Objective To explore the relationship between female urinary tract host, environment, microbial flora and changes in the host's suitability, and to prove that the urinary tract has its characteristic flora.To investigate the relationship between bacterial flora changes and urinary tract infections, and to make conceptual changes in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections. Methods From February 2018 to March 2018, 16SrRNA gene sequencing was used to detect the urine samples of women of healthy postmenopausal group(n=5), healthy childbearing age group(n=5), and postmenopausal with urinary tract infection group(n=14), and the diversity and diversity of urogenital microbiome were analyzed. Results The female urine contains a wide variety of microbiome, and the microbiome constitutes a diversity of individual differences, generally one or two strains predominates. The dominant bacteria in the healthy childbearing age and postmenopausal group are mainly lactobacillus, gardnerella, and sphingomonas, while sphingomonas in the postmenopausal urinary tract infection group was abruptly decreased in abundance. In postmenopausal with urinary tract infections, the predominant microbiome was mainly enterobacteriaceae and lactobacillus, and the abundance of enterobacteriaceae was significantly higher than other two groups, while the abundance of lactobacilli was significantly higher in the healthy childbearing age group than in the postmenopausal period two groups. Conclusions The dominant urobacteria of the female urogenital are lactobacillus. The urinary microbiome of women with postmenopausal urinary tract infection shows a significant reduction in lactobacillus, sphingomonas, and an increase in the abundance of enterobacteriaceae, suggesting that this may be an important cause of the increased incidence of urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. It provides ideas for diagnosing urinary tract infections and non-antibiotic means for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Key words: Urinary Tract Infections; Microbiota; Menopause; Fertility

Rapid sand filter (RSF) is widely used in drinking water treatment plants. Rapid filtration is always considered a physicochemical process, but the effect of the microorganisms that attach to the filter media remain inadequately investigated. In order to understand the composition and functional characteristics of microbial communities in RSFs, influent water, effluent water, and filter materials from eleven RSFs in eight Chinese cities were sampled and analyzed. After filtration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed a slight but significant removal due to the growth of heterotrophic microbes. The activity of ammonia-oxidizing microbes and nitrite-oxidizing microbes promoted a significant decrease in ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and a significant increase in nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in water. No significant changes in total nitrogen (TN) were observed, indicating that denitrification and anammox were weak in the RSFs. The composition and function of the microbial communities of RSFs were assessed using metagenomic methods. Genera in the top 10% with respect to relative abundance (14 genera in total) were identified as the dominant genera, including the two ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas. Functional gene information for the dominant genera was also extracted for analysis. The dominant genera exhibited higher relative abundances of carbohydrate, nitrogen, sulfur, and xenobiotic metabolic pathways. Aeromonas had the highest relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolic genes, and Bradyrhizobium had the highest relative abundance of nitrogen, sulfur, and xenobiotics metabolic genes, indicating that these two genera play an important role in the transformation of substances in drinking water. Finally, the metabolic potential of the dominant genera on xenobiotics was evaluated, and the results showed that Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonas, Methyloglobulus, Sphingopyxis, and Klebsiella were the key bacterial genera for the removal of micropollutants in RSFs.

A novel slowly growing member of the genus Sphingomonas, designated 1PNM-20T, was isolated from an abandoned lead-zinc mine in Meizhou, Guangdong Province, PR China. A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed to characterize the novel strain. Growth occurred on Reasoner's 2A (R2A) agar and peptone-yeast extract (PYE) agar, but not in liquid R2A or PYE media. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile with a polar flagellum (monotrichous). 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that it shared the highest similarity with Sphingomonas carriPR0302T (97.2 %), followed by Sphingomonas spermidinifaciens 9NM-10T (97.0 %), Sphingomonas floccifaciens FQM01T (97.0 %) and other species of Sphingomonas (<97 %). Phylogenetic analyses clearly showed that strain 1PNM-20T fell into the cluster of Sphingomonas, and was most closely related to S. carri. The draft genome sequence was 3.76 Mb in length with a DNA G+C content of 69.8 mol%. Major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c, with C14 : 0 2-OH as the main hydroxy fatty acid. Ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) was the predominant respiratory quinone, and sym-homospermidine was displayed as the major polyamine. The polar lipids were composed of sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic results supported the hypothesis that strain 1PNM-20T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas lenta sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1PNM-20T (=GDMCC 1.660T=DSM 27572T).

This study was conducted to assess the hydrocarbon degradation abilities of Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pentoae species, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter cloacae, which isolated from diesel contaminated soil samples. Single strains and mixed bacterial consortia have been investigated their ability to degrade 1.0 % (v/v) of diesel oil in Bushnell- Haas medium as sole.carbon.and.energy.source. At temperature 30∘C, the individual.bacterial.isolates exhibited low growth and low degradation.than did the.mixed. bacterial.culture. After 28 days.of incubation the.combination.of four isolates degraded.an upper limit.of diesel 88.4%. This was. continued.by 85.1% by S. paucimobilis, 84 % by Pentoae sp., 79% by S.aureus, and 74% by E. cloacae. For further evidence of the biodegradation effect of these isolates individually and as a mixed culture, which was supported by the use of technology chromatography confirming the occurrence of biodegradation. The results showed that the isolated bacteria are effective in biodegradation of diesel spills when used separately. It also confirmed the better biodegradability when used together in a mixed -culture.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of intestinal microbiota in neonates on the first and third day after birth. Methods A total of 50 healthy singleton neonates who were born between June 15, 2016 and August 3, 2016 in Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital were enrolled. Their stool samples were collected on the first and third day after birth and the samples were labeled according to the time of collection (D1 and D3 groups, n=50 each). Illumina NexSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used to sequence the variable region 4 and 5 of all bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the samples. The composition of intestinal microbial communities was determined and the differences between the two groups were compared by Metastats analysis. Results (1) A total of 100 stool samples were sequenced and the retrieved sequences were from 25 bacterial phyla, 119 families, 227 genera and 159 species. (2) Major phyla in the two groups were the same, namely, Proteobacteria, Frimicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The relative abundances of Frimicutes (0.27±0.03 vs 0.41±0.05) and Bacteroidetes (0.07±0.01 vs 0.09±0.03) increased over time, while that of Actinobacteria (0.10±0.01 vs 0.01±0.00) decreased on day 3. No significant difference in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (0.51±0.03 vs 0.49±0.05) was observed between D1 and D3 groups. There were significant difference in relative abundances of Frimicutes and Actinobacteria between the two groups (both q=-0.01, both P<0.05). (3) Among the top ten most abundant families, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, Streptococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae were detected in both of the two groups. The relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae (0.25±0.02 vs 0.46±0.06), Staphylococcaceae (0.07±0.02 vs 0.12±0.03), Enterococcaceae (0.04±0.02 vs 0.10±0.04), Streptococcaceae (0.03±0.02 vs 0.06±0.01) increased over time, while that of Lachnospiraceae (0.03±0.01 vs 0.02±0.02) decreased on day 3. Only the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae had statistical difference between the two groups (q=0.00, P<0.05). (4) Among the top ten most abundant genera, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacteroides and Pseudomonas were detected in both groups. The relative abundances of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria which belonged to genera of Stenotrophomonas, Propionibacterium, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Sphingomonas and so on decreased on day 3 as compared with those on day 1 (0.00±0.00 vs 0.07±0.02, 0.00±0.00 vs 0.06±0.01, 0.00±0.00 vs 0.03±0.01, 0.00±0.00 vs 0.02±0.01, 0.00±0.00 vs 0.02±0.00, all q=0.00, all P<0.05). However, the relative abundances of anaerobic bacteria which belonged to Bacteroides, Veillonella, Parabacteroides and so on increased on day 3 (0.01±0.00 vs 0.08±0.03, 0.00±0.00 vs 0.03±0.02, 0.00±0.00 vs 0.01±0.00, q=0.01, 0.01 and 0.00, all P<0.05). (5) The most abundant species in intestinal microbiota was escherichia coli in both groups. Three less abundant species including lactobacillus gasseri, lactobacillus animalis and bifidobacterium bifidum were detected in both groups. (6) Regardless of the mode of delivery, Staphylococcus, was the highest predominant genera in meconium samples, followed by stenotrophomonas. Stool samples collected on the third day after birth were divided into four groups based on deliver modes and feeding patterns. Neonates who were born abdominally with exclusive breastfed thereafter were different from those of the other three groups in predominant intestinal bacteria, but the difference was not statistically significant. Bifidobacterium and Subdoligranulum were only detected in the vaginally born neonates. Conclusions Meconium is not sterile. Although the intestinal microbiota on the first day of life is different from that on the third day of life, the dominant bacteria are common. During the first three days of life, the relative abundances of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria decreased significantly over time, while the relative abundance of anaerobic bacteria increased. Key words: Gastrointestinal tract; Microbial consortia; High-throughput nucleotide sequencing; Infant, newborn

A next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach was used to study the microbiota associated to Pecten maximus broodstock, applying pyrosequencing of PCR-amplified V1-V4 16S rRNA gene regions. We analysed the resident bacterial communities in female and male scallop gonads before and after spawning. DNA samples were amplified and quality-filtered reads were assigned to family and genus taxonomic levels using the Ribosomal Database Project classifier. A total of 18,520 sequences were detected, belonging to 13 phyla, including Proteobacteria (55%), Bacteroidetes (11,7%), Firmicutes (3%), Actinobacteria (2%) and Spirochaetes (1,2%), and 110 genera. The major fraction of the sequences detected corresponded to Proteobacteria, Beta- and Gammaprotebacteria being the most abundant classes. The microbiota of P. maximus gonad harbour a wide diversity, however differences on male and female samples were observed, where female gonad samples show a larger number of genera and families. The dominant bacterial genera appeared to be Delftia, Acinetobacter, Hydrotalea, Aquabacterium, Bacillus, Sediminibacterium, Sphingomonas, and Pseudomonas that were present among the four analysed samples. This next generation sequencing technique, applied for the first time in P. maximus (great scallop) gonads was useful for the study of the bacterial communities in this mollusc, unravelling the great bacterial diversity in its microbiota. [Int Microbiol 19(2): 93-99(2016)].

To explore the bacterial diversity and resistance in infection-related skin disorders. The samples of blood, pyogenic fluid, exudate and skin dander were collected from 54 outpatients of chronic and recurrent skin disease and cultured for positive pathogens in the dermatological department of Peking University Third hospital from March 2010 to May 2011. Also their drug susceptibilities were examined. Among 63 bacterial strains of 22 species in 12 genus, the pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, group A Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium sp., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Acinetobacter baumanii, A. lwoffii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Rhizobium radiobacter, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Neisseria sicca and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The percentage of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCNS) was 46.4% (13/28) while the resistant rates of Styphylococci to ampicillin, penicillin, azithromycin, cefoxitin, clindamycin and SMZ-TMP were 88.6% (31/35), 88.6% (31/35), 68.6% (24/35), 37.1 (13/35), 28.6(10/35) and 26.5 (9/34) respectively. Gram negative bacilli were sensitive to ampicillin, amikacin sulfate, ceftazidime. There are a wide range of pathogenic bacterial species among refractory infection of outpatients. And drug resistance is among the reasons for refractory infections.

Purification and characterization of arylsulfatase produced from &lt;i&gt;Sphingomonas&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov

<br>A flow cytometric method (FCM) was used to detect and accurately enumerate a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial strain, Sphingomonas sp. 107, inoculated into a soil sample artificially contaminated with pyrene. To compare the FCM method with colony forming unit (CFU) assays, a rifampicin-resistant Sphingomonas sp. 107 was obtained which could be distinguished from the indigenous microflora, since there was no organism resistant to rifampicin in the soil that could transform indole to indigo (naphthalene dioxygenase activity). By combining light-scattering profiles (i.e., morphological properties), ethidium bromide influx (i.e., cell wall permeability), and fluorescence in situ hybridization against the 16S rRNA (i.e., detection specificity), we could enumerate the bacterial population of interest from the indigenous microflora and soil debris during the biotreatment. The FCM technique revealed that the number of inoculated Sphingomonas cells decreased gradually for 15 days of incubation before reaching a steady level of 7 to 12 × 105 cells·g-1 of soil. Similar values were obtained with the CFU assay. During this period, pyrene concentration decreased from 632 to 26 mg·kg-1 of dry soil. The FCM detection was improved by adding blocking reagent to the hybridization buffer to minimize the non-specific attachment of the fluorescent probe to soil particles. Combined with the improvements in probe technology, FCM detection was shown to be a good alternative to the conventional culture methods for the analysis of bacterial populations in environmental samples. This technique could be potentially useful for the detection of microorganisms that grow poorly in culture.Key words: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Sphingomonas, bioremediation, soil, laser flow cytometry.</br>

A BSTRACTSubsurface sediments were recovered from two aquifers contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons in order to isolate and characterize indigenous microorganisms capable of biodegrading fuel-related compounds. These sediments had been previously studied using catabolic gene probes providing putative demonstration of significant biodegradation potential. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the isolates were phylogenetically similar to common soil microorganisms, including members of the genera Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Burkholderia, Sphingomonas, Flavobacterium, and Bacillus. A total of 26 isolates were obtained using a vapor-plate enrichment technique with the volatile aromatic hydrocarbons toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, naphthalene, and JP-4 jet fuel. JP-4, toluene, and ethylbenzene served as growth substrates for more than 80% of the isolates, while less than 10% of the organisms grew on the aromatic compounds benzene and o-xylene. Subsequent assays monitoring the evolution of (14)CO(2) indicated that only seven isolates were able to completely mineralize target compounds. One isolate, designated CAFB-naph-5, was able to completely mineralize the monoaromatic compounds salicylate and toluene, as well as the polyaromatic compound naphthalene. Molecular probing of the isolates showed four isolates hybridized with DNA probes targeting genes commonly associated with hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. The isolates also demonstrated broad ability to grow in the presence of the antimicrobial agents streptomycin, tetracycline rifampicin, carbenicillin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, and ampicillin. The results of the study demonstrate the biochemical and biodegradative capabilities of microorganisms isolated from contaminated aquifer systems and provide closure for indirect molecular monitoring of degradative potential in contaminated environments.

Monitoring by laser-flow-cytometry of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading &lt;i&gt;Sphingomonas &lt;/i&gt;sp. strain 107 during biotreatment of a contaminated soil

Erratum: Monitoring by laser-flow-cytometry of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading <i>Sphingomonas</i> sp. strain 107 during biotreatment of a contaminated soil

A coral disease characterized by a novel pattern of rapid tissue destruction first appeared on reefs of the middle Florida Keys in lune 1995. Between lune and October 1995 the disease infected 17 species of scleractinian corals and the hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis. Localized populations of Dichocoenia stokesi, the species most affect­ed, revealed up to 38% mortality. Many colonies exhibited complete tissue loss within days as the disease moved across colonies at rates of up to 2 cm per 24 hr. Typically tissue loss was initiated at the base of the colony and moved upward. At times disease progression halted and colonies retained partial tissue resembling a cap on the top of an otherwise denuded colony. Laboratory cultures of samples from the disease line revealed a dominant bacterium that, when isolated and characterized using genetic and metabolic techniques, most closely matched the genus Sphingomonas. Pure laboratory cultures of the bacterium produced disease in freshly collected coral colonies incu­bated in laboratory aquaria. The disease that we call plague type II appeared on different reefs of sou Florida and the Florida Keys in 1996 and 1997. While coral mortality associated with each of the three outbreaks was regionally confined and did no! recur in subsequent years on the same reefs, the high mortality rates distinguish this disease as one of the most serious yet documented.