Speech Acts Research Articles

К ВОПРОСУ О ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ИНОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ТЕКСТОВОЙ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ

The article is devoted to the characterization of textual competence as a complex linguistic ability integrating language experience in various types of speech activity. As a result of the analysis, the content and structure of the concept of «textual competence» are characterized, the stages of its formation are revealed. Textual competence is considered in the work as an independent competence that is not part of a more general communicative competence. The study emphasizes the mastery of textual competence as a basic elementary cultural skill. The key role of textual competence in the processes of personal socialization and intercultural communication is due to the consideration of the communication process as the implementation of a language system in texts. The foundations of textuality as a set of inherent text parameters are analyzed. In the structure of textual competence, knowledge of the language system, language units and the rules of their combination are highlighted, as well as mechanisms for generating speech utterance, taking into account communicative tasks, due to the nature of the communicative situation. The complex nature of textual competence is revealed, due to the multidimensional nature of the text as a linguistic phenomenon. The research material confirms that the formation of foreign language textual competence in the process of learning a foreign language is aimed not only at developing students’ skills to work with foreign language texts, but also intercultural competence.

Speech Acts of Advising in Selected News Texts about Coronavirus

After the invading of Coronavirus in 2019 in China, The world Health Organization has declared this virus as a pandemic. The virus outbreaks among countries terrifying manner which makes governments take some quick decisions to stop it. Government all over the world employes TV channels and media to deliver instructions and advices to their peoples. But, this time the advice and instructions are different in style and language, since there is a crisis which may destroy the whole country, as what has happened in Ital pandemicly. Therefore, the speech act of advising which is used under this circumstances is a bit different for imposing more emphasis to face that danger. Advising people needs to be more directive and imperative. This study hypothesizes that under serious crisis, speech act of advice tends to be more directive and imperative to make the language receiver takes the advice in his/her consideration. This study tries to answer the following question: Do strategies in performing speech act of advice under a common crisis differ between government and Tv Channels? The study analyses ten texts from two different news channels. The first five texts are taken from Kurdistan 24 Channel and the other five are taken from BBC NEWS Channel. The study reaches to the findings that under serious crisis, there is no difference between western and esteran government in the strategies used to direct their people. In both channels, the speech act of advice tends to be direct and imperative more than other strategies to express it.

Illocutionary Speech Acts on Stickers as Promotional Media of Mangroves Ecotourism in Bangkalan, Madura

The primary goal of this research is to find the lingual forms and meanings of the language in vehicle stickers used as promotional media to increase ecotourism possibilities throughout the Mangroves Ecotourism area of Bangkalan by means of illocutionary speech acts. In this research, the descriptive and qualitative research methods were used. The data for this research came from a form of vehicle sticker that was first investigated to promote Mangrove Ecotourism in Bangkalan, Madura. The following Mangrove Ecotourism sites were included in this research: Labuhan Mangrove Education Park Bangkalan, Mangrove Martajasah, and Mangrove Tajungan, Kamal. The research carried out adopted George Yule's pragmatic theory and J.R Searle's illocutionary speech act as the theoretical framework, which provides a good explanation of the representative speech act, directive speech act, expressive speech act, commissive speech act, and declarative speech act. Then, concluded that directive speech act plays a major form of this research’s finding and discussion and representative speech act as the second form whose type is commonly used in the sticker as promotional media.

Speech Act Analysis of Harry and Meghan’s Interview with Oprah Winfrey on CBS Morning News Show

This article is aimed at finding out types of illocutionary acts found in one of the most shocking viral interviews in the world, that is the interview with the royal family of former member, Harry and Meghan Markle interviewed by Oprah Winfrey, with amount of viewership of 4.79 million viewers when it first shows on air. This research is framed within mixed-method approach where the results of the study are in the form of an overview of what is said (illocutionary acts) by the three main subjects, namely Harry, Meghan, and Oprah and the percentage of each type of illocutionary acts. Data analysis was conducted through the analysis of interview videos along with the transcripts, simple statistical analysis and is supported by literature study. The results of the current study show that from 319 data of 644 sentences indicated as illocutionary acts. From those findings, it can be categorized that there are five types of illocutionary acts were found in an interview, they are 63% assertive, 27% directives, 0,6% commissive, 7,3% expressive, and 0,3% declarative. In other words, assertive is found to be the dominant type of illocutionary acts. In addition, of the 319 data, 295 data are categorized as direct speech act and 24 data are indicated as indirect speech act. In short, illocutionary acts of assertive type and direct speech acts are found to be more dominant in Harry and Meghan interview with Oprah Winfrey.

Micro- and Macrostructural Language Features in Vertebrobasilar or Carotid System Stroke Without Diagnosis of Aphasia.

This study aimed to investigate the macro- and microstructural features of language in patients with ischemic stroke without aphasia. Participants were grouped according to arterial system damage and given the Aphasia Language Assessment Test (ADD) to detect aphasia. A narrative sample was obtained and analyzed for macrostructural and microstructural features of the language. The study sample consisted of 31 participants with ischemic stroke (15 vertebrobasilar system [VBS] involvement and 16 carotid system [CS] involvement) and 31 healthy participants, totaling 62 individuals. The healthy control group scored higher than the stroke group on the microstructural feature type-token ratio and mean length of utterance in the narrative analysis and on the auditory comprehension, repetition, naming, grammar, speech act, and writing subtests in ADD. Effort behavior, errors, edits, repetitions, and pauses among microstructural features and uncertainty, filler expression, and anomia among macrostructural features were significantly higher in the vertebrobasilar and CS groups than in the healthy control group. The total ADD score and speech fluency and reading subtest scores were significantly higher in individuals with VBS damage than in individuals with CS lesions (p < .05). Language components may be impaired differently in patients with carotid and vertebrobasilar lesions. Speech and language disorders in individuals who have experienced cerebrovascular accidents should be evaluated in the subacute and chronic phases, and the therapeutic needs of patients with ischemic stroke should be determined, regardless of the presence of a clinical aphasia diagnosis.

How language teachers can go beyond speech etiquette: Adapting L2 Russian coursebooks to improve pragmatic competence

Within the field of RKI – russkij kak inostrannyj ‘Russian as a Foreign Language/L2 Russian’, so far little attention has been paid to teaching pragmatic competence, as the issues of language in context are traditionally covered by the subject rečevoj ėtiket ‘speech etiquette’, leaving pragmatics an underexplored field.The present study aims to analyze whether and to what extent current L2 Russian textbooks introduce topics related to pragmatics and, if so, how the existing material can be adapted to improve explicit instruction of pragmatic competence.The analysis was conducted on two handbooks of Russian rečevoj ėtiket ‘speech etiquette’ for L2 learners and a series of four textbooks designed for L1 Italian learners. Data analysis confirms the global tendency for textbooks to provide scarce to null meta-pragmatic explanations. The coursebooks were then searched for elements related to the speech act of request, and the materials were adapted to fit explicit pragmatic instruction. The material adaptations proposed in the current study are based on previous research on Russian pragmatics and L2 pragmatics and aim to overcome the ethno-nationalistic perspective of speech etiquette toward a more transnational Russophone context. Implications for teacher education are presented.

Perceptions on the Influence of English Language Proficiency on Students’ Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Rorya District Council

This study examines perceptions of the influence of English language proficiency on students' academic performance in Public Secondary Schools in Rorya District, Tanzania. The study utilizes a mixed research approach and descriptive survey design. The study targeted DSEO, Heads of Schools, teachers, and students, with a sample of 61 respondents selected through stratified and random sampling methods. Primary and secondary data were gathered via interviews and questionnaires, ensuring the study's validity and reliability. Ethical considerations, including voluntary participation and confidentiality, were rigorously upheld. The findings reveal that effective school-based English programs, such as debates and speech activities, enhance students' language skills and academic performance. Additionally, consistent and dedicated teaching of English contributes positively to students' comprehension and achievements. The study underscores the critical role of English proficiency in educational outcomes and recommends expanding English language programs, regular teacher training, and interactive learning methods to improve academic results

Illocutionary Speech Acts in Sawér Poetry of the Sundanese Ethnic Traditional Marriage Ceremony

The lyrics contained in every nyawér ceremony certainly have meaning and a message. This research aims to determine the type of speech of each stanza of poetry and to understand the meaning contained inward. This research adopts descriptive qualitative methods with a cultural approach. The research data were taken from a Sundanese sawér poetry by Mr. Tahyan from Ciamis consisting of 9 stanzas. Each stanza, consisting of several lines of poetry, was analyzed using Searle's speech act theory to determine the type of speech and pragmatic manifestations. The cultural approach was used to strengthen the analysis. This was because the speech in the sawér poetry of the wedding ceremony is very closely related to the culture of a region, in this case, the Sundanese ethnic group. The results of the research show that the types of speech in Sundanese sawér poetry consist of 2 directive illocutionary speech acts meaning requests and hopes; 3 directive illocutionary acts meaning prohibitions and warnings; 2 directive illocutionary commands and suggestions; 1 assertive illocutionary meaning statement, and 1 assertive illocutionary act that means hopeful. The meaning contained in the sawér poetry is advice for the newlyweds to enter married life through religious norms and social norms so that they can live it well and achieve happiness.

Political self-praise in Clinton–Trump presidential debates

The speech act of political self-praise has received scant attention in East Asian contexts, unlike other speech acts. This study aims to explore the strategies of self-praise used by Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. The 2016 US presidential debates were analysed quantitatively to examine if there are any differences in using self-praise strategies. This was followed by a qualitative analysis to explore how these strategies are linguistically realised. Three main self-praise strategies were used: unmodified explicit self-praise, modified explicit self-praise and indirect self-praise. Within the third category, the data revealed a new self-praise strategy, which we called “criticism-based self-praise”. Moreover, the findings highlighted differences in using self-praise strategies in American political discourse. While Trump employed unmodified explicit self-praise more than his opponent, Clinton used modified explicit self-praise strategies far more than Trump. Trump, however, adopted implicit self-praise strategies more than Clinton. Differences could be attributed to gender stereotypes as well as the candidates’ experience and personality. The study may help East Asian people better understand American political discourse, presidential debates in particular.

The Effect of Activities-Based Teaching in The English Context on EFL University Students

This study presents a pragmatic approach focusing on the meaning of speech and knowledge regarding the undergraduate students' understanding and utilization of speech act ‘request’ within the Department of English Language at the College of Arts. Quantitative approach has been employed to analyze request strategies by using an open-ended questionnaire comprising sixteen diverse scenarios to gather data on various request speech acts. The study investigates the effectiveness of instructional interventions in developing students' proficiency in this speech act. The findings from the pre-tests revealed that students exhibited comparable performance across all three strategies: direct requests, conventionally indirect requests, and non-conventionally indirect requests have been assessed in terms of both awareness and production levels. Despite the initial similarity in performance among learners, substantial improvements have been observed after the instructional phase. Specifically, individuals within the experimental group demonstrated notable enhancements in their awareness and production of requests, coupled with a decreased reliance on direct request strategies. These findings underscore the potential for pragmatics instruction rich in input to enhance learners' identification and utilization of suitable pragmatic elements within diverse social contexts. Overall, the study highlights the importance of pragmatic education in foreign language learning, suggesting its efficacy in fostering learners' pragmatic competence.

Tindak Tutur Guru dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di SMAN 4 Pasuruan

This study aims to describe the form of perlocutionary speech acts used by teachers in Indonesian language learning at SMAN 4 Pasuruan. Speech acts used by teachers in learning activities have been widely analyzed by previous researchers, but have not been found specifically discussing perlocutionary speech acts. This perlocutionary speech act is difficult to identify, because it must be accompanied by the context so that it causes influence by the interlocutor. This research uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The subject of the research is Indonesian language teachers, while the object of research is Indonesian language learning activities. The instruments in this study consisted of primary instruments, namely the researcher himself, and secondary instruments, namely data collection tables. The data of this research is the teacher's speech when conducting learning activities in class XI. The data source was obtained from the observation at the school located at SMAN 4 Pasuruan. This data collection technique uses observation, recording, interview, documentation, and recording the results of the recording in the form of data transcripts. The data analysis technique uses stages such as data reduction, data presentation, data interpretation, conclusion drawing and verification. The result of this research is the form of perlocutionary speech acts using Leech's theory. The forms of perlocutionary speech acts found include indicators of giving the interlocutor know that, persuade, encourage, annoy, frighten, please, make the interlocutor do something, inspire, impress, divert attention, make the interlocutor think about, relieve, embarrass, attract attention, and tedious. However, no data was found on the indicators of deceiving and inspiring. The form of perlocutionary speech act that is most commonly found in this study is in the indicator of encouraging and making the interlocutor do something.

Этнопсихолингвистика почти 25 лет спустя, или научное предвидение Александры Залевской

Professor Zalevskaya considered one of the most important fundamental tasks of Russian Psycholinguistics to be the discovery of cultural and national specifics of speech activity. In modern Ethnopsycholinguistics, three stable directions are developing on the basis of theoretical and experimental research of speech action: synchronic psycholinguoaxiology, diachronic psycholinguoaxiology, diagnostic (psycho)linguoaxiology. Each of these areas develops its own conceptual apparatus and methods, based on the developed principles, the first establishes the content of values, verifiable ranking, and scaling of the experimental data obtained. The second examines the main psycholinguistic factors influencing the dynamics of the content of axiological concepts and the change in hierarchy in value systems. At the same time, a diachronic comparison of axiological fragments of the worldview of speakers of a certain linguistic culture modeled for different times is possible. In the third of these areas, the content of the current value system is used to diagnose social relations of various kinds in a particular society. The author defines the concepts of basic value, cultural significance and meaning, cultural connotations that differ from those accepted in the linguistic and cultural paradigm, and presents some of the main provisions of the declared directions of ethnopsycholinguistics. The author presents some methods of analyzing associative fields that allow us to explore the predicative relationship between a stimulus and a reaction, which makes it possible to determine the personal meaning of values and value orientations of an individual.

Use of English Gratitude Expressions by Yemeni EFL Female Undergraduates- Female-Female and Female-Male Interactions

The current study aims to explore English expressions of gratitude that are used by Yemeni female speakers in female-female and female-male interactions at Sana'a University, Yemen. The participants of the study consisted of 230 undergraduate students (115 males and 115 females). The data of the study were collected through a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) for eliciting the speech act of gratitude. It included twelve situations that were analyzed by using SPSS descriptive statistics program. The data were analyzed according to Cheng's (2005) taxonomy of gratitude expressions. The results revealed that Yemeni female speakers in F-F and F-M interactions utilized twenty-four English expressions of gratitude with different expressions of politeness markers in interacting with each other in the twelve situations and with difference in their frequencies and percentages. The results obtained from the data analysis also showed that the most frequent preferred strategy by all the participants in all situations is "bald thanking or using the word "thanks"". Furthermore, it can be observed that Yemeni female speakers use both two strategies ("bald thanking or using the word "thanks"" and "thanking and stating the favor") of English expressions of gratitude more than other strategies, especially in F-M interactions more than in F-F interactions. The reason behind this is because Yemeni female speakers tend to express themselves in their daily interactions, especially in F-M interactions because females appreciate any favor or service men offer or do it for them, so when receiving help from others, they have to thank them. Besides, women with their nature are more polite and use more politeness strategies than men and this is related to religious factors and social rules and conventions in Yemeni society. It is recommended that English teachers should make learners aware of using more suitable English expressions of gratitude in various situations. Consequently, learners can select what gratitude strategy that is most appropriate or required in a given situation.

How to speak destinations more efficiently: a study on the effects of narration in tourism films on viewer perceptions and intentions

ABSTRACT In an age where visual media serves as a pivotal channel for information dissemination, this study examines the effects of varied narrations on viewers’ perception of destination images (DI) and their travel intentions (TI), utilizing Speech Act Theory (SAT) as a theoretical framework. We adopted a sequential mixed-methods research design, with a three-staged approach. In stage one, we gathered and categorized the narrations, using them to create narration exemplars for the experiments. In the second stage, we conducted a quantitative survey to validate our research hypotheses. Building on the results from stage two, stage three incorporated semi-structured interviews to further elucidate the findings. Our research indicates that viewer responses significantly differ across various narration styles. Specifically, representative narration was found to enhance viewers’ perception of destination images more effectively. However, both commissive and expressive narrations were more successful in stimulating viewers’TI, evoking feelings of pleasure, uniqueness, and connection.

COLLOQUIAL REGISTER IN THE PRAGMATICS OF A LITERARY TEXT

The purpose of the article is a linguistic analysis of communicative registers based on the material of works of art in the Kazakh language. The communicative register is a type of information represented in the text and allows you to judge: the statics or dynamics of what is happening (reproductive-descriptive and reproductive-narrative registers); the speaker’s position in relation to action: inside events (reproductive), distanced from events (informative, generative registers); the speaker’s intentions: expression of will (voluntary register) or reaction to the interlocutor’s remark, as well as the situation as a whole (reactive register). The communicative register is a type of information represented in the text and allows you to judge: the statics or dynamics of what is happening (reproductive-descriptive and reproductive-narrative registers); the speaker’s position in relation to action: inside events (reproductive), distanced from events (informative, generative registers. O. V. Evstafiadi compares directional and non-directional communicative registers, highlighting in the communicative register such quality as addressability. A person strives not only for mutual understanding when using linguistic symbols, but also to evoke a reaction from the listener to the information expressed by him. All these phenomena are realized in the speech act. In the mind of the speaker, based on internal and external factors of society, a communicative goal arises, the purpose of which is to influence the actions, attitude of the addressee or determine the essence of a specific problem. The choice of certain linguistic means and linguistic structures is based on the pragmatics of the dialogue text, the communicative goal of the speaker, his own opinion, approach, and the general level of knowledge of the communicants, depending on specific circumstances. Keywords: speech registers, communicative units, linguistic stylistics, speech activity, pragmatics.

An Analysis of Representative Speech Acts in Selected Subordinate Courts of Law in Kenya

An Analysis of Representative Speech Acts in Selected Subordinate Courts of Law in Kenya

The force behind illocutionary speech acts: Directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative

The main purpose of this study is to examine the force and power of language expressions categorized under the rubrics of the types of illocutionary speech acts (directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative), particularly speech acts of permission, apologies, and compliments. A total of 30 male and female EFL (English as a foreign language) students who studied at Ajloun National University participated in this study. The data were collected through discourse completion tasks (DCTs). The students were asked to write down what they identified as permissions, apologies, and compliments similar to what they would use in real-life situations. The responses to the DCTs were analyzed based on suitable taxonomy of compliment and apology response strategies. The frequency of occurrence and percentage of each type were quantified. The analysis of the data confirmed that EFL learners used various strategies in expressing apologies, permissions, thanks and compliments thus leading to the following conclusions: Most EFL students use thanking and complimentary expressions in both formal and informal situations. Secondly, Jordanian EFL learners successfully identified the speech act of permission issued by explicit and implicit performative expressions and declarative construction rather than interrogative and imperative construction. Finally, it was noted that the most frequent responses expressing apologies were IFIDs (illocutionary force indicating devices).

Economic and political freedoms as indicators for determining the political regimes of today

Economic and political freedoms are often used as key indicators to classify types of political regimes. These freedoms, which include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and economic freedoms such as freedom of business and freedom of trade, significantly affect how a country is perceived as a democracy or an autocracy. Democracies are typically characterized by high levels of these freedoms, allowing open expression and market regulation that encourages competition and fair trade. In contrast, autocratic regimes often impose restrictions on both speech and economic activity, limiting the scope of political discourse and centralizing economic control. These freedoms not only reflect, but also shape the political landscapes of modern states. The synthesis of freedoms with political governance not only determines the internal dynamics of nations, but also affects their relationships on the global stage. Ensuring the development and protection of these freedoms is of paramount importance to the development of stable, prosperous and just societies around the world. Economic and political freedoms are the foundation of democratic government and are essential to the personal and economic well-being of citizens.The purpose of the work is to conduct a study of the influence of the scope of economic and political rights and freedoms on the formation of the political regime in the country. The object of the research iseconomic and political freedoms as key criteria for the classification of types of political regimes. The subject of the research is social relations that arise, change and cease in the process of consolidation and implementation of economic and political rights and freedoms and their influence on the formation and functioning of democratic and autocratic political regimes. Research methodology includes methodological approaches (active, systemic, comparative, axiological), general scientific methods of thinking (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization), philosophical (dialectical, metaphysical, hermeneutic, epistemological), general scientific (historical, synergistic, functional, structural) and specifically scientific (formal-legal, comparative-legal) methods. As a result of the study, problematic issues related to the problem were analyzedwith the realization of economic and political freedoms as key indicators of the country's political regime, which significantly affect the trajectory of its development and international position.

Communication in the Mirror of Social Semiotics

Introduction. The subject of this article is communicative resources, which are selected by partners from a huge variety of linguistic means, functional styles, rhetorical techniques, and subject activities, and through which a common semantic space between individuals is generated.Methodology and sources. As a methodological platform we propose the principles of praxis-oriented social semiotics. Being one of the relatively late trends of semiotic research, social semiotics focuses attention not so much on signs or sign systems as on social signifying practices as regular, repetitive, recognisable types of actions: the actions of communication participants are endowed with the properties of sign systems through which relations between individuals are discovered, made visible and meaningful. The mechanisms of meaning production, from the point of view of the participants of the event, are analysed using the concept of ‘discursive practices’, understood as speech actions in order to solve a variety of practical interpersonal tasks.Results and discussion. As an individual learns a variety of interpersonal discursive practices, different relational systems become available to him/her. Specific discursive practices allow individuals to present different versions of their self, justify their actions, maintain dominance and/or subordination relations, thus demonstrating mastery of the communicative situation. Following the principles of praxis-oriented social semiotics, it can be argued that interpersonal relationships involve what can be called a discourse of trust, personal involvement in relationships, intimacy/closeness.Conclusion. The described symbolic regulators allow not only to semiotically comprehend the social positions of interacting parties, but also to offer self-control procedures and an arsenal of communicative actions to the participants of interpersonal communication as means of behaviour management in situations of interpersonal communication.

The realization of the speech act of suggestion in Alexandrian and Najdi Arabic: a variational pragmatic study

The current study adopts a variational pragmatic approach to compare the realization of the speech act of suggestion in two Arabic dialects: Alexandrian, spoken in an important coastal city of Egypt, and Najdi, spoken in the capital city of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from 240 participants, half of whom were Alexandrians while the other half were Najdis, through the use of a discourse completion task consisting of six situations. The data were coded following a well-known taxonomy of suggestion strategies, and external and internal modifiers were also explored. The results showed a general preference for the use of direct suggestions among the participants. The results of statistical tests showed that Najdis produced a significantly higher number of direct strategies than Alexandrians who tended to use more conventionalized strategies than Najdis. The analysis of the DCT also showed a clear influence of gender, social distance, and social dominance on making suggestions among both Alexandrians and Najdis. The results are discussed in light of relevant theoretical models and the existing literature.