Stability Of Materials Research Articles

Exploring the role of edges in surface functionalization and stability of plasma-modified carbon materials: Experimental and DFT insights

Effective surface functionalization of carbon nanomaterials plays a crucial role in various applications. We investigated the impact of edges on surface functionalization and stability of oxygen-modified carbon materials using a combination of experimental techniques and Density Functional Theory (DFT) insights. Graphenic paper, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), and graphenic flakes were employed as model systems, with oxygen plasma treatment (generator power 100 W, oxygen pressure 0.2 mbar, exposure time 6 – 300 s) serving as the modification method. Surface morphology and chemical composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed the introduction of oxygen functional groups on the investigated carbon surfaces (up to 20 at % by XPS) whereas; the structural integrity of the materials remained intact upon plasma modification (SEM, Raman). Work function was used as a sensitive parameter for monitoring the surface changes (increase by ∼1.4 eV, 1.3 eV, and 1 eV for graphenic paper, HOPG, and graphenic flakes, respectively) while time-dependent measurements revealed distinct kinetic processes governing the decay of functionalization, highlighting the role of surface defects in post-plasma processes. DFT calculations provided molecular-level insights into the surface processes, elucidating the mechanisms underlying the diffusion of hydroxyls, their recombination, and water desorption. Since the calculated activation barrier for recombination on basal graphenic planes (∼1.0 eV) and edges (∼5.5 eV) are distinctly different, it can be thus concluded that the persistent functionalization is due to the surface edges. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of surface modification processes of carbon materials and offer rationales for the design of advanced functional nanomaterials with tailored surface properties.

Research on temperature control of smartwatch based on composite phase change material

The smartwatch is one of the most widely used wearable electronics, which combines networking, health monitoring, communication, and other multifunctional features. As it gets smaller, more integrated, and denser, its power consumption increases. Owing to its strong sealing and waterproof capabilities, the equipment has trouble dissipating the heat produced during operation, which raises the equipment's temperature. Since smartwatches come into direct contact with human skin, they can burn skin when temperatures rise beyond 45 °C. Phase change material (PCM) is suitable for thermal management of intermittent electronic devices because they absorb a large amount of heat and can maintain a constant temperature during the phase transition, which means that they absorb heat when the device is in use and release heat when it is out of use. In this study, paraffin wax (PA) is used as the phase change material, styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) is used as the flexible support material, and expanded graphite (EG) is used as the thermal conductivity enhancer to prepare PCM sheets for thermal management of smartwatches. The effects of SEBS and EG on the shape stability, enthalpy, and thermal conductivity of the composite phase change material (CPCM) with different ratios were investigated, in which PA:SEBS of 7:3 has better shape stability, so CPCM with a PA:SEBS ratio of 7:3 and different EG contents was used to make PCM sheet, which were placed in the smartwatch, and it was verified experimentally that this PCM sheet could delay the temperature rise of the case and chip of the smartwatch and prolong its usage time. This CPCM is promising for smartwatch thermal management applications.

Deactivated Ca-based sorbent derived from calcium looping CO2 capture as a partial substitute for cement to obtain low-carbon cementitious building materials

Calcium looping CO2 capture is a highly promising technology for carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Nevertheless, the disposal of deactivated calcium-based sorbents following cyclic carbonation and calcination processes presents an unresolved challenge. Concurrently, the development of low-carbon cement products is also a critical priority. Given the calcium-rich composition and carbon-negative nature of the calcium-based sorbent, it is proposed that the deactivated sorbent could be utilized as a partial substitute for cement in the production of building materials. This paper explored the potential of using two types of deactivated calcium sorbent (DPC/DGC) to partial substitute cement for low-carbon cementitious materials production. The effects of partial substitution of cement materials on volume stability, compressive/flexural strength, hydration kinetics, and carbon emission of the composite cementitious materials were investigated. The results indicate that a 5% and 10% replacement of cement with DPC/DGC has modest impact on volumetric stability and compressive strength. The composite cement with 5% DPC replacement achieves a 28-day compressive strength of 48.1MPa, representing a 0.4% increase compared to the 47.9MPa observed in the reference sample. Specimens with 15% DPC/DGC substitution exhibit inferior volume stability and mechanical performance than the control sample. The total hydration heat releases decrease with the increasing substitution ratio due to the dilution effect by the introduction of DPC/DGC. Additionally, substituting cement with Ca-based sorbents significantly reduced the carbon footprint of construction materials. The net carbon footprints for the building materials that containing 1 ton of binder (substitued with 10wt% DPC and DGC) were 152.5kg and 43.5kg, corresponding to reductions of 79.6% and 94.2% compared to reference cement mortar. These carbon footprints are projected to further decrease to -108.5kg and -375.5kg when DPC and DGC were obtained after 100 CO2 capture cycles. A novel technological route combining the high-temperature calcium looping CO2 capture and CO2 mineralization curing was proposed, and the associated challenges of this method were also discussed.

Poly(phenol red) modified CoFe-layered double hydroxide achieves stable seawater oxidation at an ampere-level current density

Seawater electrolysis is considered a sustainable, efficient, and highly promising technology for hydrogen production. However, the high concentration of Cl− in seawater is easily oxidized to produce harmful chloride, seriously affecting the selectivity and stability of the anodic materials. Here, we report a conductive polymer, poly(phenol red) (P(PhR)), to modify CoFe layered double hydroxide arrays on Ni foam (CoFe-LDH@P(PhR)/NF). P(PhR) not only improves the alkaline seawater oxidation performance of CoFe-LDH/NF, but also effectively repels Cl−, thereby improving the stability of CoFe-LDH/NF during alkaline seawater oxidation process. CoFe-LDH@P(PhR)/NF only requires an overpotential of 354 mV to achieve a current density (j) of 1000 mA cm−2 and demonstrates stability for 600 h in alkaline seawater. Only trace amounts of active chlorine are produced during seawater electrolysis process. The electrolytic device assembled with CoFe-LDH@P(PhR)/NF and Pt/C/NF in alkaline seawater can achieve a j of 300 mA cm−2 at a low voltage of 2.17 V and can achieve stability for up to 150 h.

Advanced Electrode Materials for Low‐Temperature Na Storage

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries have drawn worldwide attention as ideal candidates for the upcoming generation of large‐scale electrical energy storage devices due to the low cost and abundance of sodium. Due to its unique electrochemical and chemical properties, sodium‐ion batteries hold the promise of breaking geographical and environmental constraints, achieving efficient sodium storage under low‐temperature conditions. However, low‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries, especially for their electrode materials, still face numerous challenges, such as the sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics, poor material stability, significant volume changes leading to the pulverization of materials and the rapid degradation of battery performance. Here, it is focused on the modification methods for electrode materials, the research progress on cathode and anode materials of low‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries is summarized systematically and the other components of the electrodes are discussed briefly, and the shortcomings of the current research and possible future research directions are discussed thoroughly.

Macrocyclic Chiral Two‐Dimensional Membranes for Enantiomers Separation

AbstractChiral enantiomers, while typically exhibiting similar physical and chemical properties, often have distinct therapeutic effects. The preparation of pure enantiomers is therefore of significant interest in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries, making the separation of enantiomers highly sought after. Membrane separation technology has garnered widespread attention for its environmental friendliness and scalability. Recently, chiral two‐dimensional (2D) membranes have demonstrated superior separation performance due to their ultrathin nature and orderly transmission channels. Macrocyclic chiral 2D membranes, in particular, combine the inherent cavity structure of macrocyclic molecules with the host‐guest interaction capabilities that specifically recognize chiral molecules. Additionally, they benefit from the excellent chemical stability and adjustable interlayer spacing of 2D materials. This combination allows these membranes to achieve high enantioselectivity while improving flux. By optimizing the trade‐off between flux and enantioselectivity, this strategy offers a promising new approach for developing advanced chiral membranes.

Inhomogeneous Coordination in High‐Entropy O3‐Type Cathodes Enables Suppressed Slab Gliding and Durable Sodium Storage

AbstractO3‐type layered oxides are highly promising cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), however they undergo complex phase transitions and exhibit high sensibility to air, leading to subpar cycling performance and commercial viability. In this work, we report a layered cathode material (NaNi0.29Cu0.1Mg0.05Li0.05Mn0.2Ti0.2Sn0.11O2) with a sate‐of‐the‐art high‐entropy compositional design. We unveil that such a configuration featuring inhomogeneous coordination environment of transition metal (TM) elements, can enable enhanced gliding energy (−0.38 vs −0.58 eV) of TMO2 slabs upon desodiation both theoretically and experimentally, which underlies the fundamental origin of the outstanding structural stability of HEO materials. As a consequence, the complex phase transitions (O3−O′3−P3−P′3−P3′−O3′) of conventional O3‐type cathode have been eliminated, and the as‐obtained material demonstrates exceptional structural robustness and integrity with an ultra‐long cycle life in a quasi‐solid‐state cell (maintaining 73.2 % capacity after 1000 cycles at 2 C). Moreover, the material presents satisfactory air stability, with minimal structural and electrochemical degradation when directly exposed to the air. An Ah‐scale pouch cell based on the cathode material is constructed, demonstrating a capacity retention of 83.6 % after 500 cycles, signaling substantial promise for commercial applications.

Inhomogeneous Coordination in High-Entropy O3-Type Cathodes Enables Suppressed Slab Gliding and Durable Sodium Storage.

O3-type layered oxides are highly promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), however they undergo complex phase transitions and exhibit high sensibility to air, leading to subpar cycling performance and commercial viability. In this work, we report a layered cathode material (NaNi0.29Cu0.1Mg0.05Li0.05Mn0.2Ti0.2Sn0.11O2) with a sate-of-the-art high-entropy compositional design. We unveil that such a configuration featuring inhomogeneous coordination environment of transition metal (TM) elements, can enable enhanced gliding energy (-0.38 vs -0.58 eV) of TMO2 slabs upon desodiation both theoretically and experimentally, which underlies the fundamental origin of the outstanding structural stability of HEO materials. As a consequence, the complex phase transitions (O3-O'3-P3-P'3-P3'-O3') of conventional O3-type cathode have been eliminated, and the as-obtained material demonstrates exceptional structural robustness and integrity with an ultra-long cycle life in a quasi-solid-state cell (maintaining 73.2 % capacity after 1000 cycles at 2 C). Moreover, the material presents satisfactory air stability, with minimal structural and electrochemical degradation when directly exposed to the air. An Ah-scale pouch cell based on the cathode material is constructed, demonstrating a capacity retention of 83.6 % after 500 cycles, signaling substantial promise for commercial applications.

Comparative Analysis of Modern 3D-Printed Hybrid Resin-Ceramic Materials for Indirect Restorations: An In Vitro Study

The study investigated the impact of aging on surface roughness, color stability, and biocompatibility of hybrid resin-ceramic materials. A total of 225 specimens were produced from three three-dimensional (3D)-printed (HarzLabs Dental Sand Pro (HL), BEGO VarseoSmile Crown plus (BV), Voco V-Print c&b temp (VV)) and one milled material (Voco Grandio Blocs (VG)). Specimens were grouped into untreated, polished, and glazed surfaces. 5000 thermal cycles simulated aging. Surface roughness and color stability were analyzed, and surface topography was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biocompatibility was evaluated with L929 cells. Surface roughness differed significantly between untreated and other groups, with no changes before and after artificial aging. Untreated milled samples were significantly smoother than 3D-printed ones. SEM analysis revealed roughest surfaces in untreated 3D-printed specimens. Polished and glazed specimens were smoother than untreated ones. Color values showed significant differences between untreated and treated/aged groups. No material showed cytotoxicity. In summary, untreated VG was smoother than 3D-printed materials, but polishing and glazing reduced roughness to levels comparable to VG. Surface treatments induced color changes, with glazing causing more changes than polishing. Aging affected color stability and biocompatibility but not surface roughness. All materials showed acceptable color changes and good biocompatibility.

Recent advances in high temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell for hydrogen production

ABSTRACT When renewable energy sources are coupled with high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) that produce hydrogen, it seems like future energy sustainability is within reach. The ability to electrolyze water to make hydrogen and then reverse the process to generate electricity in a single solid oxide cell (SOC) device is particularly attractive for renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. The development of efficient, long-lasting, and economically viable SOEC technologies is hindered by the performance of critical materials, the stability and dependability of electrode and electrolyte materials under reversible electrolysis and fuel cell operating modes, and fuel cell operation modes. Due of their immaturity, SOEC pose both opportunities and challenges to the growing community of material scientists and system engineers studying electrochemical energy conversion and storage.

Utilizing physics‐augmented neural networks to predict the material behavior according to Yeoh's law

AbstractThis article discusses physics‐augmented neural network approaches in the field of hyperelastic material modeling. Physical conditions such as objectivity, material symmetry, or a stress– and energy‐free reference configuration are considered in the construction of the neural networks. In addition, a new approach for stress normalization is proposed. The neural network is used to learn the behavior of Yeoh's constitutive model with sparse data. Finally, the trained networks are incorporated into a three‐dimensional finite element framework and compared with the classical material model in terms of accuracy. The paper demonstrates the ability of physics‐augmented neural networks to model hyperelastic materials using a small amount of data that could be generated by experiments. Compared to the classical constitutive laws of Yeoh's model, our trained material showed no material instabilities that could occur due to poorly chosen material parameters.

Infrared on-site heating for material extrusion additive manufacturing of carbon fiber filled polyphenylene sulfide and its nano-graphene-reinforced alternatives

This study investigates the impact of infrared heating and annealing on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CF-PPS) and graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)-reinforced CF-PPS composites in Material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing. GNP/CF-PPS composites are prepared by mechanically mixing CF-PPS plastic particles with GNP particles and subjecting them to infrared heating and annealing treatments during the three-dimensional (3D) printing process. Three-point bending tests assess the mechanical properties of the samples. The results reveal that the 0.03 wt.% GNP/CF-PPS sample, subjected to infrared heating followed by annealing, exhibits a 30% increase in bending strength compared to pure CF-PPS, demonstrating that the combined treatment significantly enhances mechanical performance. Microscopy observations using a Keyence VH7000 digital optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirm that GNP addition and infrared irradiation lead to reduced surface roughness and fewer fracture cross-sectional pores. The interlayer bonding improves notably, indicating enhanced internal density and structural stability. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry analysis shows a 20% increase in crystallinity for heat-treated samples, contributing to better interlaminar bonding and reduced temperature gradients during printing. Finite element simulations using MATLAB and ABAQUS software corroborate these findings, demonstrating that infrared heating proves more effective than varying GNP content alone in reducing deformation, residual stress, and temperature differences during the MEX process. These results provide valuable insights into improving the mechanical properties and stability of MEX-manufactured large-dimensional composite materials through optimized thermal management.

Antioxidants, ACE I Inhibitory Peptides, and Physicochemical Composition, with a Special Focus on Trace Elements and Pollutants, of SPRING Spawning Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus) Milt and Hydrolysates for Functional Food Applications

Norwegian spring spawning (NVG) herring milt is a raw material with high nutritional and functional values. However, its incorporation into food presents physicochemical and sensory challenges. Its high DNA content, the presence of TMA/TMAO and possibly heavy metal and/or environmental pollutants, and its bitter taste due to amino acids or peptides requires a careful approach to food development. Hydrolysis with food-grade enzymes enable an improvement in both the functional and sensory properties of the substrate and the increased stability of the raw materials and end products. HLPC, GC-MS, and in vitro protocols were used for the characterisation of manually extracted material (sample code: HMC) and milt from a fish-filleting line from early spring/late autumn catches. Three different food-grade protein hydrolysates were prepared from these raw materials (sample codes: H1, H2, and H3) as a means to estimate their functional food development potential. Combinations of three commercial enzymatic preparations were applied, targeting specific sensory properties. Parameters related to consumer safety (e.g., the presence of heavy metals and TMA/TMAO); beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant or antihypertensive bioactivities (measured using in vitro TAC, ORAC, DPPH, and ACE I inhibitory activity assays); the presence of beneficial fatty acids and micronutrients; and the protein quality were studied. On the basis of their total amino acid compositions, freeze-dried herring milt and hydrolysates could provide high-quality protein with most of the essential amino acids and taurine. Powdered milt has a particularly high fatty acid profile of bioavailable omega-3 fatty acids (2024.06 mg/100 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) and 884 mg/100 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3)). The experimentally measured levels of arsenic (3.9 ± 1.2 mg/kg) and cadmium (0.15 ± 0.05 mg/kg) were higher than the levels of the other two heavy metals (mercury and lead). The bioactivity is concentration-dependent. Overall, this work presents complementary information for the future utilisation of C. harengus powdered milt (possibly obtained directly from a fish-filleting line) and some of its protein hydrolysates as food ingredients.

Design of cellulose nanocrystal‐integrated poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyethylene glycol electrospun nanofiber scaffolds for biomedical applications

AbstractThe present study aims to fabricate cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) doped poly(vinyl alcohol) polyethylene glycol (PVA/PEG) nanocomposite films for biomedical applications. The nanocomposite films were prepared by using electrospinning techniques with varying percentages of CNCs (10% and 20%) mixed with PVA and PEG (50:50). The properties of the produced nanocomposites were evaluated using a battery of tests. The results of surface morphology and structural miscibility obtained from field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transformer infra‐red studies revealed appreciable compatibility among the three components (CNCs, PVA, and PEG). FE‐SEM micrographs revealed that the nanomaterials underwent a dramatic transition from discontinuous to continuous fibers, with interconnected or network‐like fibers. The constructed scaffold material's stability went up from three to four phases, according to thermal and degradation experiments. In addition, research on biodegradation and water absorption found that CNCs outperformed pure PVA and PVA/PEG in terms of swelling percentage time and enzyme degradation rate. The hemolysis assay of the PVA/PEG/CNC scaffold showed good compatibility (below 5%) and according to the MTT assay, both NIH 3T3 and L929 cells survived well, indicating that the CNCs could serve as a useful scaffold for tissue engineering applications such skin tissue regeneration. In sum, the findings proved that biological domains including tissue engineering and wound healing can benefit from produced nanofiber scaffolds.

Work-Function-Dependent Reduction of Transition Metal Nitrides in Hydrogen Environments.

Amidst the growing importance of hydrogen in a sustainable future, it is crucial to develop coatings that can protect hydrogen-sensitive system components in reactive hydrogen environments. However, the prediction of the chemical stability of materials in hydrogen is not fully understood. In this study, we show that the work function is a key parameter determining the reducibility (i.e., denitridation) of transition metal nitrides (TMNs) in hydrogen radicals (H*) at elevated temperatures. We demonstrate that, when the work function of a TMN system drops below a threshold limit (ϕTH), its reduction effectively stops. We propose that this is due to the preferential binding of H* to transition metal (TM) atoms rather than N atoms, which makes the formation of volatile species (NHx) unfavorable. This finding provides a novel perspective for comprehending the interaction of hydrogen with TM compounds and allows prediction of the chemical stability of hydrogen-protective coatings.

Technical characteristics and development trend of third generation solar cells

The future of global sustainable energy systems is anticipated to heavily rely on photovoltaic solar energy (PV). This paper provides an analysis of third-generation solar cells, exploring their underlying working mechanisms, evaluating their performance metrics, and discussing both their advantages and disadvantages. Third-generation solar cells, which include perovskites, dye-sensitized cells, and organic photovoltaics, offer promising advancements over traditional silicon-based cells, such as higher efficiencies and potential for lower production costs. However, challenges like material stability, scalability, and long-term reliability hinder their widespread adoption. In offering a comprehensive examination of these advanced solar technologies, the paper aims to contribute to the understanding and progress of renewable energy solutions. It underscores the importance of continued research and innovation in overcoming the existing limitations of third-generation solar cells. The transition towards a future that relies more heavily on sustainable energy sources hinges on the ability to develop and implement efficient, reliable, and cost-effective solar technologies. The paper identifies these bottleneck issues and suggests pathways for overcoming them.

Microscopic mechanism of water-assisted diffusional phase transitions in inorganic metal halide perovskites.

The stability of perovskite materials is profoundly influenced by the presence of moisture in the surrounding environment. While it is well-established that water triggers and accelerates the black-yellow phase transition, leading to the degradation of the photovoltaic properties of perovskites, the underlying microscopic mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we employ classical molecular dynamics simulations to examine the role of water molecules in the yellow-black phase transition in a typical inorganic metal halide perovskite, CsPbI3. We have demonstrated, through interfacial energy calculations and classical nucleation theory, that the phase transition necessitates a crystal-amorphous-crystal two-step pathway rather than the conventional crystal-crystal mechanism. Simulations for CsPbI3 nanowires show that water molecules in the air can enter the amorphous interface between the black and yellow regions. The phase transition rate markedly increases with the influx of interfacial water molecules, which enhance ion diffusivity by reducing the diffusion barrier, thereby expediting the yellow-black phase transition in CsPbI3. We propose a general mechanism through which solvent molecules can greatly facilitate phase transitions that otherwise have prohibitively high transition energies.

Hydrophobic and Elastic Structural Triboelectric Materials Enabled by Template Method toward Real-Time Material Recognition.

Since each material has a unique ability to lose or obtain electrons, specific triboelectric signals are produced when triboelectric materials are in contact with different objects. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices show great potential for use as tactile sensors; nevertheless, analyzing the structure-function relationship of functionalized triboelectric sensing interfaces under environmental conditions and improving the sensing stability and accuracy through the design of hydrophobic structure on the triboelectric material surface remain major challenges in the development of intelligent sensing networks. Compared with the traditional rigid micronanostructure, the elastic micronanostructure strategy is applied to achieve both hydrophobicity and stability of triboelectric materials based on the template method in this work. The corresponding surface roughness and contact angle are 89.9 nm and 117.9°, respectively. As expected, the output voltage and charge density are enhanced by almost 65.8 and 33.4%, respectively, with the establishment of an elastic micronanostructure on the triboelectric material surface. More importantly, the triboelectric signal waveforms also present acceptable durability for subsequent recognition after immersion in water or ethanol for 12 days and metal impact for 12 000 cycles. Hence, combined with deep machine learning and triboelectric effect, a material perception system integrated with a moisture-resistant TENG-based sensor after fatigue testing, data processing, and display modules is also developed for real-time monitoring with approximately 100% (mask), 76% (plank), 93% (plastic), and 89% (rubber) identification accuracies in the natural environment. Finally, the proposed hydrophobic and elastic triboelectric materials show broad potential for application in the field of human-computer interaction.

Defect Engineering Advances Thermoelectric Materials.

Defect engineering is an effective method for tuning the performance of thermoelectric materials and shows significant promise in advancing thermoelectric performance. Given the rapid progress in this research field, this Review summarizes recent advances in the application of defect engineering in thermoelectric materials, offering insights into how defect engineering can enhance thermoelectric performance. By manipulating the micro/nanostructure and chemical composition to introduce defects at various scales, the physical impacts of diverse types of defects on band structure, carrier and phonon transport behaviors, and the improvement of mechanical stability are comprehensively discussed. These findings provide more reliable and efficient solutions for practical applications of thermoelectric materials. Additionally, the development of relevant defect characterization techniques and theoretical models are explored to help identify the optimal types and densities of defects for a given thermoelectric material. Finally, the challenges faced in the conversion efficiency and stability of thermoelectric materials are highlighted and a look ahead to the prospects of defect engineering strategies in this field is presented.

Seven Years of Monitoring the Development of an Oyster Reef Living Shoreline

The implementation of nature-based solutions (NbS), including living shorelines, to mitigate estuarine habitat loss is increasing at a pace exceeding the evaluation of their long-term success. Constructed oyster reefs (CORs) made of shell, concrete, stone, and other materials are one living shoreline tactic that is widely utilized, yet few studies have been conducted to understand the development of CORs within the context of both physical and ecological parameters over longer time scales (4 + years). A COR-based living shoreline project at the Gandy’s Beach Preserve (GBP) in Delaware Bay, NJ, USA, had dual goals of coastal protection and habitat provisioning, which prompted the development of a goal-driven monitoring framework to track project objectives. Methods were developed to quantify the following multi-disciplinary metrics over 7 years: elevations of CORs, waves (height, period, and direction), shoreline elevations, change in extent of vegetation patches, oyster density and size, nekton richness and community composition, and horseshoe crab impingement. The CORs met most of their habitat provisioning objectives as they were colonized by a multi-generational population of shellfish and created habitat for nekton, while posing negligible hazards to horseshoe crabs. However, none of the coastal protection objectives was fully achieved including material stability, wave attenuation, and sediment elevation increase. Results highlight the value of longer-term monitoring to understand performance and the need to match the scale and type of NbS tactic(s) with both the scale of the landscape and the site-specific hydrodynamic conditions to meet project goals.