Spiritual Norms Research Articles

MUHAMMAD ASAD'S DESIGN OF AN ISLAMIC STATE IN POST-COLONIAL PAKISTAN

The paper aims to highlight Muhammad Asad’s epistemological postulate on Islamic politics as reflected in his works on Islamic state. It seeks to address these fundamental problems: what is the legal basis that support and establish Asad’s position of founding an Islamic state? and how could this idea fairly accommodates with the prevailing notion of nation state in post-colonial context. Thus, the study set forth to find the answers based on such range of objectives: to analyse the underlying ideas of Islamic state as advocated in the classical sources, to define the basic constitutional framework as developed by Asad in the context of historical Pakistan, to estimate the implication of implementing Islamic law and its impact on the global politics and its compatibility with international law. In this regards, Asad had formulated the constitutional ideas of Islamic state whose constitution contains the provision of Islamic law that practiced and implemented the norms stated in the Divine Writ. This ideas was partly enshrined in the Pakistan constitutional law whose political establishment was formed in 1947. The paper essentially discussed Muhammad Asad’s political ideas and its underlying philosophy as espoused in his works. The study conducted based on qualitative approaches of the type of library research. The data were analysed by way of descriptive, analytical and comparative technique. The finding shows that Muhammad Asad had formulated comprehensive theoretical framework of legal aspect of Islamic governance drawn up from the fundamental principle and doctrine of the shariah, and its moral norms deriving from the explicit Qur’anic and sunnah text, while also advocating democratic ideals and principles based on conventional practice and requirement of modern context of nation state. Based on this main finding, it is concluded that Islamic teaching and its spiritual norms were compatible with democratic ideal and values of human right, participatory and constitutional government as implemented in the democratic space of Pakistan.

Patalogi Sosial Manusia Menurut Imam Al-Ghazali pada Kitab Ihya Ulumuddin

This research examines Imam Al-Ghazali's thoughts on social pathology in the book Ihya Ulumuddin and its relevance to the contemporary social context. Using a qualitative approach and library research methods, this research analyzes the concept of social pathology according to Al-Ghazali, identifies the forms of social pathology he discusses, and explores the solutions he offers. The research results show that Al-Ghazali views social pathology as a deviation from Islamic moral and spiritual norms. He emphasized the importance of developing morals and spirituality as the main solution, with key concepts such as mahabbah (love), sincerity, khauf and raja' (fear and hope), tawakkal, gratitude, muraqabah (self-introspection), and repentance. This research finds that Al-Ghazali's thoughts are still relevant in dealing with contemporary social pathology, with an emphasis on strengthening spiritual and moral values ​​in the lives of individuals and society. The implication of this research is the need to integrate spiritual-moral perspectives in efforts to overcome social problems in the modern era.

Forging Social Identity: The Making of a Destination – A Case of the Bullet Baba Shrine in Marwar, Rajasthan, India

Summary The Om Banna Temple (also called the Bullet Baba Temple) is a remarkable site in Rajasthan’s arid Pali district. It defies traditional spiritual norms, merging supernatural tales with the world of motorcycle enthusiasts and explorers. The temple honours Om Banna, a local deity and guardian for bikers. Om’s story began with a tragic motorcycle accident in 1988, after which his motorcycle mysteriously reappeared at the accident site, defying explanation. This phenomenon led to the temple’s creation, representing a belief in a protective force residing in Om’s bike. This temple’s popularity has grown, becoming an iconic and unconventional tourist attraction. Travellers from various backgrounds are drawn to its unique blend of spirituality and reverence for motorcycles. The temple signifies faith, protection, and an extraordinary connection to humanity. The case study explores cultural exchange in tourism, where visitors engage with the temple’s rituals and stories, leading to mutual learning between tourists and locals. Social Identity Theory is applied to show how both groups develop distinct identities shaped by factors like nationality and interests and how these identities influence their interactions. The temple’s identity is built on uniqueness, storytelling, emotional connection, word-of-mouth marketing, niche appeal, protective symbolism, and cultural interaction. This captivating identity attracts diverse visitors, from motorcycle enthusiasts to those seeking cultural immersion, turning the temple into an unforgettable and unconventional destination that bridges spirituality, identity, and shared experiences. Information © The Authors 2024

KEUNIKAN SISTEM PENDIDIKAN DI CHINA

KEUNIKAN SISTEM PENDIDIKAN DI CHINA

The effect of environmental citizenship and spiritual norms as mediators on students’ environmental behaviour

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the relationship between environmental citizenship and behaviour with spiritual norms serving as mediator among students at Syiah Kuala University (USK), Indonesia. A quantitative method employing a cross-sectional approach was used, with a sample of 200 students randomly selected from diverse majors. The results showed the existence of gender differences, with women displaying more consistent environmental behaviour. The inferential statistics indicated an influence of environmental citizenship on behaviour without and with spiritual norms as mediator variables at (β = 0.606, p = 0.00) and (β = 0.199, p = 0.00), respectively. Therefore, this study underscored the importance of spiritual norms as mediator variable for the relationship between environmental citizenship and students’ behaviour.

Reconstructing Intellectual Capital through Islamic Religiosity

Current technological developments have shifted the industrial world from a capitalintensive to a knowledge-based industry. We often find that companies have been awarded higher market value than their book value. Various researchers believe this honor that is given by society to be intellectual capital. Unfortunately, different intellectual ideas presented are still dry, materialistic, secularistic, and far from religious values. This research explained how to reconstruct Intellectual Capital through Islamic spirituality with the method of spirituality through the dimensions of the foundations of Islam. In the spiritualism paradigm, high spiritual norms of faith, good deeds, and noble morals become the foothold. The results of this study produce human capital Rahmatan Lil Alamin which runs full of faith and piety, and structure capital, which is to form an administrative building and run the company not only for profit motives but to provide human benefits by carrying out Sharia principles. Relational capital will be in the form of habluminallah and habluminannas, namely developing and strengthening corporate relationships internally in the company and with stakeholders, shareholders, and society and nature with the principle of amaliyah and providing Value towards Godhead.
 Keywords: Intellectual Capital, Relational Capital, human, Structure, Islamic Religiousity

Основні педагогічні закони у канонічному праві

Canon law is closely related to pedagogical phenomena. After all, a person needs to learn, educate, give him the opportunity to develop. To do this, use different natural laws and patterns. We believe that the best pedagogical laws follow from canon law. We believe that the following basic pedagogical laws follow from the Ten Commandments of God: love; prevention of passions; prevention of blasphemy; recreation; respect for parents and elders; prevention of metaanthropological murder; fornication prevention; prevention of defamation; prevention of envy. It should be emphasized that these laws apply separately to the body, soul and spirit, which will reflect the real actions of man, for your Supreme Court. The implementation of the pedagogical laws of the Sinai imperative reveals, substantiates and solves all the problems of social phenomena. Polemical and pedagogical phenomena become instructive, do not have a worldview breakthrough, which follows from the Ten Commandments of God. The pedagogical law of love is fundamental in canon law. The supernatural reality of love changes man, his existential principles. Love is an unshakable foundation in human development, education and training, forms the supernatural and natural law regime, its vital functions. Ontological love gives a person and a person who has the greatest pedagogical canonical influence on it, and provides visible and invisible action. For the action to be ontological, it is necessary to nourish the love existentials and transcendents who give the psychic power that creates good. The main thing in the law of love is worship as metaphysical respect, unquestioning obedience and general commitment to all of God's creation. The law of prevention of passions as a strong sense of certain motives: stable, intense, purposeful. While these motivations may be for the better, they should not take the lead in levels with your ontological purpose. The law states that man is the image of God, so in the likeness of God's duty to be not with the help of strong earthly feelings, but only with the help of sentient sensibility. Of course, there may be some earthly favorites after the manifestations of heavenly feelings, but they should not be in the first place, because in canon law it is regarded as idolatry, inventing an idol, apostasy, etc. From a pedagogical point of view, the passion leads to vanity and pride. After all, a person with great passions (even in the field of good) is often praised, glorified, which is vanity. The pedagogical law for the prevention of blasphemy states the unforgiveness of sins of this type. Blasphemers deserve death. The Dictionary of Religious Studies states that blasphemy is in the narrow sense a verbal image of God, in the sincere sense - disrespect for the objects of religious worship. Blasphemy is sometimes overturned by various forms of criticism or rejection of religion. Followers of any religion accept disrespect only for their own shrines. In a simultaneous critique of other shrines, they study it as a struggle for "true faith." In many countries where state regions, blasphemy is considered a criminal offense [9, p.43]. In earthly life there are part-timers, when a person complains about God and God's will, there is a misunderstanding with God and holiness and mockery of them, is inconsiderate in prayer, utters false oaths and gods, uses abusive words with God's call in empty talk. These spiritual norms are very great and need to be explained in detail.

LEADERSHIP INTELLIGENCE: CONTENT AND STRUCTURE IN THE CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRY 4.0

The article states that most organizations today recognize the fact that smart leadership contributes to overall organizational effectiveness and change. After all, such leaders not only have skills and knowledge accumulated through experience, but are also able to manage (maneuver) them in order to effectively achieve goals and implement changes. The article emphasizes that the globalized and unpredictable environment requires the formation of a new level of leadership intelligence. The purpose of this article is to form the content of leadership intelligence, which is designed to realize the possibilities of Industry 4.0. In addition, it is important to justify its components, the integration of which will provide various mechanisms contributing to a better understanding and interpretation of behavior and events in organizations. The key to the success of leadership intelligence of the highest level should be the managers’ awareness of the need to form their own emotional stability, ensuring cognitive balance and taking into account local cultural models and spiritual norms. We also noted that a leader must have cognitive skills, business skills, interpersonal skills, and strategic skills. In addition, he should be characterized by openness and transparency, emotional honesty, social perception, employee orientation, a culture of mistakes, the ability to think broadly, quickly and critically, understand the unique requirements of the environment and see the opportunities of today. The structure of leadership intelligence, which consists of the elements of launching an anti-stress mechanism aimed at development, change and humanity, is substantiated. Such components are the coefficient of intelligence, emotional, cultural and spiritual coefficients.

Cross-border reproductive healthcare attitudes and behaviours among women living in Florence, Italy

BackgroundThe number of women living in Italy and seeking cross-border reproductive care (CBRC), especially for medically assisted reproduction (MAR), has increased. The purpose of this study was to explore CBRC attitudes and behaviours among a cohort of reproductive-aged women who have never engaged in CBRC to gauge social and cultural perceptions and gain a deeper understanding of family planning discourse.MethodsIn-depth interviews were conducted during May – June 2018 with 30 women aged 18–50 living in or around Florence, Italy and enrolled in the Italian healthcare system. Interviews offered in-depth insight into CBRC attitudes, behaviours, and experiences among a cohort of women living in Italy who had never engaged in CBRC. Researchers used an expanded grounded theory through open and axial coding. Emergent themes were identified via a constant comparison approach.ResultsThree themes and two subthemes emerged from the data. Participants discussed how limitations in Italy’s access to MAR can lead women to seek reproductive healthcare in other countries. Women had mixed feelings about the effect of religion on legislation and reproductive healthcare access, with many views tied to religious and spiritual norms impacting MAR treatment-seeking in-country and across borders. Participants perceived infertility and CBRC-seeking as socially isolating, as the motherhood identity was highly revered. The financial cost of traveling for CBRC limited access and exacerbated emotional impacts.ConclusionsFindings offered insight into CBRC perceptions and intentions, presenting a deeper understanding of the existing family planning discourse among reproductive-aged women. This may allow policymakers and practitioners to address social and cultural perceptions, increase access to safe and effective local care, and empower women in their family planning decisions.

Strengthening the Twenty-first Century Skills of University Students in Facing ASEAN Economic Community

This study aims to determine the strengthening of the 21st Century Skills of UPBJJ Pekanbaru and Pangkal Pinang students in dealing with the ASEAN economic community (MEA). The 21st Century Skills strengthening study was motivated by the low competition in economic politics in Indonesia. The study involved 379 students selected based on study programs at the Pekanbaru Open University and Pangkal Pinang. Data in the form of opinions and statements were collected using a questionnaire in the form of a questionnaire and essay. Data obtained were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that UPBJJ Pekanbaru and Pangkal Pinang students were qualitatively ready to perform 21st-century skills, including digital era literacy, inventive thinking, memorable communication, high productivity, and spiritual norms and values. Based on quantitative data, there is no significant difference in strengthening the 21st Century Skills of UPBJJ Pekanbaru and Pangkal Pinang students.

Triadic Interplay: A Model of Transforming Literature into Wayang Theatre

Dramatic literature (be it in the form of a poem, poetry, prose, verse, play, epic, or other narrative reservoir listed below under Literary References) typically creates the most extensive public awareness when it is transformed into multiple aesthetic expressions and performed into theatre. While putting a play on stage may be well known as mise en scene, this article introduces triadic creative interplay (trisandi) within form-plot-character, a model to transform literature into a wayang puppet show. Literature modifies the name of the puppetry according to the narrative source, for example: Wayang Ramayana, Wayang Parwa/Mahabharata, and even Wayang Greek Myth when the show recounts a story based on Greek mythology. If the literature is transformed into plot, it becomes the story, theme, drama, and social message of the wayang puppet show. Finally, when literature manifests into dramatic characters, the protagonist’s and antagonist’s actions are modified according to the dramatic motive of the piece. The dalang puppet master uses their creativity to conceptualise the chronological transformation of literature into wayang puppetry in three stages. (1) Before the show: creativity in plot guides the dalang to convert narrative literature into a play, select, create or originate a story. (2) During the presentation: the dalang transforms literature into word play / pun, narrative lines, sung and dialogues, social commentary and criticism. (3) After the show: literature guides the dalang to bridge the material realm into the spiritual realm, to transform spiritual norms into ritual mantra, to transform regular water into holy water, and so forth.  

Religiosity and Therapeutic Alliance Among Youth Who Commit Sexual Crimes

Delinquency research argues that youth religion and spirituality are associated with desistence. The therapeutic alliance has been shown to be partially responsible for the influence of religiosity in therapeutic services. Asceticism within religious doctrine coupled with Social Bonding Theory, suggests perhaps existential and secular bonds may be a desistence mechanism or a mitigating factor against crimes like sexual abuse that violate religious or spiritual norms. Nevertheless, research has yet to integrate these concepts and test them among a sample of youth who commit sexual crimes. The present study proposes three hypotheses that use Ascetical and Social Bonding Theory as guiding theoretical frameworks to test the association between religiosity and criminal profiles and the associations between therapeutic alliance and self-reported religious importance. The cross-sectional study draws from original data collected from 332 incarcerated youth adjudicated for a sexual crime. Using validated and researcher-composed instruments and including relevant covariates, we used spearman’s rho correlations and multiple linear regression to test the relationships between criminal profiles, therapeutic alliance, and religiosity. The results indicated that the reported importance of religion prior to arrest is inversely associated with non-sexual criminality, but is not related to severity of sexual offense. Further, there were significant increases in pre-arrest and post-arrest religious importance. The therapeutic alliance predicted post-arrest religious importance. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. This study showcases the relationships between religious importance and general delinquent offending and how the therapeutic alliance is associated with religious importance. The findings align with tenants of Social Bonding Theory. These findings have implications for advancing research on religiosity and improving practice approaches for youth with sexual behavior problems.

Hegel's Theory of Normativity

ABSTRACT:This essay offers an interpretation of Hegel's theory of normativity according to which normative evaluation is primarily a matter of a thing's answerability to its own constitutive norms. I show that natural and spiritual norms correspond to two different species of normative evaluation for Hegel, two categorically distinct ways something can violate its own constitutive norms. I conclude with some general reflections on the relationship between normativity and ontology in Hegel's system.

Comparison of Level of Inventive Thinking among Science and Arts Students

This study was to review and compare the extent of the inventive thinking of form four students of science and arts stream in national secondary schools. The level of inventive thinking surveyed in this study involved 660 students who were selected from five national secondary schools from the area of Machang, Kelantan. Seven inventive thinking sub-constructs reviewed were flexibility, higher-order thinking, self-regulation, curiosity, creativity, willingness to take risks and spiritual norms and values. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistic. The descriptive analysis found that six out of seven sub-constructs of inventive thinking studied showed a high level among the respondents as a whole. Those sub-constructs were flexibility, higher-order thinking, self-regulation, curiosity, creativity and spiritual norms and values. Meanwhile, one sub-construct, willingness to take risks, showed a medium level of min value interpretation. The findings of two-way ANOVA inference shows that variables of stream, location and gender affect the determination of the level of most inventive thinking sub-constructs studied.

Culture, Religion and Politics

This essay proposes that while a "Christian" democracy may be too idealistic, liberal democracy presupposes transcendent moral and spiritual norms, in particular a Judeo-Christian foundation for human dignity and human rights. A Biblical understanding of human nature as fallible and imperfect susceptible to worldly temptations, emphasizes free choice and personal responsibility, and the imperative to limit the temporal exercise of power by any man or institution. Maritain's concept of integral or Christian humanism is founded on personalism, the unique value and dignity of each human being created in the image of God, and the need for community. The major challenge for literal democracy is how to reconcile individual freedom with socio-economic-political-legal institutions and processes which require the constraint of man-made laws and the exercise of authority and power The essay condudes that perhaps the major legacy of the American founding is the notion of the priority of liberty which offers the best prospects for conjoining reason and faith, the secular and the sacred, Athens and Jerusalem, The priority of liberty also animates Maritain's vision of a "Christianly-inspired" personalistic society capable of advancing both individual human flourishing and the common good.