Spring Triticale Research Articles

Comparing spring triticale varieties to barley and wheat varieties when harvested as whole crop

Two plot experiments in two consecutive years were conducted to compare spring triticale varieties to spring barley and spring wheat varieties to produce whole crop cereals for ruminants. In the first year, triticale varieties Nagano and Nilex, barley varieties Kaarle and Trekker, and the wheat variety Helmi were studied. In the second year, the triticale varieties Bikini and Somtri and the barley variety Armas were also used. The crops were harvested at the early dough stage of ripening. A treatment with reduced fertilizer and seed rates was included to study their effects on the development of the undersown ley, but such effects could not be demonstrated. The triticale varieties except for Bikini produced high dry matter yields. The highest ear:stem ratio and pepsin-cellulase solubility in the ear were found in the barley varieties Armas and Kaarle, but the digestibility of the whole crop was not improved because of low pepsin-cellulase solubility of the stems or leaves. All the studied varieties were suitable for whole crop production. The production costs of the different types of whole crop silage were fairly similar.

Development and species composition of septariosis in crops of spring triticale varieties in Belarus

Septoria leaf and head blotch is the most economically significant disease of grain crops in Belarus, as it is annually observed in crops and is highly harmful. Spring triticale is a perspective crop in our country with a high yield potential and grain quality, which, as known, decreases due to diseases development. There is little information on the varieties disease susceptibility, development peculiarities and species composition of septoria blotch of spring triticale, which determined the relevance of our research subject. The paper presents the results of studies in 2015-2019 on susceptibility of spring triticale varieties Uzor, Doublet, Sadko to septoria leaf and head blotch, peculiarities of the disease development depending on weather conditions were revealed and the species composition of pathogens of septoria leaf blotch was determined. It has been determined that severity of septoria leaf blotch by the end of early – soft dough of grain stage reached 36.6 %. Based on calculation of area under the disease progress curve, no significant differences were found in severity of septoria leaf blotch depending on the variety. Severity of septoria head blotch reached 22.7 % by the end of growing season. Direct dependences of septoria leaf and head blotch development on the amount of precipitation have been established, and a close correlation between the severity of septoria head blotch and septoria leaf blotch has been revealed. The species composition of septoria leaf blotch is represented by the fungi Parastagonospora nodorum, Parastagonospora avenae f. sp. triticae and Zymoseptoria tritici. The dominant species was P. nodorum, its frequency reached 99.2 % depending on the variety and growth stage of spring triticale, the second most common fungus was P. avenae f. sp. triticae - up to 58.6 %. For the first time in our country, in-depth research has been carried out to study septoria leaf and head blotch of spring triticale, the results obtained will serve as the basis for development of a protection system.

Long-Term Yield Variability of Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) Tested Using a CART Model

Triticale is a promising food crop that combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance of rye. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of genotype, environment and crop management on spring and winter triticale yield variability, using data from 31 locations across the whole of Poland, from 2009 to 2017, with the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. It was found that CART is able to detect differences in spring and winter triticale successful growth. The yield variability of spring triticale was more dependent on the soil quality than winter triticale because of a shorter cycle duration, which increases sensitivity to nutrient supply and weather conditions. Spring triticale also needs to be sown as soon as possible to ensure a successful establishment. A strong dependence of yield variability on the availability of water for the winter triticale was observed. When growing winter triticale in Poland, with periodic excess water especially during autumn and early spring, the use of fungicides and growth regulators should be taken into account.

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIAZOTROPH AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE ISOLATED FROM SPRING TRITICALE ROOTS

Objective. Study the biological properties of the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense 10/1, promising for improving the nitrogen nutrition of spring triticale and obtaining a high quality crop. Methods. A strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria A. brasilense 10/1 isolated from washed roots of spring triticale Oberih Kharkivskyi by accumulation cultures method using Dobreiner semi-liquid nitrogen-free medium. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms were isolated on potato agar with succinic acid by the Dryhalsky method. Potential nitrogenase activity on washed roots of spring triticale plants and nitrogen-fixing activity of azospirilla in pure culture were measured by gas chromatography. Electron microscopic studies of bacterial cells were performed by the method of negative contrast with uranyl acetate. Identification of azospirilla was carried out on the basis of the study of morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics and using molecular genetic methods (16S rRNA sequence analysis). The nucleotide sequences were compared with the corresponding sequences from the international database GenBank NCBI using BLAST software. The sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics and cereal seed pesticides was tested by disk diffusion method. Results. The active strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, identified as Azospirillum brasilense 10/1, was obtained by analytical selection methods. The identity of the sequences of 16S rRNA of A. brasilense 10/1 with reference strains of A. brasilense in the GenBank NCBI database is 99.5 % to 99.6 %. Diazotroph A. brasilense 10/1 is sensitive to cefotaxime, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, kanamycin, furadonin, resistant to polymyxin, ampicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone. Vitavax 200FF and Fundazole dressers do not affect the development of A. brasilense 10/1, Maxim Star 025 FS somewhat inhibits the development of bacteria. Conclusion. The active strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria A. brasilense 10/1 isolated from washed roots of triticale by methods of analytical selection, is a promising inoculant to increase yields and improve grain quality of this crop. A. brasilense 10/1 is deposited in the Depository of the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine under number B- 7317 and is protected by the patent of Ukraine No. 104212.

Сравнительная характеристика мукомольных свойств зерна различных сортов и сортообразцов тритикале

The article presents the results of a study of the technological properties of grain in winter and spring triticale. The physicochemical properties of triticale grains of different varieties and varieties have been determined. The results of evaluating the cereal- forming and milling properties of the grain of the studied samples are presented, the grade of triticale flour is determined. The results obtained indicate the suitability of the grain of the studied varieties for baking purposes and can be used to further optimize the grinding and baking processes in the future

Evaluation of the productivity of spring grain crops with two-axis use in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

The application of two-axis use on varieties of spring barley, wheat and triticale is considered. In the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, it is possible to obtain a second harvest in the form of grain with the repeated use of crops. The best varieties of grain crops for two-axis use were identified: barley - Zhikhar and Emelya, wheat - Rix, Triticale - Erythrospermum d. 94/11-19. With two cuts (grain + green mass), the energy productivity of the Zhikhar variety was 32,2 GJ/ha, the Emelya variety-33.7 GJ/ha, the Riks variety-63.4 GJ/ha, the Erythrospermum d variety. 94/11-19 – 60,3 GJ/ha. By the control of one mowing, the energy productivity of the Zhikhar and Emelya varieties was 122,9 % and 97,1 %, the energy productivity of the Riks and Erythrospermum varieties 94/11-19 – 197,5 % and 182,2 %. An increase in the protein content in the grain of barley, wheat and triticale with two-mowing use by 0.2-3.9% was noted.here

Productivity of spring triticale in soil-climatic conditions of the Middle Amur Region

Productivity of spring triticale in soil-climatic conditions of the Middle Amur Region

ОЦЕНКА ЗАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЗЛАКОВЫМИ ТЛЯМИ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ СОРТООБРАЗЦОВ ЯРОВОЙ ТРИТИКАЛЕ

The article presents data on the estimation of the number of aphids on the territory of the field station of Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy for 2016–2017 on varietal samples of the spring triticale collection of the Department of Genetics, Breeding and Seed Production. The assessment was carried out on two physiological phases of plants – tillering and milk ripeness. At the tillering stage, bird cherry-oat aphid prevailed, and at the stage of milk ripeness, large grass aphid prevailed. Common grass aphids and barley aphids were also found. Based on the data obtained, the authors found the difference in the population of cultivars, which may indicate resistance to a particular type of aphid. In 2016, the following varieties were identified at the tillering stage: C236, C224, V10 286, P2–16–5, 09305, P2–16–19, C248, C254, and 09020, 08880, 09306, Khlebodar Ukrainsky, Grego, Dublet, 131/7, V17–5–49, which were less populated. At the stage of milk ripeness, the following varieties are S1728, C236, C248, 131/7, Dublet. In 2017, the following samples with the most significant number of aphids can be used for further selections: C254, Ril130R-22–2, and a large margin C250 (the tillering stage). In 2016, these genotypes were in the group of medium – and low populated. The highest population of aphids was observed in four genotypes: Merezhko Memory, C247, C257, V10–286 (grain filling stage). The identified sparsely populated varieties are of interest for further research in terms of variety resistance, and the most populated ones are used as sensitivity standards.

Efficiency of macro- and micronutrients in spring wheat protection system

The work presents studies of preparative laboratory forms of preparations containing nanoparticles of macro- and micronutrients by inclusion of stabilizers and solution modifiers on growth and development of spring triticale plants in the first phases of ontogenesis and spring wheat under field conditions. The preparations and their rates positively affecting germination energy, germination rate with the effect of 4-6% and plant growth under the influence of preparations on daily seedlings were isolated in laboratory studies. The preparations Mn, 10 ml/t, Ca, 10 ml/t, Mo, 50 ml/t, Titan M, 50 ml/t, biogenic Fe, 5 ml/t had a positive effect on energy and germination, while the preparations Mn, 10 ml/t, Ca, 10 ml/t, Mo, 50 ml/t, Titan M, 50 ml/t, biogenic Fe, 5 ml/t, Bor 5 mg/g + GC (10%) had a positive effect on sprout length, 1ml/t, Potassium, 1000 ml/t of which the variants with Boron 5 mg/g + GC (10%), 1ml/t, Potassium, 1000 ml/t had the greatest and significant effect, where the increase in sprout length was 1.0-3.2 cm or 7.8-25%, mass 0.5-1.4 g or 6-8%. In field studies, we evaluated the use of biogenic iron in the plant protection system as a stimulant in the treatment of seeds together with a seed dressing and plants during the growing season. The effect of the preparation on the development of plants contributing to increased yield was determined, especially the treatment of wheat plants in the earing phase, which provided an increase of 0.5 t/ha.

Influence of sowing dates and seeding rates on the grain yield of spring triticale in the steppe zone of the Republic of Buryatia

Influence of sowing dates and seeding rates on the grain yield of spring triticale in the steppe zone of the Republic of Buryatia

Influence of mineral fertilization level on photosynthetic potential and productivity of spring triticale varieties in the Northern Steppe

Influence of mineral fertilization level on photosynthetic potential and productivity of spring triticale varieties in the Northern Steppe

Influence of mineral fertilizers on economic indicators of cultivated varieties of spring triticale in the conditions of the republic of Mari El

In modern socio-economic conditions, the production of high-quality grain remains the main task of agricultural production. The main way to solve it is to increase productivity by introducing new varieties and crops with high potential and improving the cultivation technology with minimal costs. Agrarians of the North-East of the Non-Chernozem Zone of Russia, having in their land, use poorly fertile sod-podzolic soils of varying degrees of cultivation. To increase the productivity of grain crops, they use adapted resource-saving technologies, in which the level of mineral fertilizer is determined by the magnitude of the dose of the nutrient established experimentally. The high productivity of the variety, along with the quality of the grain, is the most important indicator of the ultimate goal of every breeder. To assess the economic efficiency of the cultivation of spring triticale, studies were carried out on nine varieties: Saur, Dobroe, Zaozerye, KNIISH 9, KNIISH 11, KNIISH 22, Savva, Timur, Rovnya. The results of our studies convincingly indicate that in the conditions of the republic, even against an unfertilized background, cultivated varieties of spring triticale, provide grain yield from 2.5 to 3.8 t/ha. Some of the most important economic indicators characterizing production efficiency are such indicators as the cost of production and the degree of efficiency of grain production, expressed by the level of profitability. The main application of mineral fertilizers (N60P60K60, (P60K60) and the introduction of nitrogen fertilization in tillering at a dose of N30increases the cost of 1 kg of grain by 5-8%, thereby reducing the profitability of production when cultivating varieties. The cultivation of varieties Rovnya, Zaur, Zaozerye, KNIISH 22, KNIISH 11, Timur was economically profitable, but less profitable than varieties KNIISH 9, Dobroe and Savva. The cost of production of a kilogram of grain was on the option without mineral nutrition from 5.1; 7.0; 5.9; 5.1; 4.8; and 6.4 rubles, respectively. On fertilized options, the cost decreased to a minimum of 4.1 rubles in the Timur variety with the main application of N60P60K60with nitrogen fertilization N30during tillering. The maximum increase in the cost price was shown by the varieties Timur, Zaozerye: 4.8 and 4.9 rubles against the background of the main application of N60P60K60. On average for 2020 according to the results of economic analysis, the lowest cost price and the highest level of profitability indicator are observed when cultivating varieties KNIISH 9, Dobroe and Savva at all levels of mineral nutrition.

Effectiveness of manganese nanoparticles in the treatment of spring triticale seeds

In this work we studied the effect of finished preparative forms with manganese nanoparticles (monohydrate sulfate) with different contents and inclusion of stabilizers and solution modifiers on the growth and development of spring triticale plants in the first phases of ontogenesis. A positive effect of manganese on the increase of seed germination energy and germination of spring triticale at the dosage of Mn 20 mg/g + (PVP), with the drug consumption rate of 5 ml/t, was found. In this variant, both manganese and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution stabilizer are determined to be positive. The inclusion of collagen hydrolysate (GC) and Ag-K modifier in the combination of the stabilizer solution, where the Mn content is 10 mg/g, negatively affected and reduced the germination energy by 13-17% compared to the control variant. Increasing the manganese content in the samples up to 20 mg/g levels out the negative effect of Ag-K modifier on seed germination. A positive effect within 7 days in most variants, both on the length of the sprout and on its weight was traced in the application of manganese with its content in the samples of 20 mg/g with a rate of 1 ml/t.

Analysis of the interaction scheme of agronomic traits of spring triticale

The article presents the results of the correlation and cluster analysis of the relationship of grain productivity with morphobiological and agronomic traits in the breeding of forage spring hexaploid triticale varieties. Evaluation of the matrix of paired phenotypic correlations made it possible to determine the elements of the yield structure necessary to increase the efficiency of selection for individual traits and increase plant productivity. The results of many years of research made it possible to identify agronomic valuable samples of spring triticale. These samples are of interest as a starting material for practical breeding in the West Siberian region.

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF A NEW NON-TRADITIONAL CULTURE SPRING TRITICAL IN THE PRECISE AGRICULTURE SYSTEM IN THE NORTH-KAZAKHSTAN REGION

The article presents a comparative assessment of the productivity of springtriticale varieties and spring common wheat varieties. It has been shown that springtriticale varieties are significantly more productive than spring soft wheat varieties.It has been established that during the cultivation of spring triticale varieties withgrowth stimulants - White Pearls and Atonik plus, a positive trend is seen inincreasing yields. During the research period, spring triticale varieties showed highresistance to stem and brown rust. In addition to using for feed purposes, springtriticale culture can be successfully used in the field of increasing the nutritionalvalue of products in the bakery, confectionery and animal feed industries.

Realization of potential of spring triticale varieties in the conditions of the northeastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Spring triticale in the grain complex plays a significant stabilizing role in food grain production. The fact that spring triticale is low demanding to predecessors, soil conditions, technical and fodder value of grain, increased resistance to diseases makes it possible to increase grain production.
 The research envisaged the use of the genetic potential of high yields of a relatively new grain crop ‒ spring triticale, which expands the possibilities of producing pure products and stabilizes the market of ecologically safe food grain.
 Varieties of spring triticale had an average plant weight in the range of 2.4‒3.0 g. The greatest weight of the plant was observed in the variety Husar Kharkivskyi ‒ 3.0 g. On average, over the years of research, the maximum weight of the spring triticale ear was distinguished by plants of the Husar Kharkivskyi variety ‒ 2.0 g. Smaller values of plant ear weight were determined in the varieties Zlit Kharkivskyi and Boryviter Kharkivskyi ‒ 1.9, 1.8 g respectively. Experimental data show that the longest ear (on average 9.5 cm) had plants in the variant with the variety Husar Kharkivskyi. The smallest mass of grain from the ear was formed by spring triticale plants in the variety Boryviter Kharkivskyi (1.2 g), the largest one was in the variety Husar Kharkivskyi (1.4 g). The number of grains in the ear ranged from 32.8 to 35,0 pieces. The largest number of grains in the ear was formed by plants of the Husar Kharkivskyi variety ‒ 35 pcs. However, it was found that the largest mass of 1000 grains differed plants in crops of the variety Husar Kharkivskyi ‒ 40.0 g. On average the maximum yield during the research period was formed by the variety Husar Kharkivskyi ‒ 4.76 t/ha. Varieties Boryviter Kharkivskyi and Zlit Kharkivskyi provided yields of 4.08, 4.49 t/ha respectively.
 The content of crude gluten in the grain of spring triticale in the years of research was at the level of 24.92‒26.21 %. Varietal characteristics affected the gluten content in triticale grain. Grain with the highest gluten content was obtained in the variety Husar Kharkivskyi ‒ 26.21 %, which is 1.25 % more than in the variety Zlit Kharkivskyi and 1.29 % in the variety Boryviter Kharkivskyi. The protein content in the grain of spring triticale ranged from 12.57 to 13.53 %. The largest amount of protein in the spring triticale grain was obtained in the variety Husar Kharkivskyi ‒ 13.53%. Slightly lower protein content was obtained in the varieties Zlit Kharkivskyi ‒ 12.75 % and Boryviter Kharkivskyi ‒ 12.57 %.
 The best conditions for growth, development and crop formation of spring triticale have developed on the variant with the Husar Kharkivskyi variety. This variety provided the maximum yield on average for the research period of 4.76 t/ha with the number of grains in the ear of 35 pcs and weight of 40.0 g for 1000 seeds. The maximum amount of gluten 26.21 % with a protein content of 13.53 % was noted in the grain of the Husar Kharkivskyi variety.

Продуктивність сільськогосподарських культур залежно від рівня їх удобрення на дренованих органогенних ґрунтах

Goal. Experimentally determine an efficient set of micro fertilizers and regulators of growth and development of crops, which will increase their yields on drained organogenic soils in the floodplains of the humid zone. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, mathematical, and statistical. Results. The introduction of regulators of growth and development of plants and micro fertilizers had little effect on the nutrient regime of organic soil. They had a positive effect on the productivity of perennial grasses, cereals, and vegetables. The introduction of growth regulators on the background of N90P45K120 under perennial grasses provided an increase in yield on average over 5 years from drugs Biolan — 2.7 t/ha of dry weight, Radifarm — 2.4, Radostym — 2.1, Regoplant, Emistym C, Reakom, Humisol , Plantafol — 0.5–2.0 t/ha of dry weight. A high increase in grass yields was also due to the application of micro fertilizers on the background of N90P45K120 — 0.6–1.2 t/ha of dry weight. Application of micro fertilizers for grain crops on unfertilized areas provided an increase in the yield of winter rye on 0.7–0.9 t/ha, winter triticale — 0.8–0.9, spring triticale — 0.6-0.7, oat: filmed — 1,4–1.5, naked 0.6–0.8 t/ha, and with the introduction of P45K120 increase was 0.4, 0.7; 0.8; 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of grain respectively. On average, over the years of research in unfertilized fields, the increase in the yield of carrots and beets from the application of Humisol and Reakom was 13.0-25.3% compared to areas without their addition. The introduction of growth regulators and micro fertilizers helped to improve the quality of the harvest. Conclusions. The application of growth regulators and microelements both on the background of applied macro nutrients and without them on drained organogenic soils provided an increase in the yield of perennial grasses, respectively on 1.1–2.7 and 0.6–1.2 t/ha and 1.3–2, 4 and 0.8–1.4 t/ha of dry mass. The increase in grain yield at the introduction of growth stimulants on the background of PK and without them was, respectively: winter rye — 0.4 and 0.5 t/ha; winter triticale — 0.7 and 0.8; spring triticale — 0.8 and 2.8; grain oats — 0.4 and 2.6 t/ha; naked oats 0.6 and 2.5 t/ha. The introduced growth regulators and microelements helped to improve the feed quality of perennial grasses.

Studying a Spring Triticale Collection for Resistance to Leaf and Stem Rusts using Allele-Specific Markers

The creation and use of rust-resistant varieties is the most eco-friendly and efficient method of protecting wheat and triticale crops. For successful selection of spring triticale for rust resistance, it is necessary to have genetic material with efficient genes. In order to identify the carriers of leaf and stem rust-resistant genes, a collection of spring triticale (86 samples) was studied using molecular markers and phytopathology methods. On an artificial infectious background, 81% of collection samples of spring triticale demonstrated a high resistance (0R) to the stem rust population. Nineteen samples that demonstrated a resistance (0–5% R) to the leaf rust population were isolated. Identification of the collection using DNA markers allowed for isolating the samples with Sr2 (19 samples), Sr22 (nine samples), and Lr28 (14 samples) genes. Among the collection, no carriers of Lr9 and Lr35/Sr39 genes were found. The samples with the efficient genes Sr2 and Sr22 were included in crossings to create stem rust-resistant domestic varieties.

Leaf Area Formation of Spring Cereals in the Middle Amur Region

The purpose of this study was to examine the features of leaf area formation in spring cereals under agroecological conditions of the middle Amur region. The study is concerned with the varieties of spring oat Ekspress, spring soft wheat Khabarovchanka, and spring triticale Ukro. The features of leaf area formation in spring cereals have been shown at the major stages of organogenesis, and the maximum leaf area duration has been found at the heading–flowering stage. The maximum flag–leaf area duration in oat and triticale at the booting stage and in spring wheat at the heading stage has been obtained. Spring oat forms up to seven leaf layers, but spring wheat and spring triticale form from five to six layers under favorable conditions. However, the leaf apparatus was decreased significantly under the influence of environmental stresses. The high and direct correlation dependence of spring cereal yield on the total leaf area of plants (R = 0.891–0.986) has been determined. The formation of the leaf–area duration of spring cereals is strongly dependent on some agrometeorological conditions of the vegetation period, such as air–ground interface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, and water availability.

Reintroduction of rare arable plants in extensively managed fields: Effects of crop type, sowing density and soil tillage

Vegetation of arable fields has changed significantly over the past decades as indicated by a marked decline in the abundance and diversity of arable plants. Thus, beyond the preservation of remnant populations, introduction of autochthonous seeds is a necessary measure to promote threatened arable plants and to restore agro-ecosystems. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the most suitable agricultural methods for plant establishment. This topic was investigated for three winter annuals (Legousia speculum-veneris, Consolida regalis, Lithospermum arvense) in a three-year field experiment in southern Germany. We established 14 management treatments with five replicates in a completely randomized block design. In year 1, arable plants were sown in a mixture of 850 seeds m−2 either without crop or with cereal crops in different sowing densities (25 %, 100 %). After crop harvest different types of soil tillage were applied (rotary cultivator, mouldboard plough). In year 2, four different crop types (autumn-sown spelt, spring-sown triticale, pea, clover-grass) were sown, and in year 3, rye was cultivated. Establishment was measured yearly as seed production of the rare arable plants, and their overall population growth rates were calculated at the end of the study period. Highest population growth rates were observed in L. speculum-veneris, followed by C. regalis and L. arvense. Population growth of the target plants decreased significantly with crop and weed cover averaged over the study period. Initial crop sowing densities had a significant impact on first-year establishment, with persisting effects in years 2 and 3. Best results were obtained without cover crop compared to cereals sown with 25 or 100 % sowing density. The establishment of target plants was also affected by crop type in year 2 (spelt > pea > spring triticale > clover-grass). However, establishment was overall high in year 3, when all plots were cultivated with rye. Type of soil tillage had no effect within the crop rotation ‘rye–clover-grass–rye’, while rotary cultivation in ‘without crop–rye–rye’ was positive for the establishment of L. speculum-veneris and L. arvense. The results indicate good opportunities for the reintroduction of rare arable plants under different crop rotations with best results for extensively managed fields with low crop competition.