Research on the design method of an optical system for star sensors with low centroid drift under under-corrected aberrations.

Accurate optical bench characterization of intraocular lenses (IOLs) under white-light conditions requires model eyes that reproduce both physiological spherical aberration (SA) and longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA). Although current ISO and ANSI standards adopt a physiological reference for LCA under polychromatic testing, a rigorous framework is still needed to determine whether a complete bench system reproduces a physiologically meaningful chromatic baseline. To address this issue, we propose a chromatic model eye based on an achromatic doublet cornea compatible with standard ISO and ANSI geometries. Different physiological SA levels are obtained by selecting the posterior-surface conic constant while preserving physiological LCA. Longitudinal chromatic aberration is evaluated from the paraxial vergence of the exit-pupil wavefront of the complete optical system and referenced to the spectacle plane of the physiological reference eye. When implanted with IOLs spanning clinically relevant dispersion ranges, the proposed model reproduces the pseudophakic LCA of the ANSI Physiological benchmark over 400–700 nm, with deviations below 0.02 D for a high-Abbe IOL and 0.06 D for a low-Abbe IOL. Polychromatic MTF analysis showed trends consistent with the residual differences in LCA across model eyes when the complete optical system was considered. These results provide a standards-compliant framework for chromatic validation of IOL test benches under physiologically relevant conditions.

PurposeTo investigate the long-term efficacy, safety, and predictability of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for the treatment of mixed astigmatism.MethodsThis retrospective study included 72 eyes of 43 patients who underwent FS-LASIK for mixed astigmatism and completed at least 3 years of follow-up. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA, CDVA), manifest refraction, corneal topography, and higher-order aberrations (HOAs) were evaluated preoperatively and at the 1st, 3rd, and 5th years postoperatively.ResultsThe study included 16 females and 27 males with a mean age of 29.44 ± 5.82 years and a mean follow-up of 4.41 ± 0.91 years. The mean preoperative UDVA and CDVA were 0.67 ± 0.34 and 0.07 ± 0.09 logMAR, respectively, and both improved significantly at all postoperative visits (each p < 0.001). The mean preoperative manifest spherical (1.66 ± 1.32 D) and cylindrical (-3.77 ± 1.05 D) values showed significant reductions at all postoperative follow-ups (each p < 0.001). At final follow-up, all HOAs decreased at a 4 mm, while at 6 mm, spherical aberration decreased and total HOAs increased (each p < 0.001).ConclusionLong-term outcomes indicate that FS-LASIK is an effective, safe, and predictable procedure for the correction of mixed astigmatism.

Chromatic and spherical aberration correction with hexapole and quadrupole fields.

Optical microscopes are essential equipment for observing and analysing cultured cells. In observations using a normal optical microscope, as the contrast of cells is rather low, phase contrast and differential interference microscopes are commonly used. In some cases, specific proteins in cells are fluorescently labelled and observed using a fluorescence microscope. In such observations, cells are generally cultured on a glass surface and observed through the glass. Therefore, spherical aberration occurs due to the refraction of light on the glass surface. This spherical aberration becomes larger when using an objective lens with higher magnification and higher numerical aperture, resulting in a decrease of spatial resolution and contrast. Here, we found that by observing cells cultured on an extremely thin silicon nitride (SiN) film (50 nm thick) under a conventional optical microscope, we could directly observe the cells at high resolution without spherical aberration. This improvement of spatial resolution was confirmed with both inverted and upright optical microscopes. Using a normal 100 × objective lens without oil immersion, we were able to directly observe melanosomes in melanoma cells and analyse their dynamic movement. We believe that using our original sample holder with thin SiN film will make it easy to observe live cells at high resolution and that this method will contribute to a wide range of biological research.

The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the visual outcome and safety profile after ray-tracing-guided laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (RTG-LASIK) for myopia with or without astigmatism. RTG-LASIK is a modern approach in refractive surgery using only objective and automated measurements aiming to improve visual outcomes. In this systematic literature review and meta-analysis (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO] ID: CRD420251179631), original peer-reviewed clinical studies on the visual outcomes of RTG-LASIK in eyes with myopia ± astigmatism were included. Exclusion criteria were corneal ectasia or other ocular comorbidities, hyperopia, and ablation profile modification by the surgeon. Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were screened on 31 October 2025. The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies-of Interventions tool. Primary effect measures were the proportions of eyes achieving 20/20 uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and losing ≥ 1 line of corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) after RTG-LASIK. Secondary outcomes included the distribution of eyes regarding preoperative CDVA and postoperative UDVA, changes in Snellen lines for CDVA and UDVA relative to preoperative CDVA, postoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), higher-order aberrations (HOAs), and other refractive parameters, synthesized using a random-effects model. In addition, postoperative complications were documented. In total, 14 clinical studies with a total of 1577 eyes were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled percentage of eyes with postoperative UDVA ≥ 20/20 was 99.17% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 95.75%, 99.84%; I2 = 47.4%; 14 studies; n= 1577). Loss of ≥ 1 line in CDVA after RTG-LASIK occurred in 2.21% (95% CI: 1.07%, 4.52%; I2 = 38.5%; 11 studies; n= 1384). CDVA showed an improvement in nearly half of all cases. In addition, postoperative UDVA tended to improve compared with preoperative CDVA. MRSE was within 0.5D of target refraction in 95.21% but showed a slight trend toward overcorrection. Total HOAs increased slightly by 0.087µm (95% CI: 0.027, 0.148; I2 = 97.5%; 8 studies; n= 1189), while spherical aberration and trefoil tended to decrease after RTG-LASIK. The studies reported nine refractive retreatments and a generally favorable complication profile. This meta-analysis suggests that RTG-LASIK may be a safe and effective procedure for improving UDVA and CDVA in selected myopic eyes in the short term, with relatively low reported complication rates. However, larger prospective studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm these findings and better define long-term safety and efficacy. This systematic review and meta-analysis has been prospectively registered at PROSPERO (PROSPERO ID: CRD420251179631).

Purpose: To systematically evaluate and compare the effectiveness and safety of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopic correction through thorough synthesis of contemporary evidence. Methods: Systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive scarches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus from January 2020 to December 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, prospective comparative studies, retrospective comparative studies, and meta- analysis comparing at least two of the three techniques for myopic correction with minimum 6-month follow-up. Primary outcomes included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refractive predictability (+0.50 D and +1.OO D), efficacy index and safety index. Secondary outcomes encompassed intraoperative and postoperative complications, corneal ectasia, contrast sensitivity, higher-order aberrations (coma, spherical aberration, total HOAs), and dry eye parameters (tear break-up time, Schirmer test, Ocular Surface Disease Index). Results: From 1,034 initially identified records, 230 unique studies underwent full-text review, with 30 studies meeting inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. AlI techniques achieved excellent visual outcomes with efficacy indices 0.94 and comparable postoperative UDVA and CDVA SMILE produced significantly larger effective optical zones (22.18 + 2.61 mm) compared to LASIK (19.54 + 1.44 mm) and PRK (19.39 + 1.66 mm), correlating with reduced spherical aberration induction. Post-refractive ectasia incidence without identifiable preoperative risk factors was lowest for SMILE (11 per 100.000 eyes), followed by PRK (20 per 100.000), and highest for LASIK (90 per 100.000), with LASIK demonstrating 4.5-fold higher risk than PRK Dry eye symptoms were most pronounced following LASIK due to extensive corneal nerve disruption, while SMILE showed superior preservation of corneal biomechanical integrity. Conclusions: SMILE, LASIK, and PRK achieve comparable refraction results for myopic correction with efficacy indices exceeding 0.94 across all modalities However SMILE offers distinct advantages including larger effective optical zones, reduced higher-order aberration induction, lower ectasia risk and better preservation of corneal biomechanics and tear film stability: LASIK remains associated with higher ectasia rates and more pronounced dry eye symptoms PRK demonstrates intermediate safety profiles with prolonged visual recovery. Technique selection should be individualized based on preoperative corneal parameters, refraction error magnitude, patient occupation, and risk tolerance for specific complications.

To evaluate the impact of intraocular lens (IOL) decentration on optical quality and performance using optical bench studies and ray-tracing numerical simulations, and to analyze how different IOL designs (monofocal, extended depth of focus [EDoF], multifocal, and toric) respond to decentration. IOL decentration may adversely affect visual outcomes, particularly with newer IOL designs. Despite advances in surgical techniques, optimal centration cannot always be guaranteed due to anatomical variability and other factors. Understanding how different IOL designs tolerate decentration is therefore essential for appropriate lens selection and optimized postoperative visual quality. A systematic review of the literature was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using Boolean operators and truncated terms. Inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed optical bench studies published in English over the past 20 years. Data were extracted on optical metrics such as modulation transfer function, Strehl ratio, wavefront aberrations, and point spread function, in relation to various degrees of IOL decentration and lens types. A total of 74 studies were included. Aspheric monofocal IOLs with negative spherical aberration showed greater optical degradation with decentration compared to spherical models. Multifocal and EDoF IOLs were more sensitive to decentration, with notable reductions in image quality and contrast sensitivity, especially at higher decentration levels. Toric IOLs were particularly affected when decentration was combined with rotational misalignment. Optical quality loss was directly related to each lens's design and optical profile. IOL decentration has a measurable and clinically relevant impact on optical quality, especially in aspheric and multifocal designs. Understanding IOL behavior under decentration conditions is essential for optimizing lens selection and postoperative visual outcomes.

To compare ocular high-order aberrations (HOAs) and axial length (AL) change between spherical and toric orthokeratology (ortho-k) lenses in the treatment of patients with moderate to high corneal astigmatism. This was a prospective study involving 80 adolescents with myopia and moderate to high corneal astigmatism (≥1.50 diopters). These participants underwent consecutive ortho-k treatment at the Department of Ophthalmology of 363 Hospital between July 2021 and June 2023. The spherical group consisted of 41 subjects (41 eyes, 19 male and 22 female subjects; mean age: 11.15±2.09 years), who were fitted with traditional spherical ortho-k lenses. The toric group included 39 subjects (39 eyes, 15 male and 24 female subjects; mean age: 11.21±1.79 years), who were fitted with toric ortho-k lenses. All participants were followed up at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after wearing lenses. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), lens decentration based on corneal topography, total ocular HOA, spherical aberrations (SA), coma aberrations (CA), and slitlamp microscopy were measured and compared between the two groups. Additionally, AL was assessed and compared between the groups after 12 months of lens wear. At 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after wearing ortho-k lenses, the mean lens decentration in the toric group was (0.56±0.20) mm, (0.58±0.22) mm, and (0.56±0.24) mm, respectively, which were lower than those in the spherical group [(0.68±0.22) mm, (0.73±0.30) mm, and (0.72±0.27) mm, respectively], with statistically significant differences ( P <0.05). The CA values in the toric group were (0.27±0.17) μm, (0.30±0.24) μm, and (0.28±0.24) μm, which were lower than those in the spherical group [(0.39±0.24) μm, (0.44±0.33) μm, and (0.45±0.33) μm, respectively], with all differences being statistically significant ( P <0.05). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of UCVA, total ocular HOA, SA, or corneal fluorescein staining ( P >0.05). Additionally, after 12 months of lens wear, no statistically significant difference in AL change between the two groups (spherical group: 0.25±0.18 mm; toric group: 0.24±0.12 mm; P >0.05). For myopic adolescents with moderate to high corneal astigmatism (≥1.50 D), toric ortho-k lenses can reduce lens decentration compared with traditional spherical ortho-k lenses and induce less CA. However, toric and spherical ortho-k lenses demonstrate comparable outcomes in terms of UCVA, total ocular HOA, SA, safety profiles, and efficacy in myopia control.

To assess visual outcomes and corneal aberration changes following micro-monovision multifocal bi-aspheric ablation (PresbyMax monocular) for presbyopia correction. 25 patients (50 eyes) underwent PresbyMAX monocular treatment. Pre and postoperative evaluations (1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months) included uncorrected distance (UDVA), intermediate (UIVA), near (UNVA), and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA). Corneal aberration and Strehl ratio (SR) were analyzed within 3-mm and 6-mm zones. The National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) was used to assess visual function preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively. At 6 months, binocular UDVA and UIVA were 0 (− 0.1, 0) logMAR and − 0.1 (− 0.1, 0) logRAD, respectively. Spectacle independence reached 96%, with 96%, 100%, and 96% achieving UDVA ≥ 0.1 logMAR, UIVA ≥ 0.1 logRAD, and UNVA ≥J1. No eyes lost corrected distance visual acuity. In non-dominant eyes, 3-mm corneal zones exhibited negative shifts in fourth-order spherical aberration ($${Z}_{4}^{0}$$) and sixth-order spherical aberration ($${Z}_{6}^{0}$$) (both p < 0.001). In 6-mm corneal zones, $${Z}_{4}^{0}$$ exhibited no significant change; however, compared to the dominant eye, it was significantly more negative (p < 0.001). $${Z}_{6}^{0}$$ increased positively with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). NEI-VFQ-25 scores improved from 74.63 (71.70, 81.81) to 91.15 (85.23, 93.08) (p < 0.001). The PresbyMAX protocol enhances near vision by strategically manipulating aberrations to increase depth of focus in the non-dominant eye, while the dominant eye maintains distance and intermediate vision. This synergistic binocular approach achieves satisfactory full-range vision, resulting in a 96% spectacle independence rate and high patient satisfaction. ChiCTR2300074821, registration date 2023-08-17.

Silicon carbide (SiC), owing to its excellent physical and chemical properties, has emerged as a leading third-generation semiconductor material. Conventional diamond wire cutting faces challenges in producing ultra-large, ultra-thin wafers. In contrast, the femtosecond laser has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its low kerf loss and high slicing speed. However, during femtosecond laser stealth slicing, spherical aberration induced by the refractive index mismatch between air and the SiC crystal severely degrades the slicing quality. Based on the analysis and calculation of wavefront aberration at a specific focal depth of 175 μm, we designed and implemented a static aberration correction method to reduce the thickness of the modified layer and improve the slicing quality. This method effectively mitigates focus elongation caused by refractive index mismatch, thereby reducing the modified layer thickness and the tensile stress required for wafer separation, while improving the surface quality of the separated wafers. Furthermore, this method eliminates the need for active optical components in aberration correction, simplifying the system and avoiding errors associated with the limited response speed of active optics. The technique demonstrates potential for practical application in industrial wafer slicing.

The myopia epidemic is a major public health concern, yet the underlying causes and mechanisms of myopia progression remain unclear. Recent studies have reported an association between myopia progression and higher order aberrations (HOAs). However, to our knowledge, no research has reported the relationship between HOAs and environmental factors, which are well-established contributors to myopia progression. In this prospective study, we investigated this association across the COVID-19 pandemic. Children aged 6 to 12 years from one elementary school in Tokyo were enrolled. Non-cycloplegic refraction and ocular biometry were measured. Investigations were carried out every summer from 2018 to 2021. We adopted ocular spherical aberration (SA), third- and fourth-order aberrations (S3 and S4), and total HOAs (THOA) (calculated as the root mean squares from the third- to sixth-order Zernike coefficients) evaluated with a natural pupillary diameter. We analyzed 357 students during 2018 to 2019 (pre-pandemic period), 217 during 2019 to 2020 (pandemic period), and 285 during 2020 to 2021 (post-pandemic period). The time spent outdoors decreased significantly from 100.5 min/day in 2018 to 66.2 min/day in 2020 (p < 0.001). The time spent on near work including digital device usage initially decreased and then increased during the observation period. The time spent on smartphones was correlated inversely with the changes in S3, S4, and THOA in the pre-pandemic period. During the pandemic, the time spent on computers was correlated positively with the changes in the SA, S3, S4, and THOA. In the post-pandemic period, the time spent on reading and studying was correlated positively with the changes in THOA. Remarkably, the outdoor time was not a significant variable during any period. In conclusion, lifestyle factors changed dramatically throughout the pandemic and, particularly near work, may have been associated with the HOAs in children.

To identify topographic and wavefront aberration parameters that distinguish early post-LASIK (PL) ectasia (PLE) from stable PL corneas, keratoconus (KC), and normal eyes when matched for mean central keratometry. This retrospective comparative study included 200 patients (n = 50 per group): early PLE, stable PL, early KC, and normal eyes, matched for mean central keratometry (∼41.0 D). Corneal topographic indices [index of surface variance (ISV), index of vertical asymmetry (IVA), index of height asymmetry (IHA), index of height decentration, central keratoconus index], keratometric parameters (flat K, steep K, K_max), pachymetry, higher-order aberrations (HOAs), coma, astigmatism, and a novel asymmetry-to-symmetry (A/S) aberration ratio. PLE exhibited higher K_max (46.9 ± 3.1 D) compared with PL (45.2 ± 1.7 D; P <0.01), although lower than early-KC (48.2 ± 4.3 D). Pentacam indices showed elevated ISV (40.98 vs. 23.68), IVA (0.38 vs. 0.16), and IHA (10.22 vs. 6.41) in PLE versus PL (all P < 0.001). PLE eyes had higher anterior HOA RMS (∼3.5 μm) than PL (∼2.5 μm) and normal (∼1.1 μm), approaching early KC (∼5.1 μm). Asymmetric aberrations (coma, astigmatism, trefoil) were disproportionately increased in PLE, whereas symmetric aberrations (spherical aberration, defocus) remained comparable (P ≈ 0.9). The A/S ratio was higher in PLE (0.60 ± 0.44) versus PL (0.30 ± 0.16, P < 0.001). Receiver-operator-characteristics analysis identified IVA (area under the receiver-operator-characteristics curve 0.802), ISV (0.786), coma (0.771), HOA RMS (0.740), and A/S ratio (0.728) as useful discriminators of PLE. An A/S ratio >0.54 yielded 96% specificity for ectasia detection. Early PLE shows distinctive disproportionate increases in asymmetric aberrations, quantified by the A/S ratio. In combination with ISV, IVA, and coma, this metric may facilitate early diagnosis of PLE, enabling timely intervention to prevent progression.

This paper introduces a novel framework for analysing the aberrations of thin lenses, based on the concept of surface quasi power. Using these surface variables, remarkably simple expressions have been derived for all primary aberrations of systems of thin lenses in contact. Apart from a constant term, primary aberrations become essentially sums of powers of the new variables. When the emphasis is on qualitative properties rather than on quantitative ones, then even in complex optical systems groups of lenses can be modelled as thin lenses in contact. Especially for spherical aberration, the simplicity of the new formalism helps explaining significant properties of the lens design landscape.

To compare the clinical efficacy of femtosecond laser-assisted corneal relaxing incisions (FS-CRI) with that of toric implantable collamer lens (TICL) for low-to-moderate astigmatism. This Retrospective study included patients with regular astigmatism ranging from 0.75 D to 2.25 D who underwent FS-CRI combined with implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation or TICL implantation alone at Beijing Aier-Intech Eye Hospital between March 2020 and December 2021. FS-CRI were made using the LenSX platform (Alcon Laboratories, Inc). Study parameters included uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuity, refractive astigmatism, total wavefront aberration and retinal image quality parameters, and any surgery-related complications. Vector analysis of astigmatism was performed using the Alpins method. The FS-CRI and TICL group included 35 (56 eyes) and 36 (55 eyes) patients, respectively. There was no significant between-group in the proportion of UDVA reaching 20/20 at 3 months postoperatively (FS-CRI group: 98% and vs. TICL group: 100%). Both groups achieved comparable postoperative residual refractive astigmatism, and the mean correction index was 0.80 in FS-CRI group and 0.82 in TICL group. The total spherical aberration, coma, and high-order aberration were comparable between the two groups, but the postoperative total trefoil was significantly higher in the FS-CRI group (P = 0.022). There was also no significant between-group difference in retinal image quality parameters. FS-CRI combined with ICL implantation can achieve similar astigmatism correction efficacy and postoperative visual quality to TICL implantation.

To describe corneal epithelial remodeling patterns after femtosecond LASIK (FS-LASIK) and keratorefractive lenticule extraction (KLEx; SMILE in this study), and to evaluate within-cohort associations between epithelial thickness changes and anterior corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs). This study included 245 patients (138 eyes in the SMILE cohort and 107 eyes in the FS-LASIK cohort; right eyes only). Corneal epithelial thickness in the central, paracentral, and mid-peripheral zones was measured preoperatively, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Corneal HOAs were assessed using the Pentacam system with a 6 mm pupil diameter. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Spearman correlation analyses were used to characterize postoperative changes and examine within-cohort associations between epithelial remodeling and HOAs. In both cohorts, postoperative epithelial thickening was observed in the central and paracentral zones; in the SMILE cohort, thickening was also observed in the mid-peripheral zone. The spatial distribution of epithelial thickening differed between cohorts, and the magnitude of thickening varied by zone across time points. Both cohorts demonstrated postoperative changes in HOAs. In the SMILE cohort, changes in spherical aberrations (Z40, Z60) and coma-related terms (Z3−1, Z3−3) were observed over follow-up. In the FS-LASIK cohort, HOA changes showed greater regional variability across time points. Within-cohort correlation analyses indicated that epithelial thickening in the SMILE cohort was positively associated with spherical aberrations and negatively associated with coma-related terms, whereas correlations in the FS-LASIK cohort were generally weaker and region-dependent. Across two clinical cohorts undergoing SMILE or FS-LASIK, postoperative epithelial thickening and changes in anterior corneal HOAs were observed, with measurable within-cohort associations between epithelial remodeling and HOA metrics. Because preoperative refractive status (spherical equivalent) differed markedly between cohorts, these findings should be interpreted as descriptive patterns and within-cohort associations rather than evidence of isolated procedure effects or between-procedure superiority.

To analyse the effects of chromatic light (white, blue, red and green) and stimulus size (6/6 and 6/12) on pupil constriction, Zernike coefficients and the accommodative response curve using wavefront aberrometry across a wide age range of healthy subjects. One hundred and sixty-four right eyes from participants aged 20-75 years were evaluated. All subjects showed normal near visual function for their age. Wavefront aberrations were measured under scotopic conditions using the IRX3 aberrometer. Accommodation was induced from 0 to 10D in the younger group and from 0 to 5D in the full sample. Stimuli varied in colour and size. Pupil diameter and Zernike coefficients were analysed, rescaling all maps to a 3.00 and a 3.65 mm pupil, respectively. Mean pupil diameter ± standard deviation decreased progressively with increasing accommodative demand by 0.51 ± 0.06 mm in the full sample (0-5D) and by 2.09 ± 0.11 mm in the younger group (0-10D). The greatest changes were observed under white light and larger stimuli. The Zernike component C(2,0) varied significantly across all filters, optotype sizes and in both the total (p < 0.003) and the younger (p < 0.0009) groups. However, C(4,0) showed significant changes in all conditions for the younger group (p < 0.0009), particularly at higher demands. An initial overaccommodation of approximately 1D at baseline was followed by a progressive lag beyond 5D, being more pronounced under red light, where the accommodative response was lowest, while white light consistently elicited the strongest response. Larger stimuli induced greater responses than smaller ones, especially at high demands. Accommodation efficiency varies with wavelength and stimulus size: white and blue lights triggered greater pupil constriction and accommodation than red and green, with corresponding changes in defocus and spherical aberration. Small stimuli improved low-demand responses, while larger ones were more effective at higher demands.

To analyze the adverse visual symptoms, underlying causes of dissatisfaction, and the effectiveness of subsequent interventions after implantation of extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) and trifocal IOLs. This retrospective case series included 307 patients (390 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification with presbyopia-correcting IOL implantation between January 2023 and July 2025. Patients were divided into an EDOF group (AcrySof IQ Vivity; 203 patients, 256 eyes) and a trifocal group (PanOptix TFNT00; 104 patients, 134 eyes). Seventy-five patients (75 eyes) who reported postoperative dissatisfaction were included in the analysis. Visual acuity, refractive status, wavefront aberrations, ocular surface conditions, posterior capsule status, and fundus findings were evaluated. Causes of dissatisfaction and outcomes of interventions were assessed. Postoperative dissatisfaction occurred in 47 eyes (23.2%) in the EDOF group and 28 eyes (26.9%) in the trifocal group, with no significant difference between groups (χ² = 0.530, P = 0.467). Uncorrected distance visual acuity did not differ significantly between groups (P = 0.479), whereas uncorrected intermediate and near visual acuity were significantly better in the trifocal group (both P < 0.05). No significant intergroup differences were observed in postoperative visual quality index or total ocular aberrations, except for spherical aberration (P = 0.037). The primary causes of dissatisfaction were residual refractive errors, dry eye disease, posterior capsular opacification, and unmet visual expectations. Symptoms improved in 39 eyes after treatment, resulting in an overall intervention effectiveness rate of 95.1%. Postoperative dissatisfaction after presbyopia-correcting IOL implantation is multifactorial and varies by IOL design. Individualized evaluation and tailored management strategies are essential to improve postoperative satisfaction.

As extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography advances at 13.5 nm with numerical apertures (NA) of 0.55 and higher, the effects of large incidence angles on multilayer design, wavelength selection, and NA limits are examined. Much of this is driven by EUV multilayer (ML) design, which should be optimized for large-angle applications to achieve maximum angular and spectral bandwidth. Reflectance amplitude and phase-shift analyses of Mo/Si multilayers are performed for angles corresponding to 0.55–0.75 NA EUV lithography, demonstrating the importance of accounting for phase effects. Understanding higher-order phase contributions reveals that defocus and spherical aberration originate from the mask multilayer itself, as confirmed through transfer matrix method (TMM) design and rigorous coupled-wave (RCWA) analysis. A depth-grading approach to large-angle multilayer optimization is introduced, leveraging the EUV optical properties of the constituent materials to improve performance by adjusting the material ratios within the stack. Results are presented for solutions using Mo/Si and Ru/Si multilayers for 13.5 nm high-NA and hyper-NA EUVL. Considering polarization effects starting at high NA—both at the mask object plane and the resist image plane—alternative large-angle Ru/Be multilayer configurations operating at 11.3 nm are also evaluated. The introduction of an 11.3 nm/0.63 NA lithography option mitigates some polarization-induced degradation observed at 13.5 nm/0.75 NA and offers an additional increase in focal depth. Design strategies for depth-graded multilayers for optical coating and mask applications are detailed.

To investigate and analyze gender-related differences in myopia prevalence and factors associated with myopia progression in school-aged children. Observational study. This study involved 2,298 eyes (boys = 1194 eyes; girls=1104 eyes) of 1149 school children (597 boys; 552 girls) in two elementary/junior high schools in Kyoto Japan, examined from 2013 through 2022. Gender differences in all grades were evaluated in regard to subjective and objective refractive error (RE), axial length (AL), corneal keratometry, higher-order aberrations (HOAs), and a questionnaire regarding environmental factors of myopia progression. In the girls in all grades, corneal keratometry was steeper and AL was shorter (p<0.05), coma-like and total aberration (in 6mm) corneal HOAs, coma-like, spherical-like, and total aberration (in 6mm) ocular HOAs were larger (p<0.05), in addition, only spherical aberration (in 4mm) corneal HOAs were smaller. In all grades, no gender-related differences were found in myopia prevalence (Grade 1: boys = 6.1%; girls = 6.5%, Grade 9: boys = 60.4%; girls = 65.4%) as well as RE. The questionnaire findings revealed that in all grades the girls spent more time reading and less time playing mobile-phone-app games (p<0.001). In Japanese school children, AL was shorter in the girls than in the boys, although, no gender-related differences were observed in myopia prevalence. The steeper cornea in girls might be associated with that discrepancy, and partially with gender differences of HOAs. Gender-specific differences of AL and HOAs should be considered in the analysis of myopia progression in school-aged children.