Speech Acts Research Articles

STUDENTS’ STRATEGIES AND ERRORS IN JOURNALISTIC TEXT TRANSLATION

Journalistic text plays an important role in information transfer such as the latest events, issues, or problems from parts of the world. With the rapid development of digital platforms, journalistic can be accessed easily through the internet, which arouses the need for translation as a means to bridge understanding between languages. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate students’ strategies and errors in journalistic text translation. By referring to translation strategies adapted from Newmark (1988), Hoed (2006), Baker (2011), the target text was analyzed based on several strategies including transference, calque, naturalization, accepted translation, paraphrase, modulation, transposition, cultural equivalence, addition, omission, and explication. Based on the translation quality assessment model adapted from Nababan et al. (2012), the translations made by the students have decent quality for accuracy and a medium level of competence in producing acceptable translations. However, the translation products have a high degree of readability which means they are easy to understand. Based on the classification proposed by Sukur et al. (2020), the finding shows that the errors made by the students in translating journalistic texts include a lack of cultural background knowledge, situation concordance, use of unsuitable words to the context, and failure to understand speech act. With some suggestions to overcome those challenges, this study is expected to provide pedagogical insight for translation courses regarding the practice of journalistic translation.

The epistemology-oriented conceptual model of cognitive-semantic universals in related languages

The analytical study of the processes of thinking and awareness of reality is positioned as an actualized psychological direction in linguistics, which arose as a result of the logical transformation of traditional logicism and formalism in the course of the development of speech activity. The purpose of the article is to study the epistemologically oriented conceptual model of cognitive-semantic universals in related languages. In the course of the study, it was found that the previous historical stage was characterized by ignoring the influence of psychophysiological aspects. It has been determined that in the process of transformation the phenomenon of language is interpreted as a reflection of the psychological concept and spiritual activity. It is proved that the cognitive paradigm made it possible to explain the thinking processes that occur during the production of speech with the advent of the cognitive paradigm in linguistics. It is suggested that from a universal point of view, any conceptual area can be studied with the help of elementary concepts. The study has shown that from the standpoint of cognitive grammar, grammatical categories have corresponding prototypical structures. The sphere of conceptual functionality of modern cognitive semantics is distinguished. The cognitive-semantic universality of the basic main category is stated. It is proved that the epistemologically oriented conceptual model of cognitive-semantic universals in related languages is represented by such processes in the lexical composition of a word as generalization (transition from the concrete to the abstract general), narrowing (dynamics from the abstract to the specialized), degradation (depreciation) and polarization (opposition). Promising directions for further scientific research on the subject of the study are actualized, namely, conducting cognitive research that accurately explains the universal conceptual processes occurring in semantics.

Linguistic and pragmatic aspects of communication in the modern media world

Taking into account the purposeful activity of modern man, his acquisition of huge masses of information during a short period, the communication aspect of communication in the business sphere has gradually turned from a means of enjoyment, length, and unhurried language interaction into a means of accurate, short and simultaneous full communication of a problem, initiative, proposal. Communication pragmatics came to the aid of such language transformations. The article proves that pragmalinguistics studies speech communication as a manifestation of speech activity – purposeful influence on each other (persuasion, persuasion, request for information, etc.) using language. To achieve their communicative goals, depending on the context and situation, their communicative roles, the speaker and the addressee use certain speech acts (written as sentences) corresponding to these goals – stating facts, encouraging action, etc. It is scientifically determined that the emergence of ecolinguistics is due to the need to solve the problems of interaction between language, man and nature. It is indicated that it covers extremely diverse research that reflects the importance of environmental issues in society. The attention paid to issues of environmental protection at all levels of society, and as a result, the relevance of environmental issues, as well as the peculiarities of communication in the field of environmental protection, allow us to distinguish a separate type of discourse - ecological, which is characterized by the constant addition of the ecological glossary, the emergence of special axiological units, the presence of separate status models - role configuration, which determine the use of certain communicative strategies in specific communicative situations. It was highlighted in practice that the main discourse-creating concepts in environmental discourse are environment, pollution, energy, and climate change, which constitute the semantic base of communication in the field of environmental protection.

Формирование образа Ирака в региональных СМИ Германии посредством концептуальных метафор

The article presents the results of the study of productive conceptual metaphors regularly used to create an image of Iraq in the German regional media. Metaphors are characterized with regard to their frequency, the amount of lexical means in metaphorical nominative fields, and the characteristics added to the formed country image. The sources of the material are the regional media Berliner Zeitung, Aachener-Zeitung, Saarbrücker Zeitung, Münchner Merkur, Berliner Morgenpost, Tagesspiegel. The sample includes publications from 2019 to the present. Contextual and definitional analysis and quantitative calculations are used. The following metaphors are identified as the most frequently used (in descending order of productivity): "Iraq is a living being", "Iraq is a non-whole whole", "Iraq is a place of uncontrolled power", "Iraq is a warrior". The listed metaphors are updated in the publications of the German regional media by the lexical units of the semantic fields "speech activity", "mental state", "physical state", "movement", "division", "mental manifestations", "weather manifestations", "war". The highest nominative density distinguishes the personifying metaphor "Iraq is a living being"; the lowest nominative density characterizes the metaphor "Iraq is a warrior". The metaphors "Iraq is a place of uncontrolled power" and "Iraq is a non-whole whole" reveal a similar degree of linguistic detail of the corresponding conceptual metaphorical spaces, an average degree of variability in the designations of the introduced semantic shades. The lexical units leiden, Teil, toben, kämpfen are attributed to the most frequent kernel means which implement the studied metaphors. The kernel of the Iraq image in the regional German media is constituted by such features of the country as suffering, divided, raging, struggling.

The Expressivity Dimension of Speech is the basis of the Expression Dimension. Evidence from Behavioural and Neuroimaging Studies

The modalities of communication are the sum of the expression dimension (linguistics) and the expressivity dimension (prosody), both being equally important in language communication. The expressivity dimension which comes first in the act of speech, is the basis on which phonemes, syllables, words, grammar, and morphosyntax, i.e., the expression dimension of speech is superimposed. We will review evidence (1) revealing the importance of prosody in language acquisition and (2) showing that prosody triggers the involvement of specific brain areas dedicated to sentences and word-list processing. To support the first point, we will not only rely on experimental psychology studies conducted in newborns and young children but also on neuroimaging studies that have helped to validate these behavioral experiments. Then, neuroimaging data on adults will allow for the conclusion that the expressivity dimension of speech modulates both the right hemisphere prosodic areas and the left hemisphere network in charge of the expression dimension.

Функциональная семантика авторского редактирования комментариев в англоязычной интернет-коммуникации

The paper focuses on the process of verbalization of human speech and mental activity within the framework of computer-mediated communication using the example of the editing history of comments posted on the Thomson Reuters news agency page on social networks. The aim of the study is to identify the cognitive and pragmatic characteristics of the step-by-step changes that the text of an Internet comment undergoes during the author’s editing. The work is novel in that it is the first to explore the process of verbal thought formulation on the basis of the authors’ editing history of Internet comments. In addition, the paper represents the first attempt to determine the functional and semantic potential of both the cognitive and pragmatic transformations and the corresponding linguistic means. The results showed that the functional and semantic potential of cognitive and pragmatic procedures and the corresponding linguistic means is aimed at verbalizing emotions, expressing attitudes towards new information, clarifying the modality and reference of language units, which indicates the transition of Internet communication from the oral and written register to the mental and written one.

A SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS OF TEACHERS' TALK IN ENGLISH FOR YOUNG LEARNERS CLASS

The aims of this research are to know the types of speech acts performed by English teachers when talking in the classroom and the teacher's reason for using the most specific kind of speech act. This research used a qualitative research design because the classroom activity became the data source. The participant of this research was 1 English teacher in English Club at SDIT Cordova. The data was collected through observation and interviews. The data was analyzed through four steps: classifications, data reduction, data display, and verification/conclusion drawing. According to the findings, the data showed 71% of the talk used directive. Teachers utilize directive types because they are interested in their students' competencies, whether or not their teachings have been comprehended, and whether or not students can recognize examples of the material they have been given. Meanwhile, the opposite result displayed in the data is declarative. Moreover, the finding also showed that the Teacher produced other speech acts such as assertive, commissive, and expressive. The teacher uses speech acts to ensure that the teaching and learning process runs smoothly and the material is well received by the students.

(In)Security in social media: exploring Israeli and Palestinian narratives

ABSTRACT The persistence of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict profoundly influences the perceptions of both Israelis and Palestinians, shaping successive generations and posing a complex challenge for security scholarship. This article examines these contrasting socially constructed realities through the lens of Securitisation Theory, analysing public social media discourses on Facebook between 1 January 2021 and 29 April 2022 in Israel and the Palestinian Territories. By bridging high-level theorising with empirically driven methodology, the study enriches the understanding of securitisation processes using Balzacq’s framework and engaging with perspectives from Cote, Stritzel, and Vuori, including the active role of target audiences and the complexity of securitisation as a speech act. Through this approach, the research not only advances theoretical insights into Securitisation but also demonstrates that leveraging social media analysis provides both a valuable means of theory testing and a more comprehensive understanding of securitisation dynamics in the Israeli-Palestinian context.

THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ SPEECH BEHAVIORS

Proficiency in speech behaviour methods is a crucial component of a foreign language teacher's professional competence. Lack of awareness of speech behaviour norms frequently results in communication problems in both personal and professional contexts. One of the most important aspects of teaching a foreign language is acquiring speech techniques since English speakers differ significantly in their speech behaviour. Since a foreign language teacher must conduct speech activities in two languages, according to the norms of the speech behaviour culture developed in these linguistic cultures is a requirement for his professional activity. The instructor has to act as a consultant in cross-cultural dialogue, or intercultural settings. In addition to providing guidance on intercultural communication, the instructor has to model appropriate speech patterns in both the student's native tongue and the target language. However, evidences indicate that foreign language instructors now struggle to include these norms into classroom practice sessions because they are not familiar with the speech behaviour standards of a foreign culture.

A Study of Speech Acts Used in Baby Songs

Speech act theory is one the most important theories in linguistics in general and pragmatics in particular. The first part of the research is concerned with the theoretical background of speech acts while the second part is concerned with data analysis and conclusions then the references used in this research. The current study deals with the theory of speech acts that has been proposed by Austin and developed by Searle. The study focuses on the use of speech acts through baby songs. It is an Analysis of macro and auxiliary speech acts which is presented by van djik.In this study, six famous baby songs are utilized to be the data of analysis and finally Grice maxims are tackled in this study.

EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACTS IN ELLEN’S TALK SHOW “ELLEN TAUGHT THIS FAN HOW TO SPEAK ENGLISH”

Abstract This study focuses on analyzing the expressive speech act used as conversational strategy in Ellen’s Talk Show. The strategies used are direct speech and indirect speech. The purpose of this study is to classify and to investigate the language functions of expressive speech as conversational strategy occurred in Ellen talk show entitled “Ellen Taught this Fan How to Speak English.” This study uses a qualitative method with descriptive approach in analyzing data. This study applied the theory from Searle and Vanderveken (1985) related to the type of expressive speech act. The data source is taken from a conversation between Diana Aquino as their guest and Ellen as the host. This study is a document or content analysis because the data used is from the internet and was previously posted. The technique of data analysis which the researcher used is the interactive model of Miles and Huberman for data analysis, which consisted of three steps, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The data instrument used is utterances found in Ellen talk show. The results found 8 types of expressive language occurred involves greeting, thanking, complimenting, praising, apologizing, protesting, boasting, and complaining. Keywords: Expressive Language, Expressive Speech Act, Ellen Talk Show, Conversation’s Strategy

PERLOCATIVE PRAGMATICS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT INTERROGATIVE SPEECH ACTS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The article analyzes the concepts of categories of direct and indirect communication in linguistics, types and features of indirect interrogative speech acts, reveals the prelocutive pragmatics of direct and indirect interrogative speech acts in the Kazakh language. Namely: if the direct meaning of interrogative sentences is getting an answer, then indirect questions are used in such functions as showing politeness, indirect posing a question, emphasizing a request, posing a question in a suspicious expression, transmitting a request with gestures, evaluation, resentment, chagrin. In a direct interrogative speech act, the illocutionary effect is expressed through the linguistic meaning of the linguistic means that make up speech, while the perlocutionary pragmatics of indirect interrogative speech acts depends on the use of language units in a figurative sense, on the background knowledge of the speaker and listener and the conditions of communication. At the same time, an indirect interrogative speech act enhances the artistic potential of the language and allows expressing various semantic shades.The study used methods of structural grammar «from form to meaning», functional grammar «from meaning to form», structural-semantic description, functional-semantic and contextual analysis, differentiation and hypothetical interpretation.The scientific and theoretical basis of the scientific conclusions obtained in the course of the study were the works on structural, communicative, functional grammar and pragmatic linguistics in linguistics. In addition, the given language examples from various sources (colloquial speech, works of poets and writers) contributed to the argumentation of scientific and practical conclusions presented in the article

The importance of inclusive instruction in teaching students with special needs

Teaching is incredible experience that is full of bright, pleasant and mostly difficult situations with your learners. While teaching teachers can face different type of students: shy, sociable, funny, hard-working, lazy and etc. Every student needs individual attention from teachers to develop their knowledge. However, there is particular group of students who need a very special attention and strategy to teach. Not all students are similar, some students suffer from physical and physiological disabilities in their auditory, speech act skills. We should keep in mind that these dysfunctions do not affect their intellect at all, but it can somehow disturb their learning. These very learners sometimes need different technique, more time, more attention to grasp the topic and learn a language.

Saudi Female’s Arabic Requests: A Comparative Study of Face-to-Face and Text-Based Communications

This mix-method study aimed to investigate the influence of communication media on the realization of the speech act of request in Arabic. Thus, it examined the number of words and the type of modification devices in the request of 40 Saudi female postgraduate students in equal power situations across two communication channels: face-to-face and WhatsApp text-based interactions. The data is collected using a discourse completion task with four situations that varied in the degree of imposition and social distance. The collected data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Two samples t-test was used to analyze the collected data along with a modified version of Blum-Kulka and Olshtain’s (1984) coding scheme for categorizing the modification devices. The study found that participants produced more words in WhatsApp text-based communication than face-to-face communication, but no significant difference was found except in the context of (+I, +D). External modifiers were produced more than internal ones, especially grounders. Social distance influenced modifier frequency, while imposition only affected disarmers. The study implies modification devices are obligatory rather than optional in Saudi culture.

KONTEMPLASI TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF DALAM KITAB SUCI TRIPITAKA DHAMMAPADA SYAIR DANDAVAGGA

This research aims to describe the use of directive speech acts found in the Dandavagga Chapter of theTripitaka Dhammapada Holy Book. This research data was taken from various sources of speech actliterature studies and the Tripitaka holy book, namely the Dhammapada Chapter of Dandavagga whichcontains 13 holy verses. The methodology used uses a qualitative approach. The results of the researchfound based on in-depth discussion and analysis illustrate the pattern of trends in the type of directivespeech, namely advice is found most often at 7, warning at 4, command at 1, invitation at 0, andprohibition at 1. The directive speech act of advice is the most dominant speech act. In the Dandavaggapoetry, it is perpendicular to the stated aim, namely providing advice to mankind, emphasizing howimportant it is to avoid evil acts, avoid inappropriate actions that can lead to punishment, and achievethe essence of life, namely happiness

Technology of multilingual skills formation of schoolchildren of the basic comprehensive school in the conditions of an additional modular general educational program “Linguistic Workshop”

Importance. The problem of the formation of a multilingual student’s personality is important and relevant for modern language education. The purpose of the study is to propose a technology for the formation of multilingual skills of schoolchildren (grades 5-9) based on a modular general development program for the study of languages and cultures in an additional training course.Research Methods. Based on scientific literature theoretical analysis, the refined concept of “modular general educational program of additional education” as a means of multilingual skills forming of schoolchildren is presented. It is proved that a prerequisite for the multilingual skills formation of schoolchildren is their awareness of the value of their multilingual development, upbringing and development of a multilingual personality based on mastering socially significant experience, which is embodied in language knowledge and skills, language and speech activity. The main methods of polylinguistic skills’ formation are: comparative, communicative, method of control and self-control.Results and Discussion. It is revealed and substantiated that the use of a modular general development program in an additional training course will allow developing the student’s multilingual personality, its linguistic thinking, and language ability, which arouses great interest in the didactic possibilities of the proposed technology.Conclusion. The application of the research results can contribute to the development of new directions in linguodidactics and the design of an effective multilingual school environment.

Gender Representation in Directive Speech Acts of Teachers: A Study on Indonesian Language Learning in Automotive Vocational High Schools in Pasaman District

This study aims to examine gender representation in directive speech acts of Indonesian language teachers in Pasaman Regency Automotive Department Vocational Schools. Included in the type of qualitative research, this research applies descriptive analysis method. The research data is in the form of directive speech of male teachers and female teachers in Indonesian language learning at SMK Department of Automotive Pasaman Regency. It can be concluded that Indonesian teachers use various forms of directive speech acts, such as directions, orders, and instructions to students. Variants of the use of directive speech acts also show variations between male and female teachers, with three dominant variants commonly used by male teachers and five variants commonly used by female teachers. The results also reveal that female teachers tend to use the speech act of ordering or commanding as the dominant form, although they also show a sense of solidarity by using the speech acts of suggesting and advising. On the other hand, male teachers are more inclined to the direct approach and commanding without preamble. This difference reflects the complexity of the relationship between men's and women's language and thinking in the learning context.

Genre studies as an effective tool for increasing the communicative competence of an education manager

The article is devoted to the topical issue of optimizing programs related to the training of an education manager in order to increase his communicative competence, as well as a “plot” explanation of the importance of the genre studies course in this process. Having analyzed the textbooks and educational management course programs existing in modern pedagogical science with a view to developing the communicative competence of managers, the authors noted that the analysis of their speech behavior remains unexamined. Thus, there is a certain imbalance between the increasing needs for qualified personnel and the lack of innovative approaches in training managers capable of managing tasks, resources, people, information, quality, projects and organizational changes in this area. In terms of speech development of a manager, at best, such disciplines as «speech culture», «pedagogical rhetoric», or training in certain types of speech genres in pedagogical discourse are offered. It is concluded that from a methodology perspective, the mandatory inclusion in management education programs of a genre studies course related to improving the manager’s speech activity and increasing the status of his linguistic personality as the main tool of his information, analytical and practical activities should help correct the current situation.

КУЛЬТУРА ДИСКУРСА И ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ВЕРБАЛЬНОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ

The article is dedicated to antinomy of discourse of speech activity and logistic of verbal behaviour. The world of objectively existing phenomena is contrasted with the reality of consciousness, manifesting phenomenal reality “for us”. Discourse is analyzed not in connection with the concept of culture of individual speakers, but as a significant phenomenon in any culture. The phenomenon of logos is examined in the light of civilization and mental states of language users. It has been noted that the language combines the receptive and monumental  essence and existence. It is postulated that the linguistic attempt to comprehend the world as the totality of knowable and knowing is feasible on the principles of receptive phenomenology. The opposition between interaction and communication sheds light on the essence of logos and its verbal embodiment in the word of Homo loquens (speaking human).

Analysis of A Dream of Red Mansions Character Dialogue based on Speech Act Theory

Based on the speech act theory of J·L·Austin and J·R ·Searle, this paper takes some dialogues in Luo Guanzhong’s A Dream of Red Mansions as the research object, and analyzes the dialogues of the characters in the novel from the two dimensions of direct speech act and introduction speech act, so as to understand the implied meaning of the characters in the novel, the connotation and value of the work more deeply, which is helpful for readers to better understand the plot and character characteristics of A Dream of Red Mansions.