Spring Bread Wheat Research Articles

Development of the adaptive spring bread wheat cultivar ‘Omskaya Yubileynaya’ under the conditions of the Siberian region

Background. As reported by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service, spring bread wheat planting acreage in 2019 reached 48% (28 million ha) of the total crop area in Russia. About 20% (5.4 million ha) of spring wheat was cultivated in the Siberian region. This is the reason why the region plays an important role in wheat cultivation, and the development of highly efficient cultivars adapted to Siberian environments is one of the prioritized tasks in the efforts to obtain sustainable spring bread wheat harvests.Materials and methods. Mutants and mutant × cultivar hybrids were used as parent material for top crossing. A decision was taken to apply multifold individual selection in accordance with the composition of agronomic traits in the mutant × cultivar hybrid population Lutescens 3 × [F5 B1 (Mutant 777 × G7251/03) × G7251/03] × Rosinka 3 (Mutant 112 × Irtyshanka 10) with backcrossing. In 2001–2016, expe rimental work was conducted at Omsk Agrarian Scientific Centre. Environmental testing was carried out at the Stepnoy Experiment Station (the steppe zone of Omsk Province) and the A.I. Barayev Research and Production Centre for Grain Farming (Northern Kazakhstan). The experiments and observations were performed in accordance with the techniques recommended by the State Commission for Crop Variety Trials.Results. The research showed that cv. ‘Omskaya Yubileynaya’ was characterized by resistance to lodging and to major plant diseases. It exceeded the reference in grain yield both in fallow (+0,50 t/ha) and nonfallow lands (+0,58 t/ha). The distinguishing feature of this cultivar was its large grain of high quality.Conclusions. During the development of cv. ‘Omskaya Yubileynaya’, the data were obtained that justified its prospective cultivation within the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Siberia and Kazakhstan. The cultivar has been registered in the national lists of breeding achievements since 2019.

Classification of environments based on correlations of yield in spring bread wheat

Background.Genotype–environment interaction complicates selection of lines in plant breeding. Researchers have developed different ways to classify environments to mitigate its effect. The use of correlation analysis between yields of cultivars grown in different environments was earlier proposed for classification of these environments.The aim of this researchwas to classify years on the basis of correlations of the yields in a specially selected set of spring bread wheat cultivars and to verify the application of such classification to breeding material in different nurseries.Materials and methods. The material for the experiment included cultivars, lines and breeding samples from the collection nursery, competitive variety trials, and the nursery for segregating populations, respectively. The experiments were conducted from 2010 through 2017. The correlation analysis between the yields of 19 marker cultivars of different ecogeographic origin was used as the basis for the classification of years. The calculated correlation parameters for the yields of marker cultivars and those of the breeding material in nurseries for the same pairs of years were compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test.Results. The years under consideration were classified into three groups: 1) 2010 and 2013; 2) 2011, 2012 and 2014; 3) 2015, 2016 and 2017. Correlations between the yields of the marker cultivars showed no significant differences from those of the genotypes from other nurseries across the analyzed years. Consequently, the classification of years based on the reactions of marker cultivars can be justifiably extended onto other breeding material.Conclusion. It is suggested to select and use a set of marker cultivars in multi-environment trials to obtain additional information about target environments and make more informed decisions on culling plant breeding materials.

Genome wide association study of grain yield and yield related traits in spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought and heat conditions in three different locations

Abiotic stress, especially drought and heat, affects cereal yields and wheat production worldwide, more particularly in West and South Asia, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. The present study was carried out on 229 spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes from the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) to identify the genomic region and marker-trait associations (MTA) responsible for drought and heat tolerance. The study was carried out in three different locations, Merchouch station (Morocco), Sids station (Egypt), and Wadmadani station (Sudan) over a period of 2 years (2018 and 2019). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using the mixed linear model (MLM) and 13,698 DArTseq markers were used for genotyping. Linkage disequilibrium revealed that 1914 pairs of markers mapped on the B sub- genome, followed by D and A sub-genomes with 1745 and 1726 paired markers, respectively. A total of 342 MTAs (P < 0.05) and 78 genes were identified in the three environments, of which 134 MTAs were recorded at Sids station and 128 and 80 MTAs at Wadmadani station and Merchouch station. The markers 822,842, 196,565 and 753,901 were significantly correlated with grain yield under drought, heat and yield potential stations Morocco, Sudan, and Egypt, respectively. The markers and candidate genes identified in this study have potentials for marker-assisted selection to develop high yielding wheat genotypes with resistance to heat and drought stresses.

Estimating carbon isotope discrimination and grain yield of bread wheat grown under water-limited and full irrigation conditions by hyperspectral canopy reflectance and multilinear regression analysis

ABSTRACT Water deficit is the most limiting factor for wheat production, so wheat-breeding programmes are currently focused on developing high-performance genotypes under such conditions. Carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) in grains is a trait closely related to yield and stress tolerance. However, conventional measurement of ∆13C is expensive, limiting its widespread use for genotype selection in breeding programmes. Predicting ∆13C through remote sensing could be useful for large-scale phenotyping. A set of 384 cultivars and advanced lines of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown under contrasting water conditions during two seasons. Grain yield (GY) and the ∆13C of grains were obtained at the end of both seasons, and canopy reflectance measurements were taken at anthesis and grain filling. Hyperspectral canopy reflectance was used to estimate GY and ∆13C through Multilinear Regression Analysis (MRL) considering wavelength selection using a Genetic Algorithm (GA), spectral reflectance indices (SRIs), Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The best models of both GY and ∆13C explained 78% and 60% of data variability, respectively. Additionally, the MRL models showed higher prediction rates than SRIs and similar or slightly lower rates, in most cases, than multivariate regression models, but required only 4–9 wavelengths instead of the full hyperspectral data used to develop the regression models. The use of canopy spectral reflectance data and MRL models to predict GY and Δ13C via GA for selection of the reflectance wavelengths could be a practical tool for genotype selection in wheat breeding systems.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Complex Use of Biofungicides on Spring Wheat

In 2018–2019, the studies were carried out in order to assess the effectiveness of the use of various biofungicides on spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on grey wood soil in the Predkamsk zone of the Republic of Tatarstan. The agents based on Bacillus subtilis strain 63-Z (Baxis®) and Pseudomonas aureofaciens strain (Pseudobacterin 2®) were used as biofungicides. The chemical fungicides were used as a standard (for seed treatment – prothioconazole + tebuconazole (Lamador®); for spraying – spiroxamine + tebuconazole + triadimenol (Falcon®)). The research results showed that the use of biofungicides for seed treatment and spraying during the earing phase of wheat has a pronounced effect on the length of the stem and the number of grains in the ear. Under the influence of the use of biofungicides, the damage to plants by root rot, leaf septoria and powdery mildew was reduced. In terms of their effect on leaf septoria and powdery mildew, the chemical fungicides were somewhat superior to biological ones. The highest yield of spring soft wheat was obtained using the scheme in which the seeds were treated with Baxis and the plants in the earing phase were sprayed with Pseudobacterin 2. This scheme provided the increase in yield by 1.1 t / ha compared to control and by 0.29 t / ha when using standard chemical fungicides for seed treatment and spraying of crops. The use of such a scheme significantly reduces the cost of the protection of wheat plants from diseases. As a result of research, it was shown that with a weak and medium development of diseases, the use of biofungicides can be an effective alternative to the use of standard chemical fungicides.

Ecological Plasticity and Stability of Spring Bread Wheat Varieties by Yield Level in Agro-Ecological Zones of the Forest-Steppe and Polissia of Ukraine

The weather conditions in the two ecological zones Forest-Steppe and Polissia of Ukraine differed considerably in temperature regime and rainfed environments both during growing season as a whole and during particular phases of plant development. This made it possible to estimate spring bread wheat varieties by the levels of realizing their plant productivity potential. The productivity of spring wheat plants mainly depends on the growing zone (29.2%), hydrothermal vegetation conditions (16.3%), as well as their interaction (27.1%). There have been identified the varieties of spring bread wheat Simkoda myronivs’ka, Struna myronivs’ka, MIP Zlata (UKR), Koksa (POL), Leguan (CZE) with increased yield level that were recommended to be grown in ecological zones Forest-Steppe and Polissia. The calculation of ecological plasticity and stability allowed differentiating the varieties of spring bread wheat in accordance with their responsiveness to variatione of growing conditions as well as with adaptive potential. High plasticity by yield level under growing conditions of the Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones was determined in the varieties: Koksa (POL) (b_i = 1.02), Simkoda myronivs’ka (UKR) (b_i = 1.02), Granny (AUT) (b_i = 1, 03), Heroinia (UKR) (b_i = 1.01), Etiud (UKR) (b_i = 1.02). These varieties may be characterized by adaptive properties as intensive ones with a pronounced response to the environment, i.e. relatively high grain yields may be resulted from a specific response to more favorable growing conditions. There were identified the most stable varieties for terms of yield in two ecological zones Yasna (POL), Siuita, Panianka, Kharkivs’ka 26, Elehiia myronivs’ka (UKR).

Identification of loci controlling the grain quality of spring bread wheat varieties of the nursery KASIB

Identification of loci controlling the grain quality of spring bread wheat varieties of the nursery KASIB

Genome-wide association analysis uncovers stable QTLs for yield and quality traits of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) across contrasting environments

Heat and drought are the foremost abiotic stress factors that significantly diminish both grain yield and quality parameters of bread wheat. Genetic improvement of varieties withstanding such stresses and able to give sufficient grain yield with appropriate quality is very essential. A Genome-wide association study was conducted with 15 K wheat SNP assay for grain yield and quality traits of 189 spring bread wheat genotypes from ICARDA tested at two heat-stressed locations of Dongula and Wad Medani (Sudan) and the drought-stressed location at Marchouch (Morocco). Analysis of variance revealed a significant variation among genotypes for grain yield and quality traits. GWAS with a mixed linear model (MLM) revealed 192 marker-trait associations (MTAs) across the three environments on 17 chromosomes. Highest MTAs were scored for grain yield (50) followed by zeleny sedimentation test (39) and grain protein content (37). Gluten content and alveograph strength scored 29 and 25 MTAs, respectively. The SNP markers RAC875_c24504_119 and BS00063946_51 on chromosome 3B exhibited highly significant and stable MTAs for zeleny sedimentation test across the three environments. The BS00063624_51 marker on chromosome 3B had also revealed a robust and stable MTA for both zeleny sedimentation test and alveograph strength. Highly significant multi-MTAs were detected for grain yield on chromosome 5A and for both grain protein content and gluten content on the short arm of chromosome 1A across the three contrasting environments. The high confidence gene models identified for SNP markers with significant MTAs were involved in encoding genes for various functions including regulating plant growth, development and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. The identified SNP markers with strong MTAs for grain yield and quality traits could potentially applicable for marker-assisted breeding.

The spring bread wheat ‘Ekstra’

The current study was carried out in order to create an early-ripening variety of spring bread wheat with productivity at the level of middle-early or higher, the most adapted to the specific conditions of the Middle Urals. The estimation of the breeding material was carried out in the fields, the soils of which are typical for the Sverdlovsk region and Permsky Krai. During the years of the study, the agroclimatic conditions differed along the growing season. There have been established the dry year of 2016 (90 mm of rain, GTC 0.6) and the moisture years of 2014, 2015, 2017–2019 (with precipitation amount of 247–448 mm, GTC 2.0–3.2). The crossings were carried out between the middle-ripening variety ‘Omskaya 35’ (mother) and the early- ripening variety ‘Iren’ (father). There has been developed the variety that combined high productivity and early maturity. The average productivity of the new variety ‘Ekstra’ in the Competitive Variety Testing in 2014–2019 was 4.07 t/ha, which is on 0.55 t/ha higher than the standard variety ‘Iren’, the maximum productivity was 5.0–6.1 t/ha (2019). The new variety has exceeded the values of the standard variety in such yield structure elements as “seed weight per head”, “1000 grain weight”, “grain content per head”; the accumulation of seeds per day of growing season was 14.2% and at 1 mm of precipitation the value improved till 15.2%. In the ecological testing the variety ‘Ekstra’ exceeded the varieties ‘Iren’, ‘Irgina’ from the State List of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region on 0.56–0.80 t/ha and the middle-early ripening varieties ‘Gornouralskaya’, ‘Bazhenka’, ‘Svecha’, ‘Zlata’ on 0.44–0, 55 t/ha. The variety ‘Ekstra’ is characterized by better energy efficiency parameters than ‘Irgina’, ‘Iren’, ‘Gornouralskaya’, ‘Zlata’. The excess was 9.2–21.9% in terms of total energy in the harvest per hectare, 16.0–40.6% in net energy income, and 4.7–13.1% in bioenergy ratio. The variety reduced energy consumption for the production of 1 ton of grain by 9.5–11.5%. There has been determined a significant advantage of the variety ‘Ekstra’ in terms of the general adaptability, stability, and breeding value of the genotype. In 2020 the variety was included into the State List of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region, Ural, West Siberian regions of the Russian Federation. The variety ‘Ekstra’ has the same parameters of productivity, yield structure elements, adaptability, the accumulation of seeds per day of growing season and per 1 mm of precipitation, energy efficiency of cultivation, as the middle-early ripening standard variety ‘Ekaterina’.

Adaptive ability of agricultural plants in extreme conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals

Aim. The article aims to analyze and summarize scientific data on the biodiversity of cultivated plants in the soil and climatic conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals. The research is developed to identify the maximum potential of crops, study the patterns of interaction between “genotype×environment” as the most important manifestation of the adaptation effect, and create mutant and hybrid forms based on genetic and biotechnological methods. The materials may be of interest in discussing new approaches to food security. Methods. Experiments under simulated conditions were performed in the laboratory of biotechnological and microbiological research of the Institute of Biology of Tyumen State University (TSU). Field tests were conducted at the experimental site of the Biological Station of TSU “Lake Kuchak” to study the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and at the experimental site of the Tobolsk scientific station of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Laying of experiments, accounting, and observation had been carried out according to the classical methods of State Variety Trials of the Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) and the CMEA International Classifiers for various plant genera. Results. Abiotic and biotic factors influencing the structural and functional state of cultivated plants Triticum aestivum L., Hordeum vulgare L., Linum ussitatisimum L. had been analyzed. The data on the potential implementation of the genotype through selectively valuable characteristics of plants at the phenotypic level had been presented. An assessment of fusarium resistance was carried out in 22 cultivars of spring bread wheat grown in the Northern Trans-Urals. Cultivars, collection specimens, mutants and hybrids that had proven themselves in the process of comprehensive assessments in simulated laboratory conditions and field trials could be included in breeding programs as sources and donors of valuable traits. The prospect of the introduction of Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and Linum usitatissimum L. in the South of the Tyumen region is determined by the search of cultivars for most adapted to the limiting factors (temperature mode and photoperiod). The efficiency of pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat seeds with nanoparticles of silver, silicon and biological products was considered as a method of protecting plants from the effects of phytopathogenic fungi. Conclusions. A wide variability range of morphological, physiological, biochemical and genetic characters of plants in the Northern Trans-Urals was revealed. The use of express diagnostics of chlorophyll in leaf cells using SPAD 502 device made it possible to obtain new information on the physiological status of plants under changing environmental conditions. The role of mutational and recombination variability for increasing the genetic diversity of plants was shown. A positive effect had been obtained from the pre-sowing treatment of seeds of spring soft wheat cultivars with silver nanoparticles to activate growth processes with the prospect of minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers.

Haplotype-Based, Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Stable Genomic Regions for Grain Yield in CIMMYT Spring Bread Wheat.

We untangled key regions of the genetic architecture of grain yield (GY) in CIMMYT spring bread wheat by conducting a haplotype-based, genome-wide association study (GWAS), together with an investigation of epistatic interactions using seven large sets of elite yield trials (EYTs) consisting of a total of 6,461 advanced breeding lines. These lines were phenotyped under irrigated and stress environments in seven growing seasons (2011–2018) and genotyped with genotyping-by-sequencing markers. Genome-wide 519 haplotype blocks were constructed, using a linkage disequilibrium-based approach covering 14,036 Mb in the wheat genome. Haplotype-based GWAS identified 7, 4, 10, and 15 stable (significant in three or more EYTs) associations in irrigated (I), mild drought (MD), severe drought (SD), and heat stress (HS) testing environments, respectively. Considering all EYTs and the four testing environments together, 30 stable associations were deciphered with seven hotspots identified on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2B, 4A, 5B, 6B, and 7B, where multiple haplotype blocks were associated with GY. Epistatic interactions contributed significantly to the genetic architecture of GY, explaining variation of 3.5–21.1%, 3.7–14.7%, 3.5–20.6%, and 4.4– 23.1% in I, MD, SD, and HS environments, respectively. Our results revealed the intricate genetic architecture of GY, controlled by both main and epistatic effects. The importance of these results for practical applications in the CIMMYT breeding program is discussed.

Powdery mildew resistance of Nordic spring bread wheat accessions from the collection of the Vavilov Institute (VIR)

Background. Powdery mildew is one of the harmful and destructive foliar diseases of cereal crops, caused by the fungus Вlumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal. Annual harvest losses may reach 10–15%, and up to 30% in an epidemic year. The VIR collection contains rich diversity of wheat, a valuable source of original material for wheat resistance breeding programs.The aim of this study was to generalize the results of long-term field and laboratory investigations on powdery mildew resistance in spring bread wheat of Nordic origin from the VIR collection and search for accessions resistant in all development phases.Materials and methods. Powdery mildew resistance was analyzed in 279 accessions originated from Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark. The tests were performed from 1961 to 2019 against a natural population of the fungus in VIR’s experimental field (Pushkin, St. Petersburg). Field and laboratory studies were carried out in accordance with the guidelines developed by VIR.Results. The analysis of the field data on powdery mildew resistance in spring bread wheat accessions against the Pushkin population of the fungus showed that many Nordic accessions were resistant from 1970 till 1990. These data were retested in 2012–2013. One hundred and five accessions of old landraces and modern cultivars of Nordic origin were studied under field and laboratory conditions for their response to a natural population of the fungus. Accessions resistant in all phases of plant development were identified.Conclusion. Swedish cultivars ‘Sunnan’ (k-58177), ‘Canon’ (k-60992), ‘Sober’ (k-61080) ‘Dragon’ (k-61515) and ‘Dacke’ (k-63479) preserved their resistance to the powdery mildew population beginning from 1993. Spring bread wheat cultivars ‘SW Vals’ (k-64436), ‘SW Milljet’ (k-64434), ‘SW Estrad’ (k-64435), ‘SW Vinjet’ (k-64436), ‘Zebra’ (k-64707), ‘SW Kungsjet’ (k-66036), ‘SW Kronjet’ (k-66097) and ‘Boett’ (k66353) demonstrated adult and seedling resistance in the period from 2005 to 2019.

Phenotypic evaluation of elite spring bread wheat genotypes for hybrid potential traits

Wheat breeding has significantly contributed to enhancing yield potential and stability. However, one of the most promising technologies for further sustainable yield increases, hybrid wheat, is still limited due to lack of well-established heterotic groups and insufficient heterosis to compensate cost of hybrid seed production. Thus, optimizing the appropriate parents and combinations of floral and flowering traits is important to enhance outcrossing ability. Phenotyping methods for floral and flowering traits were applied in this study. Wide phenotypic variation was observed for all the traits assessed. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for anther extrusion, pollen mass, duration of floret opening, and openness of florets were observed. Ideally, visual anther extrusion and pollen shedding appear as promising traits allowing indirect selection of other associated floral traits, such as pollen mass and duration and degree of floret opening. Adopting these two traits in further selection will allow scoring of large numbers of genotypes in a very short time.

Показники структури продуктивності колекційних зразків пшениці м’якої і твердої ярої та їхній зв’язок з урожайністю

Показники структури продуктивності колекційних зразків пшениці м’якої і твердої ярої та їхній зв’язок з урожайністю

Effects of Rht17 in combination with Vrn-B1 and Ppd-D1 alleles on agronomic traits in wheat in black earth and non-black earth regions

BackgroundPlant height is an important wheat trait that is regulated by multiple genes, among which Rht is of the utmost value. In wheat, Rht-B1p (=Rht17) is a mutant allele of the Rht gene that encodes for a DELLA-protein and results in the development of gibberellin-insensitive plants with a dwarfing phenotype. The pleiotropic effects of dwarfing genes on yield are highly dependent on both the genetic background and the environmental conditions. In Russia, the Central Non-Black Earth Region and Krasnodar Krai are two economically important regions that require differing management for sustainable wheat production for food, feed and industry. The purpose of our study was to compare the pleiotropic effects of Rht-B1p on the main valuable agronomic traits in the F3:4 families of the spring bread wheat Chris Mutant/Novosibirskaya 67 in the genetic background of Vrn-B1a/vrn-B1 (spring/winter phenotype) and Ppd-D1a/Ppd-D1b (insensitivity/sensitivity to photoperiod) alleles in a field experiment in Moscow and Krasnodar Krai.ResultsPlant height was reduced on average by 21 cm (28%) and 25 cm (30%), respectively; Ppd-D1a slightly strengthened the dwarfing effect in Moscow and mitigated it in Krasnodar Krai. Grain weight of the main spike was reduced by Rht-B1p in Moscow and to lesser extent in Krasnodar; Ppd-D1a and Vrn-B1a tended to partially compensate for this loss in Krasnodar Krai. Thousand grain weight was reduced on average by 5.3 g (16%) and 2.9 g (10%) in Moscow and Krasnodar Krai, respectively, but was partially compensated for by Ppd-D1a in Krasnodar Krai. Harvest index was increased due to Rht-B1p by 6 and 10% in Moscow and Krasnodar Krai, respectively. Rht-B1p resulted in a delay of heading by 1–2 days in Moscow. Ppd-D1a accelerated heading by 1 day and 6 days in Moscow and in Krasnodar Krai, respectively.ConclusionsRht-B1p could be introduced into wheat breeding along with dwarfing genes such as Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b. Special attention should be paid to its combination with Ppd-D1a and Vrn-B1a as regulators of developmental rates, compensators of adverse effects of Rht-B1p on productivity and enhancers of positive effect of Rht-B1p on harvest index.

Characteristic of the bread wheat leaf rust pathogen virulence in the Saratov region conditions

The studies were conducted in the Lababoratory of plant immunity Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Regions Russia. The samples of pathogen populations were collected from commercial and promising cultivars of spring and winter bread wheat at the end of their growing season at the maximum level of disease development in a field nursery. Then this inoculum's has been propagated on susceptible cultivars of bread wheat in the laboratory conditions. During three years of studies (2017-2019) 30 monopustules isolates has been studied. These studied isolates were avirulent to Thatcher near isogenic lines with genes Lr41, Lr42, Lr43+24, Lr53 and virulent to Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr2c, Lr3, Lr3bg, Lr3ka, Lr10, Lr11, Lr12, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr14b, Lr15, Lr16, Lr17, Lr18, Lr21, lr22a, lr22b, lr25, lr28, LR 30, Lr32, Lr33, Lr34, Lr35, lr36, lr37, LR 38, Lr40, LR44, Lr45, LR b, LR W, LR Erph, LR Kanred, Lr57, Lr67. The significant variation for virulence was observed in lines with the Lr20, Lr23, Lr24, Lr26, Lr29, and Lr47 genes. The study of the P. triticina population structure in 2017-2019 revealed a partial loss of the effectiveness of the Lr47 gene. It was found that populations of P. triticina in 2017-2019 were characterized by high virulence.

Use of the Durum Wheat Gene Pool in Breeding of Spring Bread Wheat

Use of the Durum Wheat Gene Pool in Breeding of Spring Bread Wheat

Environmental plasticity of wheat lines derived from synthetic genomes ABD

Introduction. In order to improve wheat by breeding, bread spring wheat was crossed with the synthetics Triticum durum Desf. – Aegilops tauschii Coss. created in Mexico, CIMMYT, and introgressive lines were obtained.Purpose of the study was to evaluate the environmental plasticity and stability of the lines derived from by hybridization of bread wheat with synthetics by yield and its important components – grain weight per spike and 1000-grain weight.Material and methods. Twenty seven wheat-like lines derived from hybridization of bread spring wheat Kharkivska 26 with the synthetics were taken as the test material. The lines were grown in 2015, 2016 and 2017, of which 2015 and 2017 were drier and 2016 was wetter. The environmental plasticity and stability were evaluated using the Eberhart S.A. and Russel W.A. method (1966).Results and discussion. The highest genotypic effect and environmental plasticity of yield were intrinsic to the DK 4 and DK 6 lines; high yield stability combined with increased yields was observed in the DK 2, DK 27 and DK 30 lines. DK 34 and DK 39 showed high genotypic effects, environmental plasticity and stability by high grain weight per spike and 1000-grain weight. The lines with high plasticity are recommended for breeding of intensive cultivars with positive response to improved growing conditions, whereas stable lines – as sources for more rigorous conditions.Conclusions. Crossing of synthetics with genome ABD with spring bread wheat allows improving wheat by its genotypic effect, plasticity and stability of the yield and its main components - grain weight per spike and 1000-grain weight.

Effect of Gibberellin Responsive Reduced Height Allele Rht13 on Agronomic Traits in Spring Bread Wheat in Field Experiment in Non-Black Soil Zone

The introduction of gibberellin-responsive reduced height (GAR Rht) alleles is a promising tool for breeding semi-dwarf, high-input varieties of wheat. We have compared recombinant isogenic lines F2:3 carrying dwarfing allele Rht13 and without dwarfing alleles, obtained from the cross of isogenic lines and selected from F2 using molecular markers. After phenotyping and statistical analysis, we found that the Rht13 allele reduces total plant height by 13.0 cm (17.4%), while the proportions between the internodes in tall and short plants remain similar. The greatest decrease in length in plants with Rht13 in comparison to wild-type plants is observed for the second internode (5.3 cm, or 31.9%). Due to the presence of Rht13, semi-dwarf plants, compared to the wild type, had a higher grain number per main spike, grain number per spikelet and higher number of productive tillers, and a slightly higher harvest index, although thousand grain weight and grain weight in the main spike were lower. Our results indicate the possibility of using Rht13 in the breeding of wheat varieties without dramatic negative effects on yield and plant development.

The effect of bio products Bloom &amp; Grow and Immune system on spring durum and bread wheat productivity in the Chuvash republic

The current paper has presented experimental data on the growth, development, productivity and grain quality of spring durum and bread wheat after use of bio products Bloom &amp; Grow and Immune System on light-gray forest soils of the north of the Chuvash Republic. The trials on the durum wheat cultivation in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic were carried out for the first time. The results of two-year study have showed that the plants treated with bio products had a 7–8 days’ shorter vegetation period. At the same time, the height of the treated bread wheat plants significantly has exceeded the control variant on 12.5 cm; the main head was on 0.4 cm longer, the number of grains in it was 6.1 pieces more, and the grain weight was larger on 0.23 grams. The height of the spring durum wheat plants treated with micronutrients has exceeded the control variant on 25.1 cm, and the length of the main head, the number of grains in it and the grain weight have significantly exceeded the indices of the control variant. 1000-grain weight has exceeded the value of the control variant on 7.28 grams. It has been established that the productivity increase of spring bread wheat was 0.89 t/ha (26.3%) and that of durum wheat was 0.93 t/ha (28.6%) compared with the control variant. The use of bio products Bloom &amp; Grow and Immune System has resulted in an increase of gluten content in spring bread and durum wheat, and in an improvement of the gluten deformation rate to group 1 with the accumulation of minerals. The current study conducted in the vegetation period of 2018–2019 has showed that the bio products Bloom &amp; Grow and Immune System are effective, and combine the properties of a growth stimulator and an immune modulator.