Sphere Of Influence Research Articles (Page 1)

Abstract Understanding the demographics of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs, M BH ≈ 102–105 M ⊙) in low-mass galaxies is key to constraining black hole seed formation models, but detecting them is challenging due to their small gravitational sphere of influence (SOI). The upcoming Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (HARMONI) instrument, with its high angular resolution, offers a promising solution. We present simulations assessing HARMONI’s ability to measure IMBH masses in nuclear star clusters (NSCs) of nearby dwarf galaxies. We selected a sample of 44 candidates within 10 Mpc. For two representative targets, NGC 300 and NGC 3115 dw01, we generated mock HARMONI integral-field data cubes using realistic inputs derived from Hubble Space Telescope imaging, stellar population models, and Jeans anisotropic models (JAM), assuming IMBH masses up to 1% of the NSC mass. We simulated observations across six near-infrared gratings at 10 mas resolution. Analyzing the mock data with standard kinematic extraction and JAM models in a Bayesian framework, we demonstrate that HARMONI can resolve the IMBH SOI and accurately recover masses down to ≈0.5% of the NSC mass within feasible exposure times. These results highlight HARMONI’s potential to revolutionize IMBH studies.

ABSTRACT We present a molecular gas dynamical supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass measurement in the nearby barred lenticular galaxy NGC 1574, using Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array observations of the $^{12}$CO(2-1) emission line with synthesized beam full-widths at half-maximum of $0{_{.}^{\prime\prime}} 078\times 0{_{.}^{\prime\prime}} 070$ ($\approx 7.5\times 6.7$ pc$^2$). The observations are the first to spatially resolve the SMBH’s sphere of influence (SoI), resulting in an unambiguous detection of the Keplerian velocity increase due to the SMBH towards the centre of the gas disc. We also detect a previously known large-scale kinematic twist of the CO velocity map, due to a position angle (PA) warp and possible mild non-circular motions, and we resolve a PA warp within the central $0{_{.}^{\prime\prime}} 2\times 0{_{.}^{\prime\prime}} 2$ of the galaxy, larger than that inferred from previous intermediate-resolution data. By forward modelling the data cube, we infer a SMBH mass of $(6.2\pm 1.2)\times 10^7$ M$_\odot$ ($1\sigma$ confidence interval), slightly smaller than but statistically consistent with the SMBH mass derived from the previous intermediate-resolution data that did not resolve the SoI, and slightly outside the $1\sigma$ scatter of the SMBH mass–stellar velocity dispersion relation. Our measurement thus emphasizes the importance of observations that spatially resolve the SMBH SoI for accurate SMBH mass measurements and gas dynamical modelling.

Investigation of debris propagation dynamics and spacecraft survivability risks in venus synchronous and high-altitude mission orbits

We present molecular gas-dynamical mass measurements of the central black holes in the giant elliptical galaxies NGC 4786 and NGC 5193, based on CO (2−1) observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Hubble Space Telescope near-infrared imaging. The central region in each galaxy contains a circumnuclear disk that exhibits orderly rotation with projected line-of-sight velocities of ∼270 km s−1. We build gas-dynamical models for the rotating disk in each galaxy and fit them directly to the ALMA data cubes. At 0.″31 resolution, the ALMA observations do not fully resolve the black hole sphere of influence (SOI), and neither galaxy exhibits a central rise in rotation speed, indicating that emission from deep within the SOI is not detected. As a result, our models do not tightly constrain the central black hole mass in either galaxy, but they prefer the presence of a central massive object in both galaxies. We measure the black hole mass to be (MBH/108M⊙)=5.0±0.2[1σstatistical]−1.3+1.4[systematic] in NGC 4786 and (MBH/108M⊙)=1.4±0.03[1σstatistical]−0.1+1.5[systematic] in NGC 5193. The largest component of each measurement’s error budget is from the systematic uncertainty associated with the extinction correction in the host galaxy models. This underscores the importance of assessing the impact of dust attenuation on the inferred M BH.

ABSTRACT The mass (MBH) of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) can be measured using spatially resolved kinematics of the region where the SMBH dominates gravitationally. The most reliable measurements are those that resolve the smallest physical scales around the SMBHs. We consider here three metrics to compare the physical scales probed by kinematic tracers dominated by rotation: the radius of the innermost detected kinematic tracer Rmin normalized by the SMBH’s Schwarzschild radius (RSchw ≡ 2GMBH/c2, where G is the gravitational constant and c the speed of light), sphere-of-influence (SOI) radius ($R_\mathrm{SOI}\equiv GM_\mathrm{BH}/\sigma _\mathrm{e}^2$, where σe is the stellar velocity dispersion within the galaxy’s effective radius), and equality radius [the radius Req at which the SMBH mass equals the enclosed stellar mass, MBH = M*(Req), where M*(R) is the stellar mass enclosed within the radius R]. All metrics lead to analogous simple relations between Rmin and the highest circular velocity probed Vc. Adopting these metrics to compare the SMBH mass measurements using molecular gas kinematics to those using megamaser kinematics, we demonstrate that the best molecular gas measurements resolve material that is physically closer to the SMBHs in terms of RSchw but is slightly farther in terms of RSOI and Req. However, molecular gas observations of nearby galaxies using the most extended configurations of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array can resolve the SOI comparably well and thus enable SMBH mass measurements as precise as the best megamaser measurements.

The design of an air quality monitoring network (AQMN) is the mandatory step to manage air pollution in megacities. Several studies are being done on the location selection of AQMNs based on topography, meteorology, and pollution density. Still, the critical research gap that needs to be addressed is the role of pollutants' importance and prioritization in AQMN. This study aims to utilize the sphere of influence (SOI) method to design an AQMN in a megacity based on particulate matter (PM) as the most serious urban pollutant. Model evaluation was done by employing annual emission inventory data of PM in Tabriz, an industrial and crowded megacity with high exposure to salt particulates, considering 3549 square blocks with a size of 500m * 500m. Then, the SOI methodology utilizing the utility function (UF) approach is applied using MATLAB software calculations to determine optimal air quality monitoring network configurations. A range of numbers of utility functions was yielded for every spot on the map. It resulted in grid city maps with final spots for PM10, PM2.5, and intersecting spots. As a result, ten sites are selected as the best possible locations for the AQMN of a 2 million population city. These results could play a precise and significant role in urban air quality decision-making and management.

This conceptual study exploited the systematic literature review study as its methodology to examine the significance of parents in the implementation of the curriculum while deriving lessons from learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epstein’s theory of overlapping spheres of influence was commissioned as the bedrock of analysis in this study. The study focused on the strategies and challenges that were used by the parents to support their children’s learning as well as the possible solutions. The study found out that parents as implementers of curriculum and curriculum innovation, used strategies such as e-learning, social media, listening to children’s concerns and providing accurate information. The parents’ efforts were however impeded by factors such as limited e-learning and related resources, perceived cost, lack of skill and knowledge and time constrains. This study recommends that the government, community and school should recognise that parents are significant stakeholders in the implementation of curriculum and curriculum innovation and as such there is need to improve relationships, communication and provision of resources to safeguard children’s learning in case future emergencies.

Abstract Having risen from the ashes of the Soviet Union, Georgia was a country in desperate need of support and development. As oneof the former Soviet republics, Georgia was now not only a newly independent country but a country with its own new Army.The Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP) began in 2002 and involved United States Armed Forces and Georgian DefenseForces. It was designed to train and equip a few Georgian battalions using small unit tactics to fight terrorism. I examine inmore detail what GTEP was.To help the reader fully understand the reasons and effects of GTEP, I identify the role Georgia’s geo-strategic location playedin the implementation of GTEP and Georgia’s role in the struggle for spheres of influence between the West (NATO and theUnited States) and Russia. Accordingly, in this article I examine the Geo-political environment surrounding the country ofGeorgia as Russia was determined to keep Georgia close politically and militarily and NATO at a distance. Concurrently, theWest desired to reduce the Russian sphere of influence which incorporated much of the former Soviet Union. At the same time,the United States and NATO desired to expand NATO to Russia’s border. Conflict was inevitable. In addition to spheres ofinfluence, Georgia was and is uniquely positioned geographically to play quite a significant role in the Global War on Terror(GWOT).Accordingly, several additional points of stress existed between Russia and Georgia including The Pankisi Gorge, Abkhaziaand South Ossetia along the threat of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). The Pankisi Gorge is locatedwithin Georgia. Chechnya borders the Pankisi Gorge and due to the terrain, the boarder is quite difficult to control whichenabled terrorists and criminal groups to exploit the area.Through this study, one may see the effect GTEP had on Georgian political and institutional defense transformation. One mayalso see Georgia’s reasons for political and institutional defense transformation and how they compare to the U.S.’s reasons forthe region.

Modeling of biological domains and simulation of biophysical processes occurring in them can help inform medical procedures. However, when considering complex domains such as large regions of the human body, the complexities of blood vessel branching and variation of blood vessel dimensions present a major modeling challenge. Here, we present a Voxelized Multi-Physics Simulation (VoM-PhyS) framework to simulate coupled heat transfer and fluid flow using a multi-scale voxel mesh on a biological domain obtained. In this framework, flow in larger blood vessels is modeled using the Hagen–Poiseuille equation for a one-dimensional flow coupled with a three-dimensional two-compartment porous media model for capillary circulation in tissue. The Dirac distribution function is used as Sphere of Influence (SoI) parameter to couple the one-dimensional and three-dimensional flow. This blood flow system is coupled with a heat transfer solver to provide a complete thermo-physiological simulation. The framework is demonstrated on a frog tongue and further analysis is conducted to study the effect of convective heat exchange between blood vessels and tissue, and the effect of SoI on simulation results.

O presente artigo analisa as contradições da manutenção da ordem liberal em um cenário de retorno de competição entre grandes potências. Apesar da atual crise na ordem liberal, entende-se que tal crise seja acompanhada também de um movimento de mudanças materiais na estrutura sistêmica. Em termos materiais, a possibilidade do fim do comando dos comuns e da existência de zonas contestadas cede espaço ao retorno de esferas de influência, com implicações diretas para a ordem internacional. Neste sentido, analisa-se a relação entre mudanças na ordem liberal e o crescente processo de endogenização de componentes críticos e de cadeias de suprimentos globais por parte dos Estados Unidos e China, a partir de documentos oficiais, relatórios e aspectos empíricos. Em suma, a crise da ordem liberal é fruto de mudanças materiais do sistema internacional e as diferentes respostas de diferentes países frente ao aumento da competição interestatal terão efeitos duradouros na própria reordenação da ordem vindoura.

Relevance of the research work. In the faceof a direct threat of denationalization, loss ofstate independence and falling into the sphereof influence of another state, there was anurgent need for systematic measures aimed atstrengthening patriotic education ineducational institutions.The purpose of the study: to highlight thefeatures of patriotic education of highereducation students during physical educationclasses.Research methods: theoretical (method ofconceptual-comparative analysis, structuralsystemanalysis, synthesis, generalization);empirical (pedagogical observation).Results of the research. The analysis ofnormative documents and scientific workswhich cover features of patriotic education ofyouth is carried out. It is stated that the centersof national and patriotic education are thefamily and the educational institution. Thenecessity of more thorough study of the issueof patriotic education of higher educationstudents during physical education classes isargued. The content of the current curriculumof the discipline "Special Physical Training",which is taught in higher education institutionswith specific learning conditions, and outlinesthe role of each section in the patrioticeducation of future law enforcement officers.Conclusions. The necessity of introducingelements of national culture into practicalphysical training classes - Ukrainian folkmoving games, which provide for thedevelopment of basic physical abilities andjoin the experience of the moral life of theUkrainian people. The necessity of conducting classes in the native language has beendetermined, as it contributes to the growth ofthe national consciousness of the applicant,forms his dignity, high moral qualities of theUkrainian.

Smooth and continuous interplanetary trajectory design of spacecraft using iterative patched-conic method

The category of the sphere of influence can explain some contemporary international processes. To define that category, however, much stress is laid on great powers’ exclusivity within their spheres of influence. The author takes into consideration the thesis of the aforementioned exclusivity’s erosion. Because foreign military bases are essential instruments of spheres of influence due to their strong impact on security policy, it is worth investigating their presence in this context. Specifically, the author carries out an in-depth study of military bases of more than one major power in one host country. Further, the article discusses the extent to which the gradual erosion of exclusivity undermines the significance of spheres of influence as such. In conclusion, the author states that the case of Djibouti undermines the idea of great power exclusivity. Yet, other cases do not provide sufficient evidence on such deep transformation because of either limited periods of bases’ existence or great power cooperative attitudes.

The purpose of this study is to develop a General concept of reforming criminal legislation on responsibilityfor crimes in the sphere of economic activity on the basis of fundamental provisions-the principles of criminallaw and criminal policy. The author proposes criteria for the allocation of certain principles, ideas of thecommon system of basic legal norms which can be applied to processes of criminalization and penalizationof acts that establish differentiated rules and procedures of exemption from criminal responsibility foreconomic crimes, and determine the areas of combating crime, which proposed the principle most popular.The main methods used by the author in the course of the study were the method of comparative research,system-historical, and integrative. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusionthat the objectively existing need for a radical reform of the system of responsibility for crimes in the sphereof economic activity can not be realized without a sufficient level of theoretical study, in the theoreticalmodeling of the system of responsibility, of course, must lie fundamental ideas, which can include theprinciples of criminal law in refraction in relation to a specific, uncharacteristic for criminal law sphere ofinfluence.

The current work analyzes the delta-V characteristics to deploy a lunar CubeSat impactor for an early phase feasibility study. The lunar CubeSat impactor is assumed to ride on the mothership and be deployed to hit the lunar surface during a flight inside the lunar sphere of influence (SOI). Different combinations of the periselene approach altitude and velocity for the mothership are considered to cover different flight trajectory environments, and the relevant optimal control problem is formulated under two-body dynamics for an early stage analysis. The CubeSat deployment moment is also varied to observe the associated affects. As a result, the optimal delta-V magnitude and direction characteristics with respect to different deployment times are analyzed and discussed via an example impact trajectory. Earlier deployment is preferable in the current conceptual mission not only for conserving delta-V, but also from the point view of a real-world ground operational timeline. In terms of the final impact conditions observed, the strongest candidate science that can be accomplished with the proposed concept would be to measure the lunar magnetic anomalies during the impact phase. The proposed CubeSat deployment strategy could be a more reliable choice because it can be accomplished with a delta-V that is similar to that in previous work while minimizing the effects on the original design baseline of the mothership’s flight trajectory. Moreover, the proposed approach is applicable to any type of planetary mission, lander or orbiter and to any planet.

The article is devoted to the policy of the United States of America in Central Asian region. The focus of the article is centered on the US interests as geopolitical imperatives aimed at fighting for the spheres of influence with important factors such as the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. The method of system analysis and historical and chronological study of the issue revealed that the United States passed through several periods in the development of its policy in the region. In light of the aggravation of relations between the two sides, as well as the trade war between the US and China, the countries of the region are experiencing geopolitical impact and economic difficulties that make them become ‘closer’ to the United States of America.

The Sphere of Influence of the Debate Bewteen Saichō (最澄) and Tokuitsu (徳一)

An accurate prediction of ductile cast iron (DCI) microstructures is crucial for a science-based optimisation of cast component design. The number density and distribution of graphite nodules critically influence the mechanical performance of a component in service. Although models predicting nodule growth have been researched for many years, recent improvements have been impeded by lack of detailed experimental data on nodule growth kinetics for validation. This data has now been made available through in situ observations of the solidification of DCI using synchrotron x-ray tomography in combination with a high temperature environmental cell. In the present investigation, a new sphere of influence (SoI) model for spheroidal graphite growth is proposed. It inherently incorporates the competition for carbon between neighbouring nodules and the depletion of carbon in the matrix. Comparing simulation results to the in situ observations of graphite growth, the SoI model successfully predicts both growth of individual nodules as well as the size distribution of a large nodule population during solidification.

Developments in geopolitics of the Eurasia emphasize the presence and the role of Turkey. Its positionhas substantially changed since the 1970s and 1980s and its influence has become far more visible. Asmultidimensionality becomes the characteristic of its foreign policy, Turkey is becoming more activeon the Eurasian geopolitical scene, trying to establish itself as (macro) regional power in the processof creating a multipolar world order. Serbia comes into focus of Turkey’s foreign policy as a key statein the Balkans that represents, in addition to the Middle East and the Caucasus, its primary sphere ofinfluence and a bridge to the West in which Turkey carries out visible political, economic and culturalimpact. This paper deals with modes of Turkey’s cooperation with Balkan states, primarily Serbia, andwith the influence that public opinion has on their bilateral relations.

인도와 중국의 영역권, 연결성 그리고 세력권 경쟁