Sprout Root Research Articles

Optimal Spectral Radiation Composition of a LED Phytolapm for Stimulating Carrot and Tomato Seed Development

Introduction. Light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation is widely used in various spheres of human activity, including agriculture. Due to the growing urban population and aggravating environmental situation, the problem of high-quality food provision is increasingly attracting research attention. In this context, it is important to develop energy-efficient optical systems for ensuring optimal irradiation conditions for accelerating the growth of various types of plants and improving the quality of products in autonomous agro-industrial complexes.Aim. Determination of an optimal spectral radiation composition of a phytolamp consisting of LEDs based on AlGalnP (660 and 730 nm) and InGaN (440 nm), as well as phyto-LEDs (400. _ .800 nm), to stimulate the growth and development of tomato and carrot sprouts at the germination stage. Calculation of the LED optical power and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD).Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out to study the influence of visible radiation of different quality and quantity on the development parameters of carrot and tomato seeds, including germination energy, the appearance of cotyledon and primary leaves, seed germination, average hypocotyl and root length. Optimal spectral composition and radiation power parameters ensuring effective growth of plants were determined.Results. Additional 660-nm irradiation of tomato sprouts at the germination stage was shown to exhibit a positive effect on germination, average sprout length and root development. The best results of carrot germination and development were achieved when irradiated with short-wavelength light (PPFD 243 µmol∙s–1∙m–2). Irradiation of ~ 170 µmol∙s–1∙m–2 blue and 86 µmol∙s–1∙m–2 red light was found to be effective for enhancing carrot cultivation.Conclusion. The developed irradiation schemes can be used to vary the spectral radiation composition and PPFD at different stages of crop growth and development, thereby increasing yields and reducing energy costs. In the future, this technology can be used in space research, where high energy efficiency is fundamental.

In vivo removal of profenofos in agricultural soil and plant growth promoting activity on Vigna radiata by efficient bacterial formulation

This study evaluated the plant growth and profenofos (PF) removal efficiency of Acinetobacter sp.33F and Comamonas sp. 51 F bacteria as individual strains and in combination F1. Plant growth-promoting activities such as indole 3 acetic acid (IAA) production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, phosphate solubilization, ammonia production, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production were observed in Acinetobacter sp. 33 F and Comamonas sp. 51 F. However, PGP properties observed were higher in Acinetobacter sp. 33 F as compared to the Comamonas sp. 51 F. In pot sand and pot soil studies, the physiological parameters such as sprout length, shoot length, root length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids were higher for combination F1. PF degradation in pot sand and pot soil resulted in highest degradation by combination F1. In pot soil study, soil enzyme activities such as cellulase, dehydrogenase, urease, protease, and phosphate activities and root cross-section area, total stele area and xylem vessel area were recorded higher for the formulation F1. The study demonstrated that the together Acinetobacter sp. 33 F and Comamonas sp. 51 F as formulation has higher plant growth-promoting activities as compared to the individual bacteria.

Treatment with Peanut Sprout Root Extract Alleviates Inflammation in a Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Mouse Macrophage Cell Line by Inhibiting the MAPK Signaling Pathway.

Inflammation is a key response of the immune system to infection but aberrant inflammatory activity can lead to tissue damage and inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that peanut sprout root extract (PSRE) has anti-inflammatory activity, and the aim of this study is therefore to investigate the effects of PSRE on the inflammatory response and the molecular mechanisms underpinning this effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Using a combination of cell viability, ELISA, and nitric oxide (NO) assays, together with Western blotting, we showed that PSRE effectively inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated cells and significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE2, at a dose of 200 µg/mL of PSRE, whereas TNF-α expression tended to decrease under PSRE treatment. We also confirmed a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. In addition, PSRE treatment induced anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38) and NF-κB activation. Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of PSRE may result from inhibition of the MAPK pathways, which are known promoters of cytokine secretion.

새싹보리 잎, 뿌리 및 줄기 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 신경세포 보호 효과 비교

새싹보리는 보리(Hordeum vulgare L.) 종자에서 발생한 싹을 키워 발아한 지 일주일 정도 된 어린 보리이며 완전히 자란 보리보다 기능성 물질을 다량 함유하고 있다고 알려져 있다. 이런 새싹보리의 부위별 생리활성 연구는 많이 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 새싹보리의 잎, 뿌리, 줄기에탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량, 항산화활성 및 신경세포 보호 효과에 관하여 비교하였다. 천연물 항산화력의 지표물질인 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 새싹보리의 뿌리, 줄기보다 잎에서 더욱 높게 측정되었으며, 새싹보리 잎이 DPPH, ABTS 라디칼 소거능 및 환원력 평가에서도 뿌리, 줄기보다 더 높은 항산화 활성을 관찰되었다. 또한, 새싹보리 잎, 뿌리 및 줄기의 신경세포 보호 효과를 확인하기 위해 H₂O₂로 산화적 스트레스를 유도하여 세포 독성, SOD 활성 및 MDA level을 확인한 결과, 새싹보리 잎에서 세포 생존율 증가, SOD 활성 증가 및 MDA level감소가 가장 높게 관찰되었다. 이는 새싹보리의 잎이 다른 부위인 뿌리, 줄기보다 천연 항산화 소재와 신경세포 보호소재로 개발될 가능성이 월등히 높다는 것을 보여주고 있다.

Bystander effect formation in the sprout root meristem in condition of irradiated and non-irradiated seeds joint growing

Aim. To study the possibility of bystander effect inducing in the joint germination in a common aqueous environment of irradiated and non-irradiated seeds. Methods. Cytogenetic methods including mitotic activity level estimation, accounting for the number of nucleoli, and methods for statistical analysis of the data. Results. The effect of radiation stimulation with a dose of 40 Gy was dependent on the variety, and the effect of gamma radiation at a dose of 200 Gy reduced the level of mitotic activity in comparison with the control in both varieties. Mitotic indices increase in the meristem of non-irradiated seeds while growing with irradiated one. Conclusions. The bystander effect is formed on the organismic level under condition of growing of irradiated and non-irradiated seeds in a common aquatic environment and it is ma-nifested as an increase in the level of meristem cells proliferation and in the intensification of synthetic processes. The addition of irradiated with a high dose of gamma radiation seeds to the non-irradiated seeds induces an increase in mitotic activity largely than the addition of seeds irradiated with a relatively small dose.
 Keywords: bystander effect, radiation stimulation, mitotic activity, nucleoli.

Cytogenetic anomalies of winter wheat cells, induced by chemical contamination of the territory of Kalush industrial district

Mass accumulation of toxic waste near inhabited localities has changed some regions of Ukraine, in particular Kalush industrial area (Ivano-Frankivsk region), into zones of ecological disaster. Research on cytogenetic anomalies caused by chemical soil contamination of the territories of toxic chemical warehouses will be useful in determining the level of mutagenic activity of xenobiotics when they enter the environment and potential mechanisms of the induction of chromosome reconstructions by them and mitosis disorders. The aim of the research is to study frequency and spectrum of the types of cytogenetic disorders in T. aestivum L. under the prolonged effect on the seeds of soil contaminated with hexachlorinebenzene from territories of toxic waste warehousing and to determine the level of their mutagenic activity as compared with the effect of moderate and high concentrations of N-nitrozo-N-methylurea (NMU). Seeds of winter wheat cultivars Al’batros odes’kyi and Zymoiarka were sprouted in the soil samples taken from the toxic waste ground of LLC “Oriana Halev”, its recultivated area and the dump area of Dombrovskyi potash ore mine, situated near Kalush city. Hexachlorobenzene concentrations in the soil of the studied areas exceeded CPC by 1233–18350 times. Soil samples from a tentatively clean area of Svatky village, Hadiach district, Poltava region were taken as the control. To study cytogenetic consequences of the effect of moderate and high concentrations of NMU, wheat seeds were kept in a mutagen water solution at concentrations 0.005%, 0.010%, 0.025%. Frequency and spectrum of cytogenetic anomalies were determined in the cells of sprout root meristem using the anatelophase technique. Chemical contamination of the soil exhibited high mutagenic activity which, by induction frequency of cytogenetic anomalies, exceeded the control level by 1.8–3.8 times and equalled mutagenic activity of NMU in moderate concentrations. The highest level of cytogenetic disorders, which exceeded spontaneous indicators by 3.4–3.8 times, was found when the soil contamination of the territory of the toxic waste ground with hexachlorobenzene was the most intensive. Traces of hexachlorobenzene in the soil of the recultivated plot of the ground continue to manifest high cytogenetic activity and pose a threat for the genomes of living organisms. Frequency of chromosome aberrations at a low hexachlorobenzene concentration in the soil of the disposal area of Dombrovskyi mine exceeded spontaneous indicators by 1.8–2.4 times, which is the result of its complex effect with natural-mineral compounds of mining-chemical raw materials. The increase of some bridges and acentric chromosome rings – markers of a radiation effect – among the types of cytogenetic disorders, induced by the soil contamination with hexachlorobenzene, confirms the radiometric properties of the xenobiotic, which were identified at high concentrations of NMU. The increase in the number of the cells with multiple aberrations, induced by the hexachlorоbenzene contamination of the soil holding the studied objects proves the high genotoxicity of the chemical compound and the threat of serious genetic consequences if it enters the environment.

Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells, induced by heavy metal releases from industrial production

<p>A cytogenetic analysis of meristem cells of <em>Triticum aestivum</em><em> </em>L. of primary rootlets, affected by soil heavy metal (HM) contamination in the industrial zones of SC “Poltavachimmash” in Poltava city, PPC “Specialized company for thermal processing of firm household garbage” (SCTPFHG) in Khrakiv city, PrSC “Avtoradiator” in Mariupol city, CC (commercial company) “Poltava concrete product plant” (PCPP) in Poltava city, SJC “Luhansk accumulator producing company” in Luhansk city, UC “Lubny water supply station” in Lubny city and the territory near B. Khmelnytskyi Street in Kostiantynivka, was made. The frequency of aberrant cells of sprout root meristem of cultivar Al’batros odes’kyi was 1.37-2.30 % and that of cultivar Zymoiarka – 1.22-1.84 %, which exceeded the indicators of a background level by 1.9-3 and 1.6-2,5 times, correspondingly (Svatky village, Poltava region). The highest cytogenetic activity was recorded within the territory of the industrial zones of PrSC “Avtoradiator”, SC “Poltavachimmash”, SJC “Luhansk accumulator producing company”, the soils there were characterized by intensive Cd, Pb і Zn contamination. Significant differences in the levels of cytogenetic disorders depending on a wheat cultivar genotype, induced by high concentrations of soil toxic metals in the industrial zone of PPC “Specialized company for thermal processing of firm household garbage” and the territory near B. Khmel’nytskyi Street in Kostiantynivka, can be caused by physiological-genetic peculiarities of the plants and a possible effect of non-differentiated factors, specific for each territory. Complex effect of low HM concentrations, typical for soil contamination of the industrial zone of CC “Poltava concrete product plant”, showed the lowest cytogenetic activity. Soil contamination with HM in the industrial zones and the areas affected by industrial releases resulted in a wide spectrum of cytogenetic disorders: fragmentation, advance and lagging chromosomes, formation of chromosome and chromatid bridges, ring chromosomes, micronuclei. A significant increase of the cells with advance and lagging chromosomes was seen under the effect of HM soil contamination of the industrial zones of PrSC “Avtoradiator”, SC “Poltavachimmash”, UC “Lubny water supply station” and the territory near B. Khmel’nytskyi Street in Kostiantynivka, Cd, Pb і Zn predominating among them. The induction with high frequency of aneuploid cells shows active interaction of HM with the threads of spindle division which allows using the violation fact of chromosome segregation as an indicator of HM contamination of the environment. As a result of wheat seed sprouting in the soil with the highest HM content (PPC “Specialized Company for thermal processing of firm household garbage”, PrSC “Avtoradiator”, SC “Poltavachimmash”, UC “Lubny water supply station” and the territory near B. Khmelnytskyi Street in Kostiantynivka), besides mentioned-above chromosome aberrations and mitosis pathology in meristem cells, the following complicated cytogenetic disorders occurred: single/pair fragments and bridge; pair fragments and lagging chromosomes; pair fragments, bridge and ring chromosome; pair fragments, chromosome bridge and micronucleus. High cytogenetic activity of HM soil contamination, caused by industrial releases, confirms genetic threat for the organisms of above-ground ecosystems and suggests the necessity to work out a national program of large-scale genetic monitoring over techno-genic contamination of the territories in the industrial regions of Ukraine.</p>

Polyamines in Different Organs of Brassica Crop Plants with or without Clubroot Disease

Polyamines acid extracted from roots, stems, leaves, flower buds, flowers and seeds of eight Brassica crop plants (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Komatsuna, Chingensai, turnip, Aburana and Seiyou-aburana) with or without clubroot disease were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Endogenous concentrations of polyamines per wet weight of the organ were calculated. In cabbage, broccoli and Komatsuna clubroot galls, the levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine were increased whereas the levels of agmatine levels were decreased after the infection with a protist, Plasmodiophora brassicae. The levels of 2-phenylethylamine and homospermidine found in the normal healthy roots were decreased in the clubroots. The thermospermine level in broccoli was higher in the sprout stem than in the sprout root or other organs. A high agmatine level was found in the healthy sprouts and flower buds of broccoli and cauliflower flower buds. Diaminopropane, cadaverine and norspermine were detected in some Brassica organs as a minor polyamine. The seeds of the eight Brassica plants were rich in spermine and spermidine.

Structural Variations and Biology of Kashmir Saffron: A Study

Heritage site of Pampore continues to grow Kashmir saffron (Crocus sativus L.) since 500 B.C. Study on structural variations for corm, flower and leaf attributing traits revealed non heritable nature of variations existing for tepal number, stigma number and tepal colour, suggesting that chances of somatic recombination at the time of division of corm can give rise to variants found in the natural population. Wide range of variations existed for sprout number, cataphyll length, root number, flower weight, stigma length and leaf number. Structural variations in the mother corm directly contributed to saffron biology of Kashmir saffron. Study confirmed that saffron cultivated in Kashmir is triploid in nature and confirms to biology of saffron being cultivated elsewhere in world, confirming that saffron exists as a natural sub population without any major structural variation.

Above-ground morphological predictors of rooting success in rooted cuttings of Jatropha curcas L.

Cuttings of 1-3 cm diameter and 45 cm length were collected during the first week of February from branches of previous year's growth in a mature plantation of Jatropha curcas. The cuttings, without application of any growth regulator, were planted in nursery beds having loam: gravel (1:1 v/v) mixture rooting media. The nursery beds existed inside a polyethylene tunnel where intermittent misting was done. When sprouting percentage had stabilised, sprouted cuttings were removed from the media, and root and shoot characteristics of the cuttings were recorded. The number of roots and root length were found to be significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with one another as well as with sprout length, number of sprouts and number of leaves. The following equations were fitted for prediction of root characteristics of a cutting from of its above-ground characteristics: (i) No. of roots = -0.409 + 0.452 (no. of leaves) + 0.395 (sprout length), and (ii) Root length = 2.656 + 0.206 (no. of leaves) + 0.270 (sprout length); the sprout length and root length are in centimetres in both equations. Thicker cuttings possessed better root and above-ground characteristics. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE ON STORAGE LIFE AND SHELF LIFE OF THE JAPANESE ONION CULTIVAR 'SUPER-KITAMOMIJI'

'Super-Kitamomiji', a leading onion (Allium cepa. L) cultivar in Hokkaido, was stored under controlled atmosphere (CA) to investigate the effects of CA storage on storage life and shelf life and to assess the practicality of a CA storage facility. Bulbs were stored for 92 days, 135 days and 196 days in a regular air refrigerator (-0.5°C, 80% RH) and in a CA refrigerator (1°C, 80% RH, O 2 : 1%, CO 2 : 1%), and grading, sprout and root growth, firmness, total soluble solid content, pyruvate content and sugar content were investigated. The same items were also investigated in bulbs after storage at 15°C for 14 days in order to determine shelf life. Sprout growth and root growth were inhibited during CA storage. The ratio of unmarketable bulbs 14 days after CA storage was also lower than that after regular air storage. Total sugar content and pyruvate content increased during storage, but there was no significant difference between the contents in bulbs after regular air storage and CA storage. The results suggested that CA storage will enable the time limit for distribution of onions to be extended from April to June. Based on these results, CA facilities were constructed in Kitami (2,600 t, 2 rooms) and in Furano (6,700 t, 7 rooms), and bulbs have been stored in these facilities up until July.