Squares Of Different Sizes Research Articles

Determination of magnetic axes distribution in epitaxial Fe (0 0 1) micrometric squares by magneto optical technique

In-plane magneto optical hysteresis loops have been used to determine the magnetic axes distribution of crystalline Fe (0 0 1) micrometric squares of different sizes (2.5–10 μm) and separations (0.2 and 0.6 μm). The angular dependence of the magnetization at remanence shows the interplay between the anisotropy of the unpatterned Fe thin film and the anisotropies induced by the patterning process. A rich variety of behaviors are found when the arrays of squares are rotated with regard to the Fe main crystalline directions.

Camera System Effects on Detecting Watercore in ‘Red Delicious’ Apples

Watercore damage was quantified in Red Delicious apples by measuring light transmitted through the apple along the stem/calyx axis. Two black and white video cameras with different intensity sensitivities were used to capture images of the stem-end of each fruit. Two patterns, rings and squares, were analyzed in each image. For one camera, rings and squares of different sizes were analyzed. Apples were scored into five classes of watercore damage.

Representational-Momentum Effects in the Cerebral Hemispheres

On each trial, after three squares of different sizes (inducing display) were sequentially presented at central fixation, a target square was briefly lateralized to the right or left hemisphere (RH or LH) of 24 normal right-handed males. Subjects determined whether or not the target differed in size from the third inducing square. Half of the targets that differed were consistent with size changes in the inducing display (e.g., a target smaller than the third square in an inducing display presented in a large-to-small order) and half were inconsistent. Three retention intervals (RIs) between offset of third inducing square and onset of target were used. At the shortest RI, error–rate differences in responding to consistent vs. inconsistent targets, i.e., representational-momentum (RM) effects, were larger in the RH than in the LH, and RM effects in the RH, but not in the LH, were affected by RI.

Effects of background structure on the discrimination of configurational moving prey dummies by toadsBufo bufo (L.)

The prey-catching activity of the toadBufo b. bufo was measured in response to various configurational moving two-dimensional black or white stimuli contrasting with various homogeneous or structured backgrounds (Figs. 1 to 5).Area discrimination was tested with squares of different sizes,configurational discrimination with stripes of equal size and different configuration (‘worm’ or ‘antiworm’), andlength discrimination with worm-like stripes of different length. Signal Extraction. A 2×5 mm2 wormlike stripe of a luminanceL s≈36 cd×m−2, for example, was practically not resolved from a homogeneous background of almost the same luminanceL b = 36. But it could be well detected if the background was structured ( $$\bar L_B = 36$$ ); at a given luminance ( $$\bar L_B \approx 36$$ ) the releasing value of the grey stimulus (L s= 36) increased to some extent with structure width of the background (Fig. 1 c-e). Configurational Discrimination. The basic stimulus response relationships were maintained, if Configurational stimuli were moved against black, white, grey or structured backgrounds. However, in the range of short stripes (xl= 5 mm) the worm/antiworm discrimination was significantly better withblack stimuli moving against white background than forwhite against black (curvesa andc in Figs. 2A and 3A). The Configurational selectivity in response to white wormlike and antiwormlike stripes increased if stimuli were moved against a grey or a structured background (curvesa andc in Figs. 2 and 3B-E forxl≧5 mm). Length Discrimination. Relatively short stripes (close to the square configuration) and relatively long ones were discriminated less well than those in a medium size range. The optimal discrimination range was different for black stimuli (range: 3≦xl 1≦6.5 mm) and white stimuli (range: 5≦xl 1≦ 10 mm) (Fig. 4A, B). Discrimination in this range could be enhanced to some extent if the background was structured. These results were consistent for artificially (Fig. 4A) and naturally structured backgrounds (Fig. 5A-C). The results show that stimulus discrimination in toads depends largely on the values of Configurational parameters. The background structure may have distinct effects on stimulus perception, i.e., either masking or facilitation.

Multiple anchoring of category rating scales

A psychophysical experiment compared the effects of two different kinds of anchoring upon category ratings of the sizes of squares: (1) single anchoring in which the same square was presented on every anchoring trial, and (2) multiple anchoring in which squares of different sizes were presented on anchoring trials. Subjects did not rate the anchors, only those squares presented on alternate trials as the series stimuli. The major finding was that the two kinds of anchoring have similar effects. As with the single anchor, the multiple anchor establishes a new endpoint for the scale of judgment. The previously demonstrated relationship of increasing and then decreasing contrast as a function of the remoteness of the single anchor (Sarris, 1967, 1976) was found also for multiple anchoring.

The Ratio of Relative and Absolute Altitudes of Mt. Carmel: A Contribution to the Problem of Relief Analysis and Relief Classification

N THE course of dealing with certain morphological questions' the writer encountered the problem of classification and mapping and cartographic expression of the extent to which is dissected. The commonly used method of giving absolute heights does not meet the need for clear-cut morphological expression, since altitude in itself fails to express sharpness of relief. This shortcoming has already been noted by other authors.2 The problem cartographers must solve, namely how to express three-dimensional with a two-dimensional medium, remains, though much progress has been made by the use of several methods in conjunction. One method of expressing morphologically is the relief energy cartogram; this seems to have been originated by Partsch in 1911 and adopted by Krebs, Schrepfer and Kallner, Smith, Waldbaur, and Thauer.3 To express relief energy, all these authors employed the difference in altitude between the highest and lowest points within a defined area-that is, the relative altitude. The points (or pairs of points, used by Krebs) were measured by different authors in squares of different sizes (o.s-1o kilometers on a side) and on maps of different scales. Critics of this method objected to the lack of uniformity in the size of the squares and in the scale.4 Smith and Krebs used isopleths instead of squares. Thauer also opposed the use of the square as a unit area and suggested a circle instead. The method proposed in the present paper differs from previous ones in that, instead of the relative altitude within a defined area, it employs the ratio between the maximum relative altitude and the maximum absolute altitude within a defined area. An attempt is also made to analyze orographical data statistically, with a view to classification of the area and comparison with other areas. The Mt. Carmel region has been selected to demonstrate the method because of its mountainous character and its relative isolation from other landscape features.

A COMBINATION OF THE SNELLEN AND THE LANDOLT TEST TYPES

Since Snellen first presented his test types in 1862, numerous attempts have been made to improve them. His figures subtended an angle of 5 minutes, each element subtending an angle of 1 minute. Oblong letters, 5 minutes in height and 4 in breadth, have been suggested. Easily recognized confusion and difficult letters have been used. Lines, dots and concentric circles have had their trial. The recognition of the capital E has been used, especially for illiterates. In order to exclude the large psychologic factor, Landolt devised the broken circle as a measure of two point separability. This has subsequently been accepted as the international standard for tests of visual acuity. Broken squares of different sizes have also been used. Time and experience have left only two types for routine office and clinic practice, the Snellen figures and Arabic numerals of a similar size. It was felt that a combination of