Stable Glucose Research Articles

Diabetes distress and depression in type 2 diabetes. A cross-sectional study in 18,000 individuals in the Central Denmark region.

Type 2 diabetes is linked to psychological distress and a doubled risk of depression. This study aims to characterize individuals with type 2 diabetes experiencing diabetes distress and/or depression in relation to lifestyle and metabolic outcomes. A population-based survey in 2020 targeted individuals with type 2 diabetes (aged 18-75 years) in the Central Denmark Region. This cross-sectional study assessed diabetes distress (using Problem-Area-in-Diabetes-scale) and depression (via hospital diagnosis and prescribed medication) as exposures. Logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders, compared exposed and non-exposed groups on lifestyle habits, metabolic factors and medication usage related to cardio-metabolic risks. Of 18,222 respondents with type 2 diabetes (46% response rate), 11% had depression, 14% had diabetes distress and 4% had both. Compared to those with neither condition, those with depression were more often smokers (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.8; 2.3) and sedentary in leisure time (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.8; 2.2). Diabetes distress was associated with elevated HbA1c (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5; 2.0) and treatment with insulin (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.6; 2.0). Half with diabetes distress displayed stable blood glucose levels. Those with both conditions had a higher risk of sedentary behaviour (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 2.3; 3.2), clinical insomnia (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 5.5; 7.7) and low self-rated health (OR: 7.5, 95% CI: 6.3; 9.0) than those with either psychological condition in isolation. This study emphasizes the importance of recognizing distinct features and risk factors associated with diabetes distress and depression in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Tailored care strategies for comorbid mental health issues are crucial for comprehensive management.

Development and evaluation of biocompatible coated microneedle array for controlled insulin delivery: Fabrication, characterization, in vitro, and in vivo investigations

Traditional insulin administration for people with diabetes often involves painful injections, leading to discomfort and challenges with patient compliance. A promising alternative to these conventional methods is transdermal insulin delivery using microneedle arrays, which offer a more comfortable way to deliver insulin through the skin. This study introduces an innovative approach using 3D-printed microneedle arrays coated with insulin via a dip-coating process. These microneedles present a compelling alternative to traditional injections, particularly due to their ability to gently pierce the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of skin, while minimizing discomfort. The microneedle arrays were fabricated using biocompatible resin polymers through 3D printing, creating solid conical needles with a length of 1200 µm, a base diameter of 200 µm, a tip diameter of 80 µm, and a needle spacing of 1.2 mm. The insulin coating was achieved by dip-coating the microneedles in a solution of insulin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), with careful optimization of the solution concentration, immersion time, and withdrawal speed to ensure a uniform and controlled coating thickness. Mechanical stability and skin penetration capabilities of the microneedles were assessed using skin models such as parafilm and porcine skin. The tests confirmed that the coated microneedles are robust enough to consistently penetrate the skin. In vivo studies with diabetic rats were conducted to evaluate skin irritation, penetration, and drug delivery efficiency. The insulin-coated microneedle arrays successfully penetrated the skin and delivered the drug with approximately 90 % efficiency. The study also showed that the microneedles provided consistent drug delivery, and the skin recovered without any signs of injury. Additionally, the hypoglycemic effect of the insulin-coated microneedles was comparable to that of traditional subcutaneous insulin injections. These findings underscore the potential of microneedle arrays as a painless and effective method for insulin delivery, maintaining stable glucose levels over an extended period. The demonstrated safety and efficacy of the coated microneedles open the door for clinical trials and potential use in diabetic patients, offering a promising advancement in diabetes management.

8000 Intestinimonas Butyriciproducens As A New Preventive Therapy For Type 2 Diabetes: a Proof Of Concept Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Disclosure: V. Antoniotti: None. M. Caputo: None. E. Mollero: None. A. Antonioli: None. S. Tini: None. M. Manfredi: None. S. Gul: None. N. Bui: None. J. Seegers: None. W. De Vos: None. G. Aimaretti: None. F. Prodam: None. Background. The incidence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide. Prevention is possible by changing lifestyle but it’s not effective alone in real life, due to poor compliance over time. New strategies are necessary, mostly for high-risk individuals. Therapeutic microbiology is a further proposed target, and butyrate-producing bacteria can improve metabolic parameters in obese patients. Our study aims to evaluate the effect of Intestinimonas butyriciproducens as a preventive therapy for T2D in prediabetes thanks to its effects in decreasing Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), converting sugars and proteins in butyrate, and increasing insulin sensitivity.Methods. The trial is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled (phase 1) and open-label pilot study with two different doses (phase 2) of 26 weeks. I. butyriciproducens (105 CFU/day) or placebo were given for 12 weeks, then subjects in placebo will start the treatment (105 CFU/day), and the other group will increase the dose (108 CFU/day) for 14 weeks. Overweight or obese patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were included. Patients were assessed for clinical, biochemical, and microbiota parameters at the time of recruitment (V1), after phase 1 (V7) and phase 2 (V10), during which the eating and lifestyle habits were also evaluated. No dietary advice was given. Results. Nineteen have completed the study. Treated patients during the first phase had a significant improvement in glucose-insulin metabolism demonstrated through the HOMA Disposition Index (p= 0.0075). Lipid profile also ameliorates in patients treated at a low dose and then at a high dose, particularly decreasing triglycerides (phase 1: p= 0.0212; phase 2: p= 0.0261). The weight and BMI of patients were stable throughout the period of study. Data from Flash glucose Monitoring (FGM) show a more stable glucose, mainly at the end of the study. Serum AGE concentrations showed a trend towards a decrease in treated patients, whereas IL-10 slowly increased without changes in IL-6 and IL-17.Lastly, 10 out of 19 patients after 26 weeks of treatment had a remission in IFG or IGT (52.6%). Conclusions. Intestinimonas butyriciproducens seems to improve insulin sensitivity and triglycerides in treated patients. Intestinimonas butyriciproducens could be a new strategy in the work-up of T2D prevention. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Facile strategy for uniform gold coating on silver nanowires embedded PDMS for soft electronics

Silver nanowires-embedded polydimethylsiloxane (AgNWs/PDMS) electrodes are promising components for various soft electronics, but face energy mismatch with organic semiconductors. Attempts at galvanic replacement, involving spontaneous gold (Au) formation on the electrodes, often result in non-uniform and particulate Au coatings, compromising device performance and stability. In this study, we introduce a novel approach for achieving a uniform and complete Au coating on AgNWs/PDMS electrodes by adding NaCl to the Au complex solution. This addition slows down the galvanic replacement process and prevents precipitation, enabling a uniform and complete Au coating on the AgNWs surface. Such coating significantly reduces contact resistance (RC), thereby enhancing the electrical characteristics of p-type organic transistors. Furthermore, the development of high-performance, fully soft organic transistors was achieved incorporating an organic semiconductor-elastomer blend. Additionally, reliable, mechanically stable soft glucose sensor was developed, taking advantage of the complete Au coating, which protects against oxidation during the glucose sensing process.

The association of ideal cardiovascular health and its change with subclinical atherosclerosis according to glucose status: A prospective cohort study.

An updated definition was developed to better evaluate cardiovascular health (CVH). We aimed to investigate whether optimal or improvement of six CVH metrics defined by new Life's Essential 8 (LE8) may counteract the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis among patients with hyperglycemia. We conducted a prospective analysis of 5225 participants without prior cardiovascular diseases, of whom 4768 had complete data on CVH change. Subjects with CVH scores of 0-49, 50-79, and 80-100 points were categorized as having low, moderate, or high CVH, respectively. Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, pulse pressure and albuminuria, both separately and in combination. Of the 5225 participants, 1937 (37.1%) had normal glucose regulation, while 3288 (62.9%) had hyperglycemia. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for composite subclinical atherosclerosis was 2.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.88-2.91), 1.43 (95% CI, 1.21-1.70), and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.46-1.18), for participants with hyperglycemia who had low, moderate, or high overall CVH scores, respectively, compared with participants with normal glucose regulation. In addition, compared with those with stable CVH and normal glucose regulation, participants who exhibited greater improvements in overall CVH from 2010 to 2014 had a reduced risk of composite subclinical atherosclerosis with an OR of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.53-0.98) for those with normal glucose regulation, and 1.13 (95% CI, 0.87-1.48) for those with hyperglycemia. The novel defined CVH using six metrics was inversely associated with subsequent risk of subclinical atherosclerosis. Both the status of CVH and its changes modified the relationship between hyperglycemia and subclinical atherosclerosis.

Modified streptozotocin-induced diabetic model in rodents.

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type I diabetes mellitus (DM) models have been pivotal in diabetes research due to their ability to mimic the insulin-dependent hyperglycemia akin to human type I diabetes. However, these models often suffer from poor induction rates and low survival post-STZ induction, especially in long-term experiments, necessitating insulin supplementation, which introduces additional variables to experiments. To address this, we present a novel modification to the STZ-induced DM model in C57BL/6J mice to improve survival rates without insulin supplementation. Our method involves non-fasting, low-dose STZ injections dissolved in pH-neutral phosphate buffer saline instead of acidic sodium citrate buffer, administered over 5 days. We observed hyperglycemia induction in 94.28% of mice within a week post-injection, with stable high blood glucose levels, stable body weight, and minimal mortality up to 21 weeks. Notably, omitting 10% sucrose in water and fasting did not affect hyperglycemia induction. Our findings suggest that the modified protocol not only decreases the experimental effort of the researchers, but reduces animal stress and mortality, thus enhancing experimental outcomes and animal welfare. By optimizing the STZ-induced DM model in C57BL/6J mice, our study provides a valuable resource for researchers aiming to study diabetes and its complications while minimizing experimental variability and animal usage.

An SMS-Guided Basal Insulin Titration in People with Type 2 Diabetes New on Insulin.

The shortage of general practitioners (GPs) and the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes create significant pressure on primary healthcare services. To enable that medical services are available to allthat need it, innovative solutions are needed. One of those, a Short Message Service (SMS)-supported basal insulin titration service is investigated in this study. The primary objective was to determine the percentage of subjects who achieved stable fasting blood glucose (FBG) within their individual target range with this service after week 16. This single-arm, 16-week study aimed to enroll 111 adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes that needed insulin. The study subjects measured their FBG 4 consecutive days to establish a baseline, then received SMS prompts for daily FBG measurements and evening insulin injections until their FBG stabilized within the target range. Adjusting the insulin based on the FBG. Once stabilization was achieved, subjects continued with their optimal insulin dose for the remainder of the study. Sixteen weeks after the baseline, subjects measured FBG for 4days before visit 4, where these values were read by the healthcare provider. Out of the planned 111 subjects, only 30 were enrolled, with one withdrawal prior to service activation. Challenges in subject recruitment were attributed to the COVID-19 outbreak, limited eligibility, competing studies, and new medications delaying insulin initiation. Subjects were on average 59.97years old, had an HbA1c of 9.29% a FBG of 205.64mg/dl, and had diabetes for 10years. Among the 29 subjects who started the service, 72% achieved successful titration at visit 4, with a median time of 49days. Notable improvements were observed in HbA1c levels (decreased by 1.58%) and FBG levels (decreased by 64mg/dl) over the 16-week study period. No adverse events or device-related issues were reported. Despite recruitment challenges, guided basal insulin titration holds promise for insulin therapy initiation in individuals. The findings emphasize the potential of tele-medical approaches, specifically through remote messaging, in managing diabetes and improving therapy adherence.

Secondary diabetes mellitus in acromegaly: Case report and literature review.

Acromegaly, predominantly resulting from a pituitary adenoma, is marked by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, normalization of blood glucose levels posttreatment is rarely achieved. This case study aims to highlight the diagnostic challenges posed by overlapping symptoms of acromegaly and diabetes, emphasizing the importance of precise diagnosis and effective treatment strategies for optimal patient outcomes. A 22-year-old male was hospitalized for diabetic ketoacidosis and exhibited classic signs of acromegaly, such as enlarged hands and feet, and distinct facial changes. The patient's diagnosis of acromegaly, attributed to a pituitary adenoma, was confirmed through clinical observations, laboratory findings (notably raised serum GH and IGF-1 levels, and absence of GH suppression after glucose load during an OGTT), and pituitary MRI scans. The patient underwent 2 surgical tumor resections followed by gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS). After treatment, GH, IGF-1, and blood glucose levels normalized without further need for hypoglycemic intervention. Posttreatment, the patient achieved stable GH, IGF-1, and blood glucose levels. The hyperglycemia was attributed to the GH-secreting tumor, and its resolution followed the tumor's removal. This case emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessment in patients with acromegaly to address coexisting diabetic complications. Surgical and radiotherapeutic management of acromegaly can lead to significant metabolic improvements, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary care in managing these complex cases.

Development and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Cleome gynandra L. Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

The bioactive components of the botanical remedy Cleome gynandra L., which is famous for its antidiabetic effects, were extracted using ethanol. To improve its stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic potential, the extract was subsequently encapsulated within solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using a high-pressure homogenization method with varying concentrations of lipids. Zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, kinetics of drug release, and particle size were among the numerous characteristics of the SLNs that were thoroughly examined. One important measure for determining whether bioactive compounds were successfully encapsulated within the SLNs is the entrapment efficiency. An impressive entrapment efficiency of more than 82.13% was shown by the optimized formulation F4. The optimized formulation F4 exhibited a mean particle size ranging from 243.5 to 261.7 nm, according to particle size analysis. This size range is ideal for improving cellular uptake and bioavailability. A negative charge was observed in the zeta potential measurements, which means that the SLNs are stable and do not aggregate. A PDI of 0.416 provided additional evidence of the nanoparticles’ stability and uniformity. A sustained release of about 62.57% over 7 hours was shown in the in-vitro drug release profile data, indicating a long-lasting therapeutic effect. Improved therapeutic efficacy of antidiabetic treatment and more stable blood glucose levels are both benefits of the sustained release profile. The in-vitro results of formulation F4 suggest that SLNs have the good stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic potential of C. gynandra L.’s ethanolic extract when used as a delivery system.

Design and Validation of a Monte Carlo Method for the Implementation of Noninvasive Wearable Devices for HbA1c Estimation Considering the Skin Effect.

To diagnose diabetes early or to maintain stable blood glucose levels in diabetics, blood glucose levels should be frequently checked. However, the only way to check blood glucose levels regularly is to use invasive methods, such as pricking the fingertip or using a minimally invasive patch. These invasive methods pose several problems, including being painful and potentially causing secondary infections. This study focuses on noninvasively measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) using PPG signals. In particular, the study relates to a method and a hardware design technology for removing noise that may be present in a PPG signal due to skin contact with a noninvasive HbA1c measurement device. The proposed HbA1c measurement device consists of the first sensor (PPG sensor) module including an optical barrier and the second sensor (cylindrical sensor) module for removing the skin effect. We have developed a Monte Carlo method to implement accurate, noninvasive HbA1c measurement by considering different skin properties among different subjects. Implementing this model in wearable devices will allow end users to not only monitor their glycated hemoglobin levels but also control diabetes with higher accuracy without needing any blood samples. This will be a groundbreaking advancement in modern wearable medical devices.

Development of cross-linked glucose oxidase integrated Cu-nanoflower electrode for reusable and stable glucose sensing

The demand for glucose-sensing devices has increased along with the increasing diabetic population. Here, we aimed to construct a system with a glucose oxidase (GOx)-integrated Cu-nanoflower (Cu-NF) as the underlying electrode. This novel system was successfully developed by creating a cross-linked GOx within a Cu-NF matrix, forming a c-GOx@Cu-NF-coated film on a carbon screen-printed electrode (CSPE). A comparison of the stabilities of the cross-linking methods demonstrated enhanced durability, with an activity level of >88 % maintained after approximately 35 days of storage in room temperature buffer. Regarding the ability of the c-GOx@Cu-NF modified CSPE to detect glucose via electrochemical methods, the redox potential gap (ΔE) and peak current increased in the presence of GOx. In comparison to that of glucose, the sensitivity of c-GOx@Cu-NF was approximately 8 times greater than that of GOx@Cu-NF, with a detection limit of 0.649 μM and a linear range of 5–500 μM. It sustained an average relative activity of 80 % over 20 days. After 10 cycles of repeated use, the activity remained above 75 %. In terms of evaluating the electrode's specificity for glucose, the detection rate for individual similar substances was approximately 1 %. The introduction of a crosslinking strategy to Cu-NF, leading to enhanced mechanical stability and conductivity, improved the detection capability. Furthermore, this approach led to increased long-term storage stability and reusability, allowing for specific glucose detection. To our knowledge, this report represents the first demonstration of a c-GOx@Cu-NF system for integrating electrochemical biosensing devices into digital healthcare pathways, offering enhanced sensing accuracy and mechanical stability.

Dietary allicin improves behavior, physiology, growth, and disease resistance in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

It is important to establish a cost-effective method to improve behavior, physiology, growth, and resistance to Vibrio in sea cucumber aquaculture. The present study found that feeding behavior was significantly higher in sea cucumbers fed with dietary allicin (50.50 ± 10.94 times) than that of those fed without allicin (24.38 ± 1.86 times) (P = 0.049). Consistently, food intake significantly increased in sea cucumbers fed with allicin (P < 0.001). Further, dietary allicin significantly increased the height of intestinal folds in sea cucumbers. Glucose showed no significant difference between sea cucumbers fed with and without allicin. Glucokinase activity was significantly higher in sea cucumbers fed with allicin (103.96 ± 5.59 U/L) than those without dietary allicin (82.36 ± 6.18 U/L) (P = 0.041). This suggests that the increase of food intake induced by allicin in diet leads to an elevated glucose level in sea cucumbers, potentially maintaining a stable intracellular glucose level through the action of glucokinase to convert glucose into glycogen. In this study, the relative weight gain rate was significantly higher in sea cucumbers fed with allicin (0.270 ± 0.053) than those fed without allicin (0.011 ± 0.007) (P = 0.008). This suggests that dietary allicin stimulates the growth of sea cucumbers.Feeding behavior (P < 0.001) and crawling behavior (P = 0.001) of sea cucumbers fed with dietary allicin were significantly better than those of individuals fed without allicin after being soaked by bacterial liquid. Further, this study found that sea cucumbers fed with dietary allicin showed significantly higher levels of catalase (P < 0.001) and total superoxide dismutase (P = 0.001) than those fed without allicin, following the immersion in V. harveyi solution. The results suggest that allicin enhances the behavior and physiology of sea cucumbers exposed to V. harveyi.This study provides a cost-effective method to enhance production efficiency in sea cucumber aquaculture.

Frequency and Severity of Hypoglycemia Under Conditions of Increased Hypoglycemic Risk with Insulin Efsitora Alfa Versus Insulin Glargine Treatment in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes.

Insulin efsitora alfa (efsitora) is a basal insulin with a flat pharmacokinetic profile and long half-life, enabling weekly dosing. These attributes may provide stable glucose levels. This exploratory phase 1 study aimed to assess the hypoglycemic risk during experimental conditions that mimic situations encountered in daily life. This was a single-site, open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence study in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) previously treated with basal insulin. The incidence, duration, and nadir glucose of hypoglycemia were assessed after treatment with efsitora versus insulin glargine (glargine) during three provocation conditions: 24-h prolonged fasting, prolonged fasting with exercise, and double dosing of study insulin. The 54 enrolled adults (BMI 21.8-39.7kg/m2, HbA1c 6.5-9.4%) achieved stable fasting glucose before undergoing provocation. Most hypoglycemic events were level 1 (≥ 54 to < 70mg/dL) and resolved spontaneously or after oral glucose. The incidences of level 1 hypoglycemia for efsitora and glargine were not significantly different: for prolonged fasting, the incidences were 44.7 vs. 42.6% and the difference in proportion was 2.1% (95% CI: - 17.2, 21.4); for prolonged fasting with exercise, the corresponding values were 65.9 vs. 50.0% and 15.9% (- 3.0, 34.8); for double dosing, the corresponding values were 68.1 vs. 61.7% and 6.4% (- 12.8, 25.6). Level 2 hypoglycemia (< 54mg/dL) was infrequent during both treatments and all provocations. No severe hypoglycemia was observed. Mean nadir glucose (range 62.8-66.3mg/dL) and hypoglycemia duration (range 76.6-115.2min) were also similar for the two treatments, depending on the provocation. Overall, weekly efsitora did not increase the incidence, duration, or severity of hypoglycemia compared to daily glargine during provocation periods in patients with T2D. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04957914.

CuxO nanoparticles loaded LTA zeolite as non-enzymatic and noble-metal-free sensing platform for accurate and fast glucose detection

For glucose sensors, improved sensitivity, accuracy, stability and convenience have always been desired. A novel sensing platform combining CuxO (x = 1, 2) nanoparticles and LTA-structured zeolite well fulfills these requirements and achieves breakthrough sensing concentration (6.0 × 10−15 M). In hydrothermal conditions, highly dispersed CuxO nanoparticles are formed and restrined in the nano-opening windows of the zeolite surface pores, ultimately yielding CuxO LTA. These in situ-synthesized CuxO NPs have high catalytic activity, while the zeolite provides a stable and rigid framework. This sensor has good selectivity and sensitivity (1.45 μA μM−1 cm−2) for the determination of glucose under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4) using the DPV method with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 6.0 × 10−15 M. The amperometry method exhibited a fast response time of only 0.1 s under strong alkaline conditions (1.0 M NaOH) and achieved a sensitivity of 6.94 μA μM−1 cm−2 and LOD of 2.0 × 10−9 M. This advanced hybrid sensor system not only provides a wide range of application environments, but also has important implications for the development of low-cost, stable, fast, and efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensors for noble metals. The theoretical support of density-functional theory (DFT) affirms the interaction between zeolite fine structure and glucose molecules.

Pendampingan Aktifitas Senam Kaki bagi Peserta Prolanis Diabetes Melitus di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kujangsari Kota Bandung

Prediabetic individuals participating in the Prediabetes Lifestyle Program (prolanis DM) have exhibited irregular adherence to lower limb exercises, resulting in persistent fluctuations in blood glucose levels. Engaging in lower limb exercises holds substantial benefits for stabilizing blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). This community nursing intervention aims to enhance the ability of prediabetic prolanis participants to perform lower limb exercises. The intervention involves direct assistance and guidance to prediabetic prolanis participants during their lower limb exercise routines. A total of 31 participants were provided with instructional videos on DM-specific lower limb exercises and were evaluated twice over two months during their visits to the Kujangsari Primary Health Center. After the sessions, the lower limb exercises were assessed using a scoring format ranging from 1 to 3, with final results categorized accordingly. Results indicated that 54.8% of participants achieved a 'Good' rating for their lower limb exercise performance. This personalized support and guidance are anticipated to augment the participants' lower limb exercise proficiency and motivation to exercise regularly. The DM-specific lower limb exercise videos are envisioned to serve as a reference for participants, enabling them to pursue self-care by performing these exercises at home and maintaining stable blood glucose levels.

A novel strategy towards the fabrication of highly stable and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Ni3N thin films using high power impulse magnetron sputtering

Glucose level surveillance in mankind is considered the greatest need of recent times to achieve healthy lifestyle goals due to its health-related concern for humans. To fulfill the need, Nickel-based compounds emerge with excellent bio-mimic properties. However, due to the poor electrical properties of oxides and hydroxides of Ni, developing a supporting base that can enhance electron transportation is mandatory. The present work is dedicated to non-enzymatic glucose detection by electrochemical means on the Ni3N thin film on an Indium-doped Tin Oxide (ITO) substrate as a working electrode in an alkaline medium. The Ni3N films use HiPIMS as a deposition technique due to its high ionization rate of sputtered species and dense plasma which helps the Ni ions to react with nitrogen in the formation of a perfect Ni3N phase, and it is a green process that can contribute to sustainable manufacturing. Ni3N thin film deposited at a 60 % N2 flow ratio shows the largest crystallinity and catalytic properties, which helps this modified electrode to have significant potential for glucose detection. The Ni3N modified electrode acquires a lower linear range of 0.001–1.25 mM with sensitivity and Limit of Detection (LOD) of 337.46 µAmM–1cm−2, and 0.78 µM, respectively, and a higher linear range of 1.25–7.3161 mM with a sensitivity of 158.58 µAmM–1cm−2. The amperometric measurements reveal the fast response of the electrode towards glucose detection at 2.46 secs. The key measures of the electrode according to the corresponding measurements are satisfactory selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and operational stability. The modified electrode shows a significant response for real samples such as commercially available honey, apple juice, and biological fluids.

The proteomic profile is altered but not repaired after bariatric surgery in type 2 diabetes pigs

To reveal the sources of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans, animal models, mainly rodents, have been used. Here, we propose a pig model of T2D. Weaned piglets were fed high fat/high sugar diet suppling 150% of metabolizable energy. Measurements of weight gain, blood morphology, glucose plasma levels, cholesterol, and triglycerides, as well as glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT) were employed to observe T2D development. The histology and mass spectrometry analyses were made post mortem. Within 6 months, the high fat-high sugar (HFHS) fed pigs showed gradual and significant increase in plasma triglycerides and glucose levels in comparison to the controls. Using OGTT test, we found stable glucose intolerance in 10 out of 14 HFHS pigs. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated significant changes in 330 proteins in the intestine, liver, and pancreas of the HFHS pigs. These pigs showed also an increase in DNA base modifications and elevated level of the ALKBH proteins in the tissues. Six diabetic HFHS pigs underwent Scopinaro bariatric surgery restoring glycaemia one month after surgery. In conclusion, a high energy diet applied to piglets resulted in the development of hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, and type 2 diabetes being reversed by a bariatric procedure, excluding the proteomic profile utill one month after the surgery.

Glucose-Induced Cellular Morphological Changes Across Mammalian Species

All organisms encounter environmental fluctuations and must contend with these changes to maintain homeostasis. Some mammals tolerate a wide range of intracellular conditions while others do not. Altered glucose levels are an example of a physiological challenge that can be encountered by cells. We studied responses of dermal fibroblasts obtained from skin biopsies to altered glucose treatments in culture using a comparative approach. Specifically, we investigated responses of mammals known to tolerate a range of blood glucose levels (fruit-eating geladas and Egyptian rousettes) as well as a hibernator (ground squirrel), which exhibits a marked winter decrease in glucose metabolism. As a comparison, we investigated species that maintain fairly stable blood glucose (human and rat). Fibroblasts were cultured at baseline (8mM glucose), then subjected to hypoglycemic (2.5mM) and hyperglycemic (30mM) treatment over 24h. We assayed glycolytic rate in human and rat fibroblasts using a Seahorse XFp analyzer, and found no significance between oxygen consumption or glycolysis across glucose treatments (all p&gt;0.05). To investigate underlying cell phenotypes, we used Cell Painting, employing fluorescent stains to mark organelles. Hoechst 34580 stained DNA, to quantify number and size of nuclei, offering insights into proliferation. MitoTracker Deep Red visualized mitochondria, providing information about energy generation. Alexa Fluor 488 Concanavalin A conjugate marked endoplasmic reticulum. F-actin was stained with Alexa Fluor 555 Phalloidin conjugate, detecting cytoskeletal organization and overall cell structure. Images were analyzed with CellProfiler software, which extracts ~1400 morphological cell features, including area, compactness, fluorescence intensity, and cell connectivity to quantify subtle changes in phenotype. Each extracted feature will be compared across treatments and within a comparative context. We predict that fibroblasts exposed to hyperglycemia exhibit mitochondrial fragmentation and redistribution (MitoTracker) and increased production of reactive oxygen species (assessed with MitoSOX), which is linked to the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Cell Profiler analysis will identify structural changes that could indicate negative outcomes, such as mitophagy. Hyperglycemia may also induce endoplasmic stress, increasing lipid droplets and altering shape and size of the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, hypoglycemia will cause mitochondrial degradation. In both hyper- and hypoglycemia, proliferation rates are predicted to decrease, resulting in fewer nuclei and reduced cell connectivity. Phenotypic differences across species, evaluated in the context of their organismal phenotype, will help explain the mechanisms of cell function in mammals under environmental stress. Funding by NSF #2022046. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Tailored Meal-Type Food Provision for Diabetes Patients Can Improve Routine Blood Glucose Management in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Crossover Study.

This study aimed to determine whether patients with type 2 diabetes can benefit from a meal plan designed based on diabetes management guidelines to improve blood glucose levels. Participants were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group consumed a diabetic diet for 2 weeks, while the control group consumed their normal diet. After 2 weeks, the groups switched their dietary regimens. The participants' demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated, including factors such as blood pressure, blood lipid levels, weight and waist circumference, blood glucose levels (self-monitored and continuously monitored), nutritional status, and blood-based markers of nutrient intake. The dietary intervention group improved waist circumference, body fat percentage, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and glucose. The energy composition ratio of carbohydrates and proteins changed favorably, and sugar intake decreased. In addition, the proportion of continuous glucose monitoring readings within the range of 180-250 mg/dL was relatively lower in the intervention group than that of the control group. Meals designed based on diabetes management guidelines can improve clinical factors, including stable blood glucose levels in daily life, significantly decrease the carbohydrate energy ratio, and increase the protein energy ratio. This study can help determine the role of dietary interventions in diabetes management and outcomes.

Dual-functional silicon nanowire arrays-based photocatalytic fuel cell for solar-to-electricity conversion and self-powered glucose detection

Developing a dual-functional photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) with improved solar-to-electricity energy conversion efficiency and renewable biomass sensitivity performance is of great significance for clean energy conservation and utilization. Herein, a novel PFC device with stable signal output and glucose sensing performance is fabricated, of which polyaniline (PANI) functionalized p-type silicon nanowire arrays (SiNWs) and In2S3 modified n-type SiNWs are utilized as the photocathode and photoanode, respectively. The optimal PFC exhibits excellent cell performance under AM 1.5G illumination with an open circuit voltage of 0.83 V and a high-power density of 163.010 μW cm−2. The PFC also achieves effective glucose detection performance with a low detection limit of 0.998 μM and a broad linear range of 0∼50 mM, as well as excellent selectivity and stability. The enhanced performance is attributed to the efficient carrier separation and charge transfer rate at the interface of the heterojunctions, which is facilitated by the high conductivity of uniform PANI film on the p-SiNWs and S-scheme band alignment formed in the photoanodes. This work opens a new path for improving the energy conversion efficiency in traditional PFCs and offers guidance for sensing strategies toward renewable biomass using PFCs.