Sputum Acid-fast Bacilli Smear Research Articles

Tuberculosis Treatment Compliance Under Smartphone-Based Video-Observed Therapy Versus Community-Based Directly Observed Therapy: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

There are no recent studies comparing the compliance rates of both patients and observers in tuberculosis treatment between the video-observed therapy (VOT) and directly observed therapy (DOT) programs. This study aims to compare the average number of days that patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and their observers were compliant under VOT and DOT. In addition, this study aims to compare the sputum conversion rate of patients under VOT with that of patients under DOT. Patient and observer compliance with tuberculosis treatment between the VOT and DOT programs were compared based on the average number of VOT and DOT compliance days and sputum conversion rates in a 60-day cluster randomized controlled trial with patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (VOT: n=63 and DOT: n=65) with positive sputum acid-fast bacilli smears and 38 observers equally randomized into the VOT and DOT groups (19 observers per group and n=1-5 patients per observer). The VOT group submitted videos to observers via smartphones; the DOT group followed standard procedures. An intention-to-treat analysis assessed the compliance of both the patients and the observers. The VOT group had higher average compliance than the DOT group (patients: mean difference 15.2 days, 95% CI 4.8-25.6; P=.005 and observers: mean difference 21.2 days, 95% CI 13.5-28.9; P<.001). The sputum conversion rates in the VOT and DOT groups were 73% and 61.5%, respectively (P=.17). Smartphone-based VOT significantly outperformed community-based DOT in ensuring compliance with tuberculosis treatment among observers. However, the study was underpowered to confirm improved compliance among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and to detect differences in sputum conversion rates. Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR) TCTR20210624002; https://tinyurl.com/3bc2ycrh. RR2-10.2196/38796.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Tuberculosis in the Korean Homeless Population Based on Nationwide Tuberculosis Screening.

The government of Korea implemented a strategy of prevention and early diagnosis in high-risk groups to reduce the tuberculosis (TB) burden. This study aims to investigate the TB epidemiology and gap in understanding of TB prevalence among homeless individuals by analyzing active TB chest X-ray (CXR) screening results in Korea. The Korean National Tuberculosis Association conducted active TB screening with CXR for homeless groups from January 1 to December 31, 2021. Sputum acid-fast bacilli smear and culture were performed for the subjects suggestive of TB on CXR. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the data in comparison with the national health screening results from the general population. Among 17,713 homeless persons, 40 (0.23%), 3,077 (17.37%), and 79 (0.45%) were categorized as suggested TB, inactive TB, and observation required, respectively. Prevalence of suggested TB in the homeless was significantly higher (3-5 fold) than in Univerthe national general health screening based on age category (p&lt;0.005). Twenty-nine cases were confirmed as TB, yielding a prevalence of 164 cases per 100,000 individuals; 19 of these 29 cases showed inactive TB on CXR. Body mass index (p=0.0478) and CXR result (p&lt;0.001) significantly correlated with confirmed TB based on multivariable analysis. Nutrition status and CXR results, especially that of inactive TB, should be considered in active TB screening of the homeless population, where TB prevalence is higher than the general population.

Risk factors for tuberculosis-related death among adults with drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis in Selangor, Malaysia from 2013 to 2019: a retrospective cohort study using surveillance data

ObjectivesDue to the paucity of literature on risk factors for tuberculosis (TB)-related death, we determine the sociodemographic and clinical risk factors associated with TB-related deaths among adult pulmonary TB (PTB)...

Investigating a pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus infection outbreak among elderly inpatients in the intensive care ward.

Mycobacterium abscessus is an opportunistic nontuberculous mycobacteria pathogen; however, the prevalence of nosocomial and community infections is increasing. In January 2016, several bedridden inpatients in the intensive care unit of a hospital had positive sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli, suggesting a mycobacteria outbreak. Acid-fast bacilli smear microscopy, isolation, and culturing were performed twice using sputa from each suspected intensive care unit inpatient (n = 13); in addition, medical history was obtained for each inpatient with suspected infection. Furthermore, environmental specimens were surveyed, collected, and cultured. We used DNA microarray chip analysis to identify positive mycobacterial isolates at the species level and performed whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction. Seven inpatients had M. abscessus pulmonary infection, confirmed by 2 positive cultures; five of the inpatients had only one positive culture, while one had two negative cultures. Six of 13 ventilator condensate samples were mycobacterial culture-positive, identified as M. abscessus; the other environmental samples were negative. The M. abscessus isolates (15 sputa and 4 environmental samples) clustered together in the phylogenic analysis with only one single-nucleotide polymorphism difference. All patients were symptom-free after 8 months of multi-drug treatment. We confirmed a pulmonary M. abscessus outbreak among 12 bedridden patients in the intensive care unit through microbiological, molecular epidemiological, and environmental investigations. The possible infection source was contaminated ventilator condensate. This outbreak reemphasizes the importance of standardized ventilator maintenance and disinfection for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia and is a reminder that nontuberculous mycobacteria-related ventilator-associated pneumonia is possible.

Smoked drug use in patients with TB is associated with higher bacterial burden.

BACKGROUND: Smoking of illicit drugs may lead to more rapid TB disease progression or late treatment presentation, yet research on this topic is scant. We examined the association between smoked drug use and bacterial burden among patients newly initiated on drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) therapy.METHODS: Data from 303 participants initiating DS-TB treatment in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, were analyzed. Smoked drug use was defined as self-reported or biologically verified methamphetamine, methaqualone and/or cannabis use. Proportional hazard and logistic regression models (adjusted for age, sex, HIV status and tobacco use) examined associations between smoked drug use and mycobacterial time to culture positivity (TTP), acid-fast bacilli sputum smear positivity and lung cavitation.RESULTS: People who smoked drugs (PWSD) comprised 54.8% (n = 166) of the cohort. TTP was faster for PWSD (hazard ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.10-1.97; P = 0.008). Smear positivity was higher among PWSD (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.22-4.34; P = 0.011). Smoked drug use (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.62-1.87; P = 0.799) was not associated with increased cavitation.CONCLUSIONS: PWSD had a higher bacterial burden at diagnosis than those who do not smoke drugs. Screening for TB among PWSD in the community may facilitate earlier linkage to TB treatment and reduce community transmission.

Gastric Tuberculosis Mimicking Cancer Manifestations in Peru

Tuberculosis is a high-incidence public health problem in Peru. In our context, Tuberculosis is seen commonly as a pulmonary infection. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis as gastric is rare, both as a primary or secondary infection, with just a few case reports published about these kinds of presentations. This case report presents a 44-year-old female patient with weight loss, dyspepsia, and abdominal pain. Upper endoscopy reveals antral polypoid masses and a gastric ulcer. Abdominal CT shows lymph nodes and stomach wall thickening. Biopsies results were negative for malignancy and positive for granulomas. Sputum acid-fast bacilli smear on microscopic examination was positive. Coexistent pulmonary, gastric tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection mimicking gastric cancer were confirmed. We will present this case in detail below.

Contact Investigations With a Single Tuberculin Skin Test on Infants Exposed to Tuberculosis in a Postpartum Care Center During the Neonatal Period.

Tuberculosis (TB) exposure in congregate settings related to neonates is a serious medical and social issue. TB exposure happens during the neonatal period, but contact investigations for exposed infants are usually conducted after the neonatal period. Generally, recommendations for screening and managing close contact are different for neonates and children. Thus, there are challenges in contact investigations. We aimed to report contact investigations with a single tuberculin skin test (TST) on infants exposed to infectious TB in a postpartum care center. The index case was a healthcare worker with active pulmonary TB: sputum acid-fast bacilli smear negative, culture positive, and no cavitary lesion. All exposed infants underwent medical examinations and chest X-ray. After TB disease was ruled out, contacts received window period prophylaxis with isoniazid (INH) until three months after the last exposure. TST was performed only once after completing the prophylaxis. A total of 288 infants were selected as high-priority contacts. At the initial contact investigation, the age of infants ranged from 8 to 114 days. None of these exposed infants had TB disease. The prevalence of latent TB infection (LTBI) was 25.3% (73/288; 95% confidence interval [CI], 20.7-30.7). There were no serious adverse events related to the window period prophylaxis or LTBI treatment with INH. During the 1-year follow-up period, no infants progressed to overt TB disease. The size of TST induration in infants vaccinated with percutaneous Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was significantly larger than that of infants vaccinated with intradermal BCG vaccine (median, 8 mm vs. 5 mm; P = 0.002). In multiple logistic regression analysis, independent factors associated with TST positivity (≥ 10 mm induration) were male (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.98; 95% CI, 1.6-5.64), percutaneous BCG vaccination (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.75-6.48), TST reading between 60 and 72 hours after injecting purified protein derivative (aOR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.53-5.49), and INH prophylaxis more than four weeks (aOR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.94). A single TST at three months after the last TB exposure with INH prophylaxis could be used as a main protocol in contact investigations for infants exposed to infectious TB during the neonatal period in congregate settings in Korea.

Usefulness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-polymerase chain reaction with bronchial washing samples in predicting discontinuation of airborne infection isolation in patients hospitalized with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis.

In-hospital tuberculosis (TB) transmission remains a concern. Airborne infection isolation (AII) can be discontinued in hospitalized patients with suspected active pulmonary TB when the results of three consecutive sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears are negative. However, fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be performed in patients who may have difficulty in producing sputum samples. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-polymerase chain reaction (MTB-PCR) with bronchial washing specimens in predicting AII discontinuation in hospitalized patients with suspected active pulmonary TB. We reviewed the medical charts of patients admitted to a tertiary hospital who were isolated and underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy for suspicious pulmonary TB from January 2016 to December 2019. Patients with positive MTB-PCR results in the initial sputum examination were excluded. Criteria for discontinuing AII were defined as negative results for three consecutive AFB smears from respiratory specimens, or cases diagnosed other than TB. The study patients were divided into two groups: TB group and non-TB group. In total, 166 patients were enrolled in the study. Of them, 35 patients were diagnosed with TB. There was no significant difference between the number of males in the TB (81; 61.8%) and non-TB (21; 60.0%) group. Though 139 patients had negative results on MTB-PCR using washing specimens, eight showed positive AFB culture. Of the 139 patients with negative MTB-PCR results, 138 had negative results for three consecutive AFB smears or were established to not have pulmonary TB. Therefore, the predictive accuracy of MTB-PCR with bronchial washing samples for discontinuing AII was 99.2%. Although a negative result from MTB-PCR with bronchial washing samples cannot exclude pulmonary TB, it can predict AII discontinuation in hospitalized patients with suspected active pulmonary TB.

The Role of Post-Bronchoscopy Sputum Examination in Screening for Active Tuberculosis.

Early diagnosis is a fundamental component of global tuberculosis control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of post-bronchoscopy sputum (PBS) testing as part of a tuberculosis diagnostic work-up. All new residents in the State of Qatar undergo a tuberculosis (TB) screening program. Those with abnormal chest radiology, negative sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears, and nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for M. tuberculosis, undergo an additional bronchoscopic evaluation for TB. We prospectively enrolled individuals who were going to undergo bronchoscopy to provide two PBS samples for AFB smears and mycobacterial cultures between 18 September 2018 and 12 March 2021. A total of 495 individuals, with a median age of 31 years, were included. The majority of the patients were males (329, 66.5%). The most frequent country of origin was India (131, 26.5%) followed by the Philippines (123, 24.8%). The addition of PBS to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) testing allowed microbiological confirmation of tuberculosis in an additional 13 patients (3.9%), resulting in improved sensitivity (from 77.9% to 81.9%), negative predictive value (from 69.2% to 73.2%), and negative likelihood ratio (from 0.22 to 0.18). Where resources are available, the incorporation of routine PBS examination as part of tuberculosis diagnostic work-up can enhance the diagnostic yield.

Bronchial Washing Using a Thin Versus a Thick Bronchoscope to Diagnose Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Randomized Trial.

This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of using a thin bronchoscope for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Between March 2019 and November 2021, we prospectively enrolled participants with suspected PTB whose sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear and tuberculosis (TB) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were negative or who could not produce self-expectorated sputum. Participants were randomized to a control group (bronchial washing [BW] using a 5.9-mm conventional bronchoscope guided by chest computed tomography) or an investigational group (BW using a 4.0-mm thin bronchoscope under virtual bronchoscopic navigation guidance). The primary outcome was detection of TB in BW fluid, defined as a positive result in the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The secondary outcomes included AFB smear and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture positivity, time to treatment initiation, and bronchoscopy-related complications. In total, 85 participants were included in the final analysis (43 in the control group and 42 in the investigational group). Twenty-three and 29, respectively, were finally diagnosed with PTB. The TB detection rate in BW fluid was higher in the investigational group (72.4% vs 43.5%, P = .035). Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture positivity was also higher in the investigational group (79.3% vs 52.2%, P = .038). No participants required premature bronchoscopy termination because of complications. Of the participants with PTB, the time to treatment initiation was shorter in the investigational group (median, 2.0 days vs 4.0 days, P = .001). BW using a thin bronchoscope increases the TB detection rate in patients with PTB compared to conventional bronchoscopy. Clinical Trials Registration.ȃNCT03802812.

Tuberculosis Treatment Compliance Under Smartphone-Based Video-Observed Therapy Versus Community-Based Directly Observed Therapy: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundThe health care system in Thailand has struggled to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in decreased administration of community-based directly observed therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis (TB). As an alternative to failed DOT, video-observed therapy (VOT) or the Thai asynchronous VOT system, “TH VOT,” was devised. We developed a protocol for a study to test the superiority of VOT over DOT in ensuring treatment compliance.ObjectiveWe aim to compare the mean cumulative compliance days of TB patients and their observers under the VOT program with that of individuals under the DOT program during the intensive phase of TB treatment.MethodsA cluster randomized controlled trial of pulmonary TB patients and their observers will be conducted over a 2-month period. This study will be conducted in the Hat Yai and Meuang Songkhla districts of Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand. A total of 38 observers working at 38 primary care units (PCUs) will be randomized equally into VOT and DOT groups. The TH VOT system will be implemented in 19 PCUs in the VOT group while the other 19 PCUs will continue with the traditional DOT program. Approximately 1-5 TB patients will be under observation, depending on the PCU jurisdiction in which the patients reside. The inclusion criteria for TB patients will be as follows: patients diagnosed with newly active pulmonary TB with a positive acid-fast bacilli sputum smear, aged >18 years, own a smartphone, and are able to use the LINE (Line Corporation) app. The exclusion criteria will be patients with a condition that requires the intervention of a specialist, rifampicin resistance according to a cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (GeneXpert MTB/RIF), unable to continue the treatment, and/or alcohol dependence. After the 2-month observation period, all sessions and follow-up clinical outcomes recorded will be retrieved. An intention-to-treat analysis will be performed to assess the compliance of both patients undergoing drug administration and their observers.ResultsThe Human Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University approved the trial on February 19, 2021 (approval number 64-03618-9). The trial was funded in May 2021. The recruitment period will be from January 2022 to July 2022. The observation is scheduled to end by September 2022.ConclusionsIf the VOT shows superiority in observational compliance among patients and observers, the existing DOT policy will be replaced with VOT.Trial RegistrationThai Clinical Trials Registry TCTR20210624002; https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20210624002International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/38796

Concurrent severe pulmonary tuberculosis with Evans syndrome: a case report with literature review

BackgroundTuberculosis is a bacterial infection involving multiple organs and systems. Its hematological presentation mainly includes anemia and leukocytosis. Evans syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia, with positive results for the direct Coombs test and platelet antibodies. The cooccurrence of tuberculosis and Evans syndrome is rarely reported.Case presentationA 69-year-old female presented with a fever and shortness of breath. Her chest computerized tomography scan showed extensive miliary nodules in the bilateral lung fields. She rapidly developed respiratory failure that required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. The acid-fast bacilli sputum smear results indicated a grade of 3+. Later on, blood testing revealed hemolytic anemia, a positive direct Coombs test result, and the presence of the platelet antibody IgG. This patient was diagnosed as having disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis and Evans syndrome. She successfully recovered after treatment with antituberculosis drugs and glucocorticoids.ConclusionsTuberculosis can occur together with Evans syndrome. Affected patients should receive both antituberculosis and immunosuppressive drugs.

PSEUDOTUMORAL PULMONARY TB MASS: WHAT IS THE PLACE OF SURGERY FOR DIAGNOSIS?

TYPE: Abstract TOPIC: Cardiothoracic Surgery PURPOSE: The pseudotumoral form of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTPT) is extremely rare. It constitutes a diagnosis dilemma by simulating pulmonary cancer. Surgical investigation is required when non-invasive modalities of diagnostic don’t identify the PTPT. METHODS: Sixteen immunocompetent patients presenting a PTPT, were operated in the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Ariana in Tunisia between 1997 and 2020. RESULTS: They were 14 men and 2 women. The average age was 53 years. Two patients had a history of treated pulmonary tuberculosis. Eleven patients were smokers. The median overall diagnostic delay was 6 months. Productive cough (n=4) and chest pain (n=4) were the major symptoms. The chest X-ray revealed a dishomogeneous opacity with an irregular outline in 75% of cases. The computed tomography of chest showed a tissue mass mimickig malignancy in 10 cases and a suspicious parenchymal condensation in 2 cases. The most common site involved is the upper right lobe (10 cases). Cavitation was seen in 3 cases. The bronchoscopy showed a stenosing bronchial wall infiltration in 5 cases. All bronchial biopsies were inconclusive. Sputum and bronchoalveolar fluid acid fast bacilli smear and culture were negative. Through a posterolateral thoracotomy, we performed a lobectomy (n=12), wedge resection (n=2) and tumor biopsy (n=2). Histological exam concluded to pulmonary tuberculosis. All patients received anti-bacillary therapy with good clinico-radiological evolution. CONCLUSIONS: The positive diagnosis of PTPT is difficult. Surgery remains the reliable means of diagnosis for initiating early medical management. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Diagnosis of PTPT can be delayed and lead to surgical resection DISCLOSURE: Nothing to declare. KEYWORD: pseudotumoral, lung, tuberculosis, surgery

Characteristics and outcomes of anti-mycobacterial therapy compared to no anti-mycobacterial therapy for NTM pulmonary disease

The incidence of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is increasing [1]. Treatment for NTM-PD entails anti-mycobacterial therapy for one-year after sputum conversion [2,3]. Medication intolerance occurs often and makes the management of NTM-PD challenging. As a result, bronchial hygiene without anti-mycobacterial therapy may be appropriate and has been shown to result in sputum conversion in some patients [2,4]. However, current guidelines suggest initiation of anti-mycobacterial therapy, especially in patients with positive acid-fast bacilli sputum smears and/or cavitary disease [5].

Tuberculosis in sickle cell disease patients

ObjectiveTuberculosis (TB) disease has rarely been reported in patients with sickle cell disease, but it is associated with an increased risk of bacterial infections. In France, sickle cell disease is frequent in populations with the highest prevalence of TB disease. We aimed to highlight clinical aspects of TB disease in patients with sickle cell disease. Patients and methodsOver a 10-year period, we retrospectively included all adults with sickle cell disease who had a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis managed in the adult sickle cell center of Henri-Mondor hospital. Sickle cell patients with TB disease were matched for comparison to adults without hemoglobinopathy and with documented TB disease in a 1:2 ratio. Logistic regression mixed models were performed. ResultsTwelve patients with sickle cell disease and documented TB disease (median age: 29years; IQR [25–34]) were compared to 24 non-sickle cell patients (median age: 33years; IQR [27.5–38.5]). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups except for sickle cell disease. Ten of the 12 patients with sickle cell disease had pulmonary TB. TB disease characteristics were similar between sickle cell and non-sickle cell patients although sickle cell patients had fewer positive sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (P=0.003) and fewer lung cavitations (P=0.03). ConclusionsTB disease in sickle cell patients was globally similar to non-sickle cell patients, even though less infectious. Regular follow-up in specialized centers might allow for earlier TB disease diagnosis in sickle cell patients.

193. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Pulmonary Tuberculosis Evaluations and Diagnosis at a Large Safety Net Hospital in Los Angeles, California

BackgroundThere is significant global concern that the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively impact tuberculosis (TB) control. This is a descriptive analysis of TB evaluations and diagnosis during 2019 (pre COVID-19 period) and 2020 (COVID-19 period) at the largest safety net hospital in Los Angeles County (LAC+USC Medical Center). MethodsThe medical records of patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020 were identified through laboratory and electronic medical records. We included all patients with ≥ 1 sputum positive result for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture and reviewed their Xpert MTB/RIF MTB PCR. ResultsTable 1 shows summary of results. During the COVID-19 period, the number of patients evaluated for pulmonary TB decreased by 64% compared to the previous year (Figure 1). The proportion of patients with culture-confirmed TB disease however, was nearly identical (P=0.913) (Table 1). Sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear positivity increased 52% to 64% during COVID-19 (P=0.324) and disease severity as measured by chest radiograph, was significantly higher during the COVID-19 period (P = 0.031) (Figure 2). Trend of sputum AFB smear and culture samples collected from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020. Summary of results of patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020 at LAC+USC Medical Center. Results of two-sample test for proportions of 2019 vs 2020 for cavitary lesions, extent of disease, and sputum positive AFB smear microscopy.ConclusionThese preliminary results suggest that when compared to the previous year, the number of pulmonary TB evaluations decreased by 64% during the COVID period. Whereas the proportion of patients diagnosed with TB disease was similar, TB patients during the COVID-19 period had more advanced disease at diagnosis, as measured by sputum smear AFB microscopy and disease severity on chest radiograph (P=0.031). These data suggest potentially consequential interruptions and delays in pulmonary TB diagnosis during the COVID-19 period. Disclosures Susan Bulter-Wu, PhD , Cepheid (Consultant)

Clinical Factors Associated with Cavitary Tuberculosis and Its Treatment Outcomes.

Cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is associated with poor outcomes, treatment recurrence, higher transmission rates, and the development of drug resistance. However, reports on its clinical characteristics, associated factors, and treatment outcomes are lacking. Hence, this study sought to evaluate the clinical factors associated with cavitary pulmonary TB and its treatment outcomes. We retrospectively evaluated 410 patients with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB in a university hospital in Korea between 2014 and 2019. To evaluate the factors associated with cavitary TB, multivariable logistic regression was performed with adjustments for potential confounders. We also compared the treatment outcomes between patients with cavitary TB and those without cavitary TB. Of the 410 patients, 244 (59.5%) had non-cavitary TB and 166 (40.5%) had cavitary TB. Multivariable logistic analysis with forward selection method showed that body mass index (BMI) (adjusted OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81–0.97), previous history of TB (adjusted OR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.24–9.59), ex- or current smoker (adjusted OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.01–3.13), diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.36–5.44), and positive results on the initial sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear (adjusted OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.26–3.98) were significantly associated with cavitary TB. Although treatment duration was significantly longer in patients with cavitary TB than in those with non-cavitary TB (248 (102–370 days) vs. 202 (98–336 days), p < 0.001), the recurrence rate after successful treatment was significantly higher in the patients with cavitary TB than in those with non-cavitary TB (0.4% vs. 3.0% p = 0.042). In conclusion, ex- or current smoker, lower BMI, previous history of TB, diabetes mellitus, and positivity of the initial AFB smear were associated with cavitary TB. The patients with cavitary TB had more AFB culture-positive results at 2 months, longer treatment duration, and higher recurrence rates than those with non-cavitary TB.

CHRONIC CAVITARY PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS IN A PATIENT WITH IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS

TOPIC: Diffuse Lung Disease TYPE: Medical Student/Resident Case Reports INTRODUCTION: Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) is a rare form of aspergillosis involving patients with structural lung diseases. Here we will describe a case of CCPA in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is rarely reported. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 78-year-old male with a medical history significant for IPF diagnosed 13 years prior, on oral pirfenidone and long-term oxygen therapy, who presented to the hospital for worsening shortness of breath, productive cough, and fatigue of two months duration. The patient was initially hospitalized in another facility for the above symptoms where he received two courses of antibiotics without significant improvement. Chest examination showed bilateral fine inspiratory crackles, worse on the right side. The results of routine blood tests were normal. The nasal swab for the respiratory viral panel was negative. Chest X-ray showed fibrotic lung disease with a superimposed alveolar and interstitial process involving the lung bases and right upper lobe. Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the chest was suggestive of a thick-walled cavitary lesion in the right apex measuring 4.8 x 3.3 cm, enlarged mediastinal and right hilar lymph nodes along with other chronic changes. Three sets of sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears along with serum Quantiferon TB gold plus test were negative. The patient was empirically started on intravenous (IV) ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Later, blood and sputum cultures were reported negative for bacteriological growth. Interestingly, the sputum cultures were positive for Aspergillus species along with positive serum Aspergillus immunoglobulin (Ig)G level. The patient was diagnosed with CCPA based on the serology, culture results, and radiological findings. IV antibiotics were discontinued and the patient was started on oral posaconazole 300 mg daily resulting in clinical improvement. Currently, the patient is on a 6-month posaconazole regimen. DISCUSSION: Pulmonary aspergillosis is a common opportunistic infection that can present as aspergilloma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, CCPA, and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis based on lung changes. Mycobacterium infection and obstructive lung diseases are the most frequent underlying pulmonary diseases that are associated with CCPA. However, IPF with CCPA is rare, and its clinical features and radiological findings lack specificity leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. Once confirmed, the treatment is straightforward with long-term triazole antifungals. CONCLUSIONS: In a patient with IPF, presenting with rapidly progressing radiologic findings suggestive of pulmonary cavitation, CCPA should be considered in the differential diagnosis. REFERENCE #1: Liu C, Yang J, Lu Z. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: a case report. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2019 Jul 1;12(7):2653-2656. PMID: 31934094; PMCID:PMC6949565 REFERENCE #2: Graham KG, Nasir A. Chronic Cavitary Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Am J Case Rep. 2019 Aug 18;20:1220-1224 doi: 10.12659/AJCR.915893. PMID: 31422416; PMCID: PMC6711266. REFERENCE #3: Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Muthu V, Prasad KT, Agarwal R. An overview of the available treatments for chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2020 Jul;14(7):715-727. doi: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1750956. Epub 2020 Apr 20. PMID: 32249630. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Rabab Elmezayen, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Syed yousaf Shah, source=Web Response

The factors predicting mortality in pulmonary tuberculosis with acute respiratory failure

BackgroundAcute respiratory failure might complicate pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), leading to a high mortality rate. The inadequate number of respiratory intensive-care unit (RICU) for TB patients might contribute to the mortality rate. However, other factors should be considered as predictors of mortality. This study aimed to analyse the predictors of mortality in hospitalized pulmonary TB patients with acute respiratory failure. MethodsThis prospective cohort study was implemented in a tertiary hospital in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Demographic data, acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear, radiographic conclusion, biochemical analysis of blood, and clinical outcomes from active pulmonary TB patients who had acute respiratory failure were collected. A chi-square test was run to analyse the relationship between variables. The statistically significant variables were then evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) indicated factors that predicted mortality. Results35 patients had acute respiratory failure among the 234 pulmonary TB patients who were being hospitalized in the pulmonary ward from July 2019 to September 2019. The average age of patients was 50.2 ± 15.1 years-old, 45.7% had Diabetes Mellitus, albumin level were 3.07 ± 0.56 g/dL, median procalcitonin 0.73 ng/mL, median Body Mass Index (BMI) 20.7 kg/m2, 54.3% with PaO2/FiO2 ratio 200–300 mmHg, mortality rate 42.9%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis illustrated lower albumin level (<3 g/dL)(OR 12.254 (CI 95% [1.924–78.062]; p = 0.008) and Diabetes Mellitus (OR 8.448, CI 95% [1.350–52.872]; p = 0.023) were the independent predictor factors correlated to mortality. ConclusionsPulmonary TB cases that were aggravated with acute respiratory failure showed a high mortality rate. Lower albumin levels and Diabetes Mellitus were significantly related to in-hospital mortality.

The Performance of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in Patients with Scanty Positive Acid-Fast Bacilli Sputum Smear in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: 5-Year Retrospective Study

Objective: To assess the performance of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to diagnosis pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with scanty positive acid-fast bacilli sputum smears, in a single hospital.Materials and Methods: All patients, who had scanty positive AFB sputum smears in Songklanagarind Hospital; between 2015 and 2019 were included. Demographic data, clinical data, radiographic findings, RT-PCR and mycobacterial culture results were reviewed. Results: From a total of 269 patients reporting scanty AFB smears, 116 patients (43.1%) had cultures confirmed as M. tuberculosis. From overall, samples from 92 patients with scanty AFB smear were processed for RT-PCR. There were 26 (28.3%) isolates having positive RT-PCR test results. Of these 26 isolates that RT-PCR positive, 25 (96.2%) were culture positive, while only 1 (3.8%) were culture negative. A remaining 66 samples that RT-PCR negative, 15 (22.7%) were culture positive for tuberculosis. Using mycobacterial cultures as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of RT-PCR were 62.5%, 98.1%, 96.2%, and 77.3%, respectively. Pulmonary consolidation and cavity on chest radiograph were associated with the growth of M. tuberculosis, with an OR of 2.3 (95% C.I. 0.26-0.73) and 3.4 (95% C.I. 1.2-9.9), respectively.Conclusion: Less than half of the patients with scanty smears had culture-confirmed tuberculosis; RT-PCR also has low sensitivity. Consequently, a negative RT-PCR does not exclude tuberculosis; especially in cases of a high index for clinical suspicion. Radiographic findings; including pulmonary consolidation and cavities, are helpful predictors for supporting this diagnosis.