aim was to identify health-related lifestyle profiles affecting dropout in a web-based physical activity intervention trial targeting older adults. The 12-week intervention trial was conducted between 2016 and 2018 in Germany. Baseline lifestyle profiles consisting of self-reported physical activity, sedentary behavior, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, nocturnal sleep, and social activity were assessed with questionnaires and investigated in 589 individuals. The risk of study dropout related to health-related lifestyle profile was tested with Poisson regression in 571 individuals (96.9%). Latent profile analysis identified four latent health-related lifestyle profiles: socially inactive (n = 23, 3.9%), slightly unhealthy (n = 449, 75.2%), health-promoting (n = 81, 13.8%), and highly physically active lifestyle (n = 36, 6.1%). Profiles differed significantly by sex, stage of behavior change, and subjective health. Compared with the average of all profiles, statistically significant study dropout adjusted risk ratios (aRR) were 1.91 for the socially inactive lifestyle, and aRR = 0.73 for the slightly unhealthy lifestyle. There were no statistically significant effects for the highly physically active lifestyle (aRR = 0.94) and the health-promoting lifestyle (aRR = 0.76) on study dropout. This study highlights the relevance of accounting for the correlation between health-related lifestyle profiles and study participation of older adults in physical activity interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Exercising empathy: Pharmacists possess skills to increase coronavirus vaccine confidence

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are the essential public health intervention to confer immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, while decreasing the risks of severe COVID-19 disease, hospitalizations, and death associated with natural infection. Public health experts agree that the public health interventions of social distancing and face coverings will only be able to successfully curtail the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States when combined with the highly effective COVID-19 vaccines. The risk for severe COVID-19 is higher in Americans with highly prevalent metabolic and cardiovascular chronic conditions as well as vulnerable demographics, such as minorities and pregnant women. Unfortunately, experience with past unethical health practices can influence current vaccine confidence in people of color and women of childbearing age. Pharmacists are well-positioned in myriad health care settings across the nation to listen to these concerns and have the conversations necessary to increase vaccine confidence. Similar to effective roles that pharmacists have had in other health prevention efforts such as smoking cessation, pharmacists possess the motivational interviewing skills to guide patients from the “precontemplation” to the “action” stages of health behavior change. This nonjudgmental, mutual understanding will help identify the individual factors influencing vaccine decision-making and bring us closer to achieving “community immunity.”

Investigation of the Reasons Motivating Undergraduate Students to Physical Activity According to Behavior Change Stages

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the reasons that motivate undergraduate students to physical activity according to the stages of behavior change. Method: A total of 598 students, including 328 male and 270 female students, voluntarily participated in the research conducted with the screening model. Independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and LSD tests were used for statistical operations. Results: The difference between interest and physical fitness dimension scores between male and female students was statistically significant (p&lt;.05). In the dimension of interest and physical fitness, female's scores are higher than male's. In the study, statistically significant differences were found in interest, ability, appearance, physical fitness and social dimensions according to age category (p&lt;.05). Statistically significant differences were found in all sub-dimensions when comparing the sub-dimensions of the reasons that motivate to participate in physical/sports activity according to the behavioral change steps (p&lt;.01). Conclusion: It has been determined that while the factors that motivate undergraduate students to physical activity are different in terms of interest and physical fitness, they are similar in terms of ability, appearance and social dimension. It has been observed that physically active people are better in interest, physical fitness, ability, appearance and social dimensions than those who are not physically active. It is recommended to direct undergraduate students to be more physically active. Keywords: Behavior, Physical activity, Motivation

Investigating the relevance of the traditional marketing mix across different stages of change: empirical evidence from household recycling

PurposeThis study aims to provide empirical evidence and a different perspective on the relevance of the traditional marketing mix in social marketing programmes. This is a response to the ongoing debate about the (in)compatibility of the traditional marketing mix (the 4Ps) in the field of social marketing. In doing so, this study examines the important role that the stages of behaviour change play in influencing the effectiveness of traditional marketing mix elements in the context of recycling in South African households.Design/methodology/approachThis study follows a quantitative method, relying on a survey of 699 heads of households in South Africa. Multigroup analysis and structural equation modelling were applied to test the impact of stages of changes on the potential effect of marketing mix elements on the intention to recycle household waste.FindingsThe results established that although the traditional marketing mix elements have a marginal effect on the intention to recycle household waste, further analyses revealed that this impact of the marketing mix is contingent on the stage of change in which the target audience is found. Thus, the findings indicated that the marketing mix elements significantly influence the intention to recycle when the target audience is at the contemplation and preparation phases.Originality/valueWhilst both critics and proponents of the adoption of the traditional marketing mix in social marketing initiatives have provided relevant arguments, the debate had remained largely theoretical. This study discusses the limitations of the traditional marketing mix in behaviour change programmes and the need for a segmented approach based on the stages of behaviour change when using the 4Ps. However, given the hegemony of the 4Ps in the social marketing literature, this study sheds light on the appropriate “Ps” to activate to influence recycling behavioural intention at different stages of change.

Community Health Worker Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important public health concern with higher prevalence among women. Community health workers (CHWs) are trusted frontline public health workers that bridge gaps between communities and healthcare services. Despite their effectiveness in delivering services and improving outcomes for different chronic conditions, there is a dearth of understanding regarding CHW management of IPV. The purpose of this study is to examine knowledge, attitudes, practices, and readiness to manage IPV among a sample of CHWs (n = 152). Participants completed an online version of the Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS), which was modified for CHW practice. Psychometrics of the newly adapted tool, along with empirical relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and readiness to manage IPV were examined. Most sub-scales yielded moderate to high reliability (0.70 < α’s < 0.97), some sub-scales had low reliability (0.57 < α’s < 0.64), and construct validity was established for several of the subscales. On average, many CHWs had low scores on objective knowledge of IPV (mean = 15.4 out of 26), perceived preparation to manage IPV (mean = 3.8 out of 7), and perceived knowledge of IPV (mean = 3.7 out of 7). About 56% of CHWs indicated having no previous IPV training, 34% did not screen for IPV, and 65% were in the contemplation stage of behavior change. Multiple regression models indicated that knowledge, staff capabilities and staff preparation were significant predictors of perceived preparedness to manage IPV (all p’s < 0.05). Results can inform future credentialing requirements and training programs for CHWs to better assist their clients who are victims of IPV.

Canadian Older Adults’ Perceptions of Transitioning from Driver to Non-Driver

Ceasing driving is associated with many negative outcomes. We examined the perceived impact of driving cessation among current older drivers. Transcripts from 92 interviews with participants from several locations across Canada were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. We identified five themes: planning for mobility change, mobility supports and neighborhoods, financial security, fearing loss of control and independence, and coping and acceptance as a part of aging. Findings highlight diverse attitudes toward driving cessation, ranging from avoidance to acceptance, and emphasize the importance of tailored resources for drivers at various stages of behavior change.

Association between Self-efficacy and Stage of Behavior Change Based on Readiness to Improve Diet in a 3-year Follow-up High School Study

Association between Self-efficacy and Stage of Behavior Change Based on Readiness to Improve Diet in a 3-year Follow-up High School Study

A quantitative test of the face validity of behavior-change messages based on the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines

BackgroundImplementation science has scant evidence of how dietary guidelines can be developed into actionable behavior-change messages and even less evidence on their motivating potential and perceived effect on behavior. This may explain the widening gap between nutrition science and individual behavior and the low uptake of dietary recommendations by the population for which they are intended. This study aimed to: (i) assess participant receptivity and acceptance of behavior-change messages; (ii) determine if the behavior-change strategies used in the messages and the main theme they relayed influenced participant evaluation of the messages; (iii) explore if evaluations varied by participants’ stage of behavior-change; and (iv) elucidate reasons for non-compliance with the messages.MethodsAn online survey was used to test the face validity and participant receptivity of 28 behavior-change messages, among a diverse sample of 2400 adult Brazilians. Participants’ understanding of the messages, message likeability and convincingness, and the probability that participants would change behavior in accordance with the message were measured, along with reasons for non-compliance.ResultsThe mean overall scores suggested that participants liked the messages, understood them, and found them convincing. As expected, the probability of complying with the messages scored lower compared to other study outcomes. Messages about shopping practices, cooking practices, and planning and organization performed better than those on other themes. Participants were more receptive to messages that included behavior-change strategies like goals, social identity, and pleasure, however, the probability of compliance was higher for messages with constructs that emphasized health and cost consequences. Participants trying to change their diet or seeking resources to support healthier dietary choices had greater engagement with and receptivity to the messages. Time and effort, and high costs associated with making healthy changes, were barriers to compliance.ConclusionsMessages may help improve individual understanding, stimulate interest in a topic and get participants engaged, particularly if messages are goal-oriented and highlight the pleasure and collective identity of these food-related behaviors. However, messages stop short of addressing the structural, social, and economic barriers to healthy diets. These aspects will need to be targeted through legislative action for sustainable behavior change.

Participation predictors for leisure-time physical activity intervention in children with cerebral palsy.

To determine the predictors of magnitude of change in response to a participation-focused leisure-time physical activity intervention in children with cerebral palsy (CP) using the ParticiPAte CP protocol. We included 33 children (16 males, 17 females) aged 8 to 12years (mean age=10y, SD=1y 6mo) with CP with pre/postintervention data from a wait-list randomized trial. The hypothesized linear predictors of change in primary outcomes (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure [COPM]-performance and COPM-satisfaction, Belief in Goal Self-Competence Scale (BiGSS), and minutes per day moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) were: age; Gross Motor Function Classification System level; comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD); Goal Attainment Scaling T score; Problems in Schools Questionnaire; Physical Activity Climate Questionnaire; Motives for Physical Activities Measure-Revised; and stage of behaviour change. Multivariable models were selected using the Bayesian information criterion. Overcoming barriers to participation, age, and comorbid ASD explained 49% of the variance in change in COPM-performance. Being motivated by interest and/or enjoyment and age explained 32% of the variance in change in COPM-satisfaction. Being motivated by physical activity competence or appearance (extrinsic motivation) explained 24% of the variance in change in BiGSS. Parental autonomy supportiveness, overcoming barriers to participation, appearance motivation, and baseline MVPA explained 59% of the variance in change in MVPA. These findings support a behaviour paradigm for conceptualizing physical activity in children with CP. Children who met their treatment goals showed a greater increase in physical activity participation. Children who were more intrinsically motivated by physical activity at baseline improved more. Being older and having a comorbid diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder were associated with an attenuated effect of the therapy.

Evaluating the impact of culturally specific patient-centric behavioral intervention package versus usual care for tobacco cessation among patients attending noncommunicable disease clinics in North India: A single-blind trial pilot study protocol.

BackgroundIn a low and middle-income country (LMIC) like India, non—communicable diseases (NCDs) contribute a major proportion (61.8%) of all causes of death. Out of this, 48% of cardiovascular diseases , 23% of Chronic Respiratory Diseases , and 10% of Cancer deaths are attributable to tobacco use. Tobacco use is a major risk factor for NCDs and thus, the tobacco cessation approach is a high priority intervention to combat complications and death among NCD patients. While several interventions are available for tobacco cessation, in resource constraint countries like India, the effectiveness of low-cost, culturally specific patient-centric tobacco cessation behavioral intervention holds a potential that needs to be evaluated. A newly developed evidence-based tobacco cessation intervention package will be compared with the existing/usual care provided under the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS) at NCD clinics.Methods and design2 arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial.ParticipantsPatients aged ≥30 years suffering from NCD, currently using tobacco, and attending NCD clinics in 2 districts of Punjab, India.Sample sizeA total of 200 participants meeting the selection criteria will be recruited. They will be allocated either to the intervention arm or control (usual care) arm (100 each) using block randomization.InterventionFor the participants, there will be 4 face-to-face disease-specific cessation counseling sessions, disease-specific pamphlets, short text messages in vernacular language, that is, Punjabi. Follow-ups will be done at the third, sixth, ninth, and 12th months.Primary outcomeSeven-day abstinence, biochemically verified by plasma cotinine levels.Secondary outcomeQuit attempts, number of sticks/number of times of smokeless tobacco usage in a day, and stage of behavior change in tobacco users.DiscussionThis multicomponent culturally specific-patient-centric behavioral intervention package for tobacco cessation at NCD clinic settings focusing on the individual, family, and social environment could increase the outreach of cessation services using existing resources, thereby strengthening health systems and enhancing the quality of life of NCD patients.Trial registrationThe protocol for the study has been registered with the Clinical Trials Registry in India under the registration number CTRI/2018/01/011643.

Effect of Pharmacist Home Visits on Weight Control in Overweight Elderly Hypertensive African American Patients: Managing Your Blood Pressure (My Bp) Program

Objective:The objective was to investigate the effect of a home-based pharmacy intervention on body mass index (BMI) in a cohort of older hypertensive overweight African American (AA) patients.Design:A secondary analysis of data collected in a community-based intervention study.Setting:Community-based.Participants:AA patients, ≥ 65 years old, residing independently, with hypertension diagnosis and BMI ≥ 25.Interventions:During a 6month period, patients received 1) two in-home pharmacist-led consultations on weight management, 2) bi-weekly telephone counseling, and 3) health education strategies.Main Outcome Measures:BMIs at baseline and 6 months; stages of behavioral change in diet and exercise based on the Transtheoretical Model.Results:At baseline and 6-month follow-up, a total of 153 participants had BMI ≥ 25 and received a completed assessment of behavioral stages. Participants’ mean age was 74.2 years. A reduction of BMI from 31.7 (obese) at baseline to 29.8 (overweight) at 6-months (p=0.0008) was observed. For every stage of improvement in diet, there was a reduction of 1.24 points in BMI (p=0.008). For every stage of progress in exercise, there was a reduction of 0.77 points in BMI (p=0.013).Conclusion:Pharmacists-led in-home consultations coupled with telephone follow-ups and health education strategies may improve lifestyle and lower BMIs in this cohort. Further studies are needed to investigate these strategies on weight management in geriatric patients with chronic illnesses.

The stages of students’ behaviour change functioning as predictors of dropout

Due to the expansion of higher education, the number of students attending universities has significantly grown for the last few decades. However, many students drop out of higher education due to several reasons, such as lack of motivation, inadequate learning techniques, or teachers’ requirements. One of the main reasons is motivation, which is closely connected to behaviour change. The concept is taken from the medicine discipline but can properly be applied in education as well. The stage of behaviour change can predict the possible risk of dropout. The current research was conducted among the freshmen IT students in two countries (Hungary, Israel) at the beginning of their second university semester in order to measure and identify at which stage of the behaviour change cycle they are situated. The results could draw university management’s attention whether they need to introduce and implement any prevention programs to avoid students’ dropout.

Community-Level Sports Group Participation and Health Behaviors Among Older Non-Participants in a Sports Group: A Multilevel Cross-Sectional Study.

This study validates the relationship between community-level sports group participation and the frequency of leaving the house and transtheoretical model stages of behavior change for exercise among older individuals who did not participate in a sports group. We used cross-sectional data from the 2016 Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. The proportion of sports group participants at the community level was calculated using the data from 157,233 older individuals living in 1000 communities. We conducted a multilevel regression analysis to examine the relationship between the proportion of sports group participants and the frequency of leaving the house (1 day/week or less) and the transtheoretical model stages of behavior change for exercise. A statistically significant relationship was observed between a high prevalence of sports group participation and lower risk of homeboundness (odds ratio: 0.94) and high transtheoretical model stages (partial regression coefficient: 0.06) as estimated by 10 percentage points of participation proportion. Older individuals, even those not participating in a sports group, living in a community with a high prevalence of sports group participation are less likely to be homebound; they are highly interested and have numerous opportunities to engage in exercise.

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, COMFORT LEVEL, AND CLINICAL PRACTICES OF MEDICINE RESIDENTS REGARDING THE TOPIC OF SMOKING CESSATION AND HARM REDUCTION: ARE WE TRAINING OUR RESIDENTS WELL ENOUGH?

SESSION TITLE: Tobacco Cessation and Prevention Posters SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Posters PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 PURPOSE: Our study aimed to assess and compare the knowledge of Internal medicine (IM) and Family medicine (FM) residents regarding smoking cessation counseling, prescribing pharmacological drugs, and familiarity with the concept of harm reduction. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study conducted at large community hospital. All current IM residents from Postgraduate Year-1 (PGY-1) to Postgraduate Year-4 (PGY-4) and FM residents from Postgraduate Year-1 (PGY-1) to Postgraduate Year-3 (PGY-3) were included. A 20-question data collection form was developed. The questionnaire was created using the ©SurveyPlanet tool and was sent to all participants via email. RESULTS: Out of 79 participants (57 IM and 22 FM), only 44 participants (55.6%) ( 10 in FM and 34 in IM) completed the questionnaire. Residents demonstrated below-average understanding (18%) of the basic concepts of the 5-A model, stages of behavior change, and evidence-based guidelines regarding adequate time spent and the resulting outcome. Assessment of pharmacotherapy side effects showed that residents are least aware of Varenicline (25%, n=11) side effects, compared to Nicotine (61%, n=27) and bupropion (84%, n=37). Only 13.6% (n=6) are aware of evidence-based practice for using pharmacotherapy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). 86% of the residents spend 1-5 minutes on smoking cessation, and 63 % recognized the lack of time as the most significant barrier to counseling. 50% of residents blamed a lack of awareness of available resources as the biggest hurdle to quitting smoking, and despite this, only 45% has ever used a QUIT SMOKING helpline. FM residents seem to be more familiar with QUIT SMOKING helplines (70% vs 38%) and harm reduction models (81% vs 72%) compared to IM. Cutting down was the most common harm reduction model amongst both groups (68%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study clearly demonstrated that both IM and FM residents need more education and formal training about clinical practice guidelines regarding smoking cessation. It can be achieved by arranging educational lectures and placing the summarized guidelines on the hospital’s clinical decision support page. It is crucial to make the discussion about smoking cessation a routine part of the resident’s assessment and encourage them to formulate a plan to address the issue. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Residents are one of the most critical parts of the healthcare team. Their knowledge, approach, and attitude towards actively smoking patients can make a huge difference in helping patients quit or reduce smoking. Focused resident education in this regard will improve their knowledge and understanding of the subject, which in turn can help us achieve a higher smoking cessation rate. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Ahmad Arslan, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Bilal Lashari, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by nayab Nadeem, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Ahmad Raza, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Umer Shoukat, source=Web Response

Public Responses to the Novel 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China: Mental Health Consequences

Based on the current domestic and foreign research reports on COVID-19, this paper makes a prospective summary. While focusing on the health of the public, it analyzes the common psychological stress response of the public in response to sudden infectious diseases, including three stages of typical stress response, emotional, mental, physical and behavioral changes in response to psychological stress. And put forward the appropriate psychological adjustment suggestions, which is conducive to the adjustment of people’s mentality, to face the changes of the epidemic situation with a positive attitude.