Stability Of Bitumen Research Articles

Effect of Low-Density Polyethylene and Crumb Rubber Blends with Different Ultraviolet Aging Degrees on the Storage Stability of Bitumen Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Effect of Low-Density Polyethylene and Crumb Rubber Blends with Different Ultraviolet Aging Degrees on the Storage Stability of Bitumen Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Characterisation of bitumen through multiple ageing-rejuvenation cycles

ABSTRACT The multiple recycling of bitumen offers the possibility of reusing it for repeated lifecycles and achieve a higher degree of circularity of materials used in pavement construction. Aiming to identify the prospect, this study aged bitumen in a laboratory setting and then rejuvenated it using a bio-based rejuvenator for four ageing cycles. The low temperature and fatigue performance of the bitumen in each cycle was comprehensively characterised using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) based rheological measurements. The results illustrated that although rejuvenation cannot recover all properties of the aged bitumen to the level of virgin bitumen, using rejuvenators can largely improve most properties negatively affected by ageing. The optimal dosage of rejuvenators should be determined based on the balance of the properties. The use of rejuvenation indexes, such as the one employed in this study, can assure that the low-temperature and intermediate temperature performance can be met through multiple ageing-rejuvenation cycles. In terms of chemical changes, although ageing reduces the chemical or colloidal stability of bitumen, rejuvenation can recover this property to its initial level. Overall, the results obtained in the study suggest that using appropriate rejuvenators, bitumen can potentially be recycled through multiple lifecycles.

Laboratory Fatigue Characterization of Foamed Bitumen Stabilized Granular Base and Recycled Blends for Pavements

ABSTRACT Foamed bitumen stabilization offers a sustainable solution for the construction of new pavements or rehabilitation treatments while also improving the performance of pavement structures. This technique allows up to 100 % of the existing pavements to be used, which will lead to lower use of quarry resources and reduced material transportation cost. In recent years, there have been advances in the use of foamed bitumen stabilized (FBS) pavements. However, prior to the research in this paper, no specific Australian performance relationship had been developed for FBS materials. Also, there was a lack of test procedures specifically developed to manufacture and evaluate the fatigue cracking resistance of FBS conventional and recycled pavement materials. This paper presents the laboratory characterization and development of a fatigue relationship to predict performance of FBS materials. For this purpose, laboratory experiments were undertaken including flexural fatigue, modulus, and strength tests using a four-point bending beam system. Five different host materials were selected for laboratory investigations, including three crushed rocks and two recycled blends incorporating 50 % reclaimed asphalt pavement and 80 % recycled cement–treated crushed rock. A total of eight FBS mixes were tested with varying host materials, foamed bitumen content from 2 to 4 %, and hydrated lime content of 1 or 2 %. A testing procedure to measure and analyze the fatigue performance of FBS granular base and recycled blends was produced. Using the laboratory test results, a specific laboratory fatigue relationship for FBS materials, including recycled blends, is developed. The flexural modulus, flexural strength-to-modulus ratio, and volume of bitumen were found to be major parameters affecting the fatigue life of FBS materials and were consequently employed to develop the predictive model. This research will assist with the subsequent development of a performance-based in-service fatigue model for thickness design of FBS flexible pavements.

Devulcanized Tire Rubber–Waste Plastic Compounds: A Solution to Improve Storage Stability of Plastic-Modified Bitumen

Devulcanized Tire Rubber–Waste Plastic Compounds: A Solution to Improve Storage Stability of Plastic-Modified Bitumen

A bibliometric analysis and review on the performance of polymer-modified bitumen

The addition of polymer to a base binder has been documented as a successful approach in terms of improving physical and rheological properties of the base bitumen. However, the main drawbacks of polymer-modified bitumen are incompatibility and degradation of polymer due to aging. This article aims to introduce a bibliometric analysis and review on modifying bitumen with polymers. Additionally, this article intent to highlight the significant gaps and recommendations for future work. Furthermore, another objective of this article is to provide a worth attempt regrading reducing the negative impact of polymer’s drawbacks on the performance of polymer-modified base binder. The findings of this article demonstrated that the test of storage stability for polymer-amended bitumen should be modified, in which the softening point of aluminum tube centerpiece should be measured to introduce a better evaluation for the storage stability of polymer-amended bitumen. In addition, the effects of kinetic factors (mixing sequence, viscosity of blend, shear rate, and time of mixing) on the compatibility of polymer-amended bitumen should be investigated. Moreover, the addition of compatibilizers and stabilizers to polymer-modified binder is recommended to improve compatibility and reduce the effect of aging on degradation of polymer.

Effectiveness of different conditioning procedures for moisture susceptibility evaluation of foamed bitumen stabilised mixes

ABSTRACT The primary objective of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the widely used moisture conditioning methods for moisture susceptibility evaluation while designing the Foamed Bitumen Stabilised Mixes (FBMs). The effectiveness of three different moisture conditioning methods, such as the conventional 24 h of water soaking, vacuum saturation (AASHTO T283), and ASTM D7870 conditioning (hydrostatic pore pressure) were compared based on their ability to distinguish between moisture susceptible and moisture damage resistant FBMs. It was observed that the ASTM D7870 moisture conditioning method could distinguish between moisture-resistant and moisture-susceptible mixes more effectively compared to the existing 24 h of water-soaking method, and can potentially be a more suitable conditioning method for moisture susceptibility evaluation of FBMs. The study also recommended threshold moisture susceptibility criteria in terms of retained tensile strength (TSR) for the ASTM D7870 conditioning method based on the existing moisture susceptibility criteria for 24 h of water soaking by performing Receiver Operation Characteristics (ROC) analysis on the TSR results. For different TSR criteria of 80%, 70%, and 60% for 24 h of water soaking, the equivalent TSR threshold for ASTM D7870 conditioning is recommended as 60%, 55%, and 50% respectively.

High-Temperature Rheological Properties and Storage Stability of Bitumen Modified with the Char Produced from Co-Pyrolysis of Different Wastes

By enhancing the bitumen properties with the additives produced from waste, not only can the performance of flexible pavements be improved, but it can also contribute to the environment. This research aims to produce a novel pyrolytic char from different wastes and to investigate the usability of this char as an additive in bitumen. In this study, first, the pyrolytic char was produced from the co-pyrolysis of three different wastes, including waste paper cups, polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. Properties of the char were determined by using CHN (carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. The high-temperature rheological properties of binders were evaluated by using DSR (dynamic shear rheometer), RV (rotational viscometer), softening point, and penetration tests. Additionally, specific gravity, storage stability, high-temperature performance grades (PGs), and temperature susceptibilities of binders were determined. Test results showed that this pyrolytic char enhanced the high-temperature properties of neat bitumen by increasing softening point, viscosity, rutting resistance, and high-temperature PG of pure bitumen. Additionally, it can be said that the bituminous binder modified with this pyrolytic char had good storage stability when it was used at an 8% ratio in neat bitumen.

Investigation of the Rheological Properties and Storage Stability of Waste Polyethylene/Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate-Modified Asphalt with Crosslinking and a Silicone Coupling Agent.

As the market for polyethylene consumption continues to expand, the amount of waste polyethylene is also increasing. Modifying asphalt with waste polyethylene (PE) is economical and environmentally friendly. The low-temperature performance and storage stability of PE-modified asphalt has long been an insurmountable problem. The high vinyl acetate (VA) content of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and PE blended into asphalt can improve the compatibility of PE and asphalt. It compensates for the high VA content of EVA brought about by the lack of high-temperature resistance to permanent deformation but is still not conducive to the stable storage of PE at high temperatures. The effect of furfural extraction oil, a crosslinking (DCP) agent, a silicone coupling agent (KH-570), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the rheological properties and compatibility of PE/EVA-modified asphalt was investigated in this study. The conventional physical properties of PE/EVA-modified asphalt were tested after introducing furfural extraction oil, DCP, KH570, and CaCO3 to determine the correlations of these materials. In addition, frequency sweep, multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) were utilized to characterize the rheological properties and fatigue behavior. The results reveal that the addition of suitable ratios of furfural extract oil, DCP, KH-570, and CaCO3 to PE/EVA-modified asphalt produces a remarkable improvement in the viscoelastic characteristics and viscosity compared with PE/EVA-modified asphalt. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy (FM) was utilized to evaluate the modification mechanism, which shows that PE/EVA undergoes significant crosslinking in asphalt, forming a three-dimensional network structure that dissolves in the asphalt. The storage stability of the PE-modified bitumen was fully determined, and its high-temperature rheology was substantially improved.

Bitumen Stabilised Open Graded Base Materials

Roads play a crucial role in fostering economic growth and providing social advantages in every nation. However, over time, road infrastructure can become outdated. According to studies conducted by World Highways, a road may seem to be in good condition on the surface while hiding a severe issue beneath. As a result, periodic maintenance, repairs, or modernization may be necessary for road structures. The primary purpose of this project was to investigate the effects of permeability on road base materials by removing particles and restoring strength through stabilization with bitumen. Optimum grade 60/70 bitumen was used in compliance with Malaysia JKR specifications to create a realistic case scenario. The formulation excluded open-graded road base material with particles smaller than 1.18 mm or 2.0 mm, and bitumen stabilization levels of 0%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% were implemented to reduce the decrease in mechanical strength. The mechanical strength was determined using the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, while a Constant Head Method Permeability test was conducted to identify the optimal design mix with the maximum achievable permeability coefficient. The results showed that bitumen stabilization increased the mechanical strength of the road base material, with the highest result compensating for the drop by 8.7%. With open-graded road base material, the permeability can be increased by up to 17.2%. Therefore, open-graded road foundation material with bitumen as a binder for stabilization can be used in the construction of pavements in Malaysia, an area with relatively high rainfall intensity.

Effect of Various Compatibilizers on the Storage Stability, Thermochemical and Rheological Properties of Recycled Plastic-Modified Bitumen

Effect of Various Compatibilizers on the Storage Stability, Thermochemical and Rheological Properties of Recycled Plastic-Modified Bitumen

Investigation of the influence of bitumen emulsion and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement content on the mechanical properties of Bitumen Stabilised Materials with high fine particle content

Cold recycling technology is gaining popularity as an economically and environmentally effective way of pavement rehabilitation. The main benefits of the use of cold recycling mixtures (CRMs) in road base courses are associated with the reduction of raw materials consumption by replacing them with recycled materials such as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), as well as the decrease in energy consumption during production and paving compared to Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Bitumen Stabilised Materials (BSMs), described as non-continuously bound CRMs, exhibit granular and viscoelastic materials properties due to the presence of local bituminous bonds and a reduced amount of cement. Their mechanical properties are still being investigated.In this paper, Bitumen Stabilised Materials with bitumen emulsion (BSM-E) were investigated. Mixtures characterised by high fine particle content and designed with different Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and bitumen emulsion contents were subjected to Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) tests at 25°C. TSR water resistance parameter for the mixtures was calculated. Test results were analysed using two-way ANOVA statistical tests.The laboratory test results showed that BSM-E mixtures exhibited different trends of an increase in ITSdry, ITSwet and TSR values as a function of bitumen emulsion content, depending on the RAP amount used. The statistical significance of the effects of bitumen emulsion content, RAP content, and the interaction between these two factors on the tested ITS values was proven.

Experimental Investigation of Bitumen by Using E-Waste Plastic as Filler

Electronic waste or simply e-waste management is one of the various challenges due to the unexpected surge in the electronic products. In our day-to-day life, the electronic components plays the predominant role in every human being. Peoples activities are daily determined by the personal computers, mobile phones, and gadgets etc., All these issues are drastically affect the human health and environment. The disposal of these e-wastes creates the huge environmental loss and harmful to use for the any purpose. For these improper disposals, the solution for these electronic products is in the usage of the concrete.This research paper is to examine the strength of bitumen by using E-Waste plastic as filler. In this experiment, Polyethylene plastic is used which is thermoplastic polymer and it is the most widely produced plastic in the world. Marshall Stability test is taken to analyze the strength of bitumen. The stability and flow value of bitumen is tested for various bitumen percentage with constant 5% E-Waste plastic filler. From the test values the stability and flow value of bitumen is optimum in 5% in addition to the strength of bitumen is increased to 10% than the conventional bitumen.

Technical Investigation of the Usability for Foamed Bitumen Stabilized Materials inAsphalt Pavements

Asphalt recycling efforts are increasing in order to reduce the effects of high energy and rawmaterial consumption in the asphalt sector. One of the most common methods for using oldasphalt material, which still retains some value, is recycling with foam bitumen.In practice, for the preparation and evaluation of cold mixes produced using foam bitumen, ITS(Indirect Tensile Strength) and MR (Resilient Modulus) methods are generally used. Amongthese methods, ITS is mostly applied for the evaluation of the materials optimum percentagesvalues and MR test is also used for the evaluation of mixture performance.In the experimental study, firstly for the cold mixes prepared with foam bitumen, optimum foambitumen values of the production series were determined by ITS test. Then, reproductions weremade for these optimum values and resilient modulus values were determined. It was found thatthe ITS and MR values were significantly affected by the material gradation and this showedthe opposite tendency for the materials with the same gradation. The type of active filler waseffective the same as the values of the mixtures on ITS and MR. Especially, the MR resultswere affected by the bitumen grade. As a result of the study, evaluation limit values; 225 kPafor ITSDRY value, 150 kPa for ITSWET value and 70% for TSR, 400 MPa resilient modulus valueand 0.21 layer coefficient value are recommended for FBSM (Foam Bitumen StabilizedMaterial).

Swelled Mechanism of Crumb Rubber and Technical Properties of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen.

Crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) has excellent high-temperature performance and fatigue resistance, and is widely used in asphalt pavement to cope with increasing traffic axle load and changing climate. Under conventional preparation conditions, the swelling degree of CR can directly impact the comprehensive properties of CRMB; however, physical and chemical properties research on swelling crumb rubber (SCR) and crumb rubber recycled bitumen (CRRB) in CRMB is relatively lacking. In this paper, the working performance of CRMB and CRRB in high-temperature and low-temperature conditions were studied through physical and working performance testing of bitumen. The CR and SCR were tested by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and particle size distribution (PSD) tests to study the physicochemical behavior and microscopic effects before and after CR swelling. The results showed that CR dosage was in the range of 10%, 15%, and 20%, as well as that CR dosages have a positive effect on the high- and low-temperature performance, storage stability, and elastic recovery of bitumen. The high-temperature PG grades of bitumen were directly improved by four grades, and the elastic recovery rate increased by 339.9%. CR improved the ultra-low temperature crack resistance of bitumen. Due to the absorption of lighter components by CR, the relative content of the heavy component of bitumen increased; however, its low-temperature performance decreased significantly. After swelling, the CR particle size increased and the range became wider, the surface complexity of CR became higher, and the specific surface area was larger. At the same time, CR carried out the transformation process from large and medium molecules to small molecules. During the swelling process, a new benzene ring structure appeared in the CR, and the C-C bond and C-S bond of CR broke, forming part of the C=C bond.

A Comprehensive Review on the Effect of Filler Materials on Engineering Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixes

The effect of filler materials on the properties of bituminous concrete was reviewed in this paper. Flexible pavement layer is made up of asphalt concrete. It is the commonest type of pavement in the world. Asphalt concrete contains aggregates, bitumen binder and fillers. The Asphalt concrete has voids which needs to be filled for better performance of its functions. Fillers help to fill voids and change the physical and chemical properties of asphalt concrete and bitumen combines with filler to forms mastic that holds the aggregates together. Asphalt Institute recommended 4-8% fillers for use. The recent developments in technology is geared towards the use waste materials as fillers in concrete production. It was revealed in this review that Marble dust and Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) can be used in bituminous mix as alternative to conventional fillers in asphalt mixes. The waste bagasse and coconut peat fillers give mastic viscosity similar to limestone filler but higher than granite filler. Concrete dust and brick dust as fillers in bituminous mix improve flow value, Marshall stability and physical characteristic of bitumen. The conclusion of this review analysis shows that fillers in bituminous mix reduces the problem associated with waste disposal and high concentration of calcium carbonate in waste ash can help to reduce rutting and moisture damage potentials.

Colloidal Stability of Bitumens Related to their Generic Composition

Three bitumens obtained from crude oils widely differing in chemical nature were analyzed for generic composition. Separation into group components was carried out by liquid chromatography, using a new procedure. With this method, five fractions were separated, i.e. saturates, cyclics, light resins, heavy resins and asphaltenes. The size distribution of the asphaltene particles in the bitumens and the Heithaus parameters characterizing the colloidal stability of bitumen were determined. The results suggest that the role of the light resins in bitumen differs from that of the heavy resins, as they are constituents of the dispersing and dispersed phase, respectively. The cyclic components and light resins form the dispersing medium of bitumen while the heavy resins and asphaltenes constitute the dispersed material. Saturates are the bitumen components that deteriorate the peptization of asphaltene particles.

Use of Bitumen Stabilised Limestone in Western Australian Road Pavements

Bitumen emulsion stabilisation of locally available Tamala Limestone was widely used by State and Local Governments from the mid-1960s through the late-1990s, however its use has declined in recent years. This paper aims to substantiate its benefits as a viable alternative material for use on heavily trafficked roads. The benefits provided through stabilisation of crushed limestone with bitumen emulsion include improved workability, reduced ravelling under construction traffic, lower moisture susceptibility and enhanced mechanical properties. Case studies are presented that show that satisfactory performance has been observed where Bitumen Stabilised Limestone (BSL) is used as a basecourse under heavily trafficked roads. The paper provides a construction methodology and discusses barriers and future opportunities. Two structural design approaches are presented for the use of BSL under sprayed seals and thin asphalt surfacings.

Evaluation of Stripping Problem in Terms of Additive Types and Ratios in Asphalt Pavements

Stripping in asphalt mixtures is the one of foremost distress mechanisms. To prevent stripping, fatty acids (AS) and hydrated lime (HL) additives are often used as anti-stripping additives. The determination of the correct usage ratios of these additives and the storage stability of bitumen constitutes important research topics for anti-stripping additive applications. Three surfactants and hydrated lime were used in three ratios to evaluate the effect of additive ratio and type. Indirect tensile strength (ITS) values obtained from samples with one and three cycle modified Lottman conditioning and indirect tensile strength ratios (ITSRs) were interpreted in the context of water damage. The load-carrying capacity of the conditioned mixtures increased significantly. Even if the degree of damage was considerably increased at the end of three cycles, the integrity of the mixtures was maintained. Both AS and HL significantly increased water damage resistance. Modified Lottman conditioning has an observable level of damage. Additives remained functional and maintain their mechanisms of benefit, especially in the event of a high degree of damage.

Green and sustainable production of waste styrofoam-modified bitumen: a laboratory-based investigation on physical, rheological properties, and storage stability.

The motivation of this study was to investigate the feasibility of production of green and sustainable bitumen modified with waste styrofoam (WS) that contributed to the base bitumen in certain rate. To achieve it, not only basic but also rheological properties and storage stability of WS-modified bitumen were taken into consideration. In this respect, bitumen with 70/100 penetration grade was modified with WS in different rates ranging from 1 to 5% with 1% increment. Basic test methods including penetration, softening point, rotational viscometer were conducted on the bitumen samples to analyze physical properties, while dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer tests were performed on the samples for rheological assessment. Rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel tests, which are aging methods in rheological evaluation, were followed to supply short- and long-term aged samples, respectively. Storage stability test was conducted on the modified samples to determine the compatibility between the two materials at different contribution WS rates. The results showed that significant changes occur on both physical and rheological properties of WS-modified bitumen. Compatibility between WS and bitumen was not observed except of the bitumen modified up to 2% WS as examined with softening point, but up to 3% WS as examined with penetration test. Overall, disposal of WS within bitumen modification can be a green and sustainable as considering the ecological and economic aspects.

Preparation and characterization of lignin grafted layered double hydroxides for sustainable service of bitumen under ultraviolet light

Bitumen could emerge the degradation of performance under ultraviolet (UV) light easily, then the bituminous pavement would have to be repaired and even reconstructed for safety, causing environmental pollution and energy consumption. Therefore, it is crucial to raise bituminous anti-UV aging property so that the service life of bitumen could be increased memorably, which is beneficial to environmental protection and sustainable development. Lignin grafted layered double hydroxides (LG-g-LDHs) were prepared successfully through covalent bonding with diphenyl-methane-diisocyanate (MDI), and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) contact angle tester and ultraviolet and visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. Then LG-g-LDHs were used for modifying bitumen, the effects on anti-UV aging properties were researched by physical properties, four components analysis, FTIR and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test. The results showed that LG-g-LDHs were prepared and represented a stable cross-linked structure, then they had a combined effect of chemically absorbing and physically reflecting UV light owing to the multi-layered and benzene ring structure. Due to the introduction of lignin, the compatibility between LDHs and bitumen could be improved. After aging, the properties including physical properties and rheological behaviors of bitumen decreased and colloidal stability declined. Compared with LDH, LG-g-LDHs represented better inhibitory action in performance deterioration and colloidal stability of bitumen, which indicated that LG-g-LDHs could strengthen bituminous anti-UV aging properties for sustainable service of bitumen.