Spectrophotometric Determination Of Paracetamol Research Articles

Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol Using Diazotization Coupling Reaction

An accurate, simple, and sensitive indirect spectrophotometric method which proposed and developed for the determination of paracetamol in different pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method was based on acid hydrolysis of PAR to produced p-aminophenol (PAP), PAP was diazotization with nitrite ion to form the corresponding diazonium salt, followed by coupling with histidine reagent in alkaline medium to produced azo dye that showed maximum absorbance at 430 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration rage of 10-500 µg/20 ml (i.e. 0.5-25 ppm). The molar absorpitivity and Sandell's sensitivity of the dye were. 1.118×104 l.mol-1.cm-1and 0.0135 µg.cm-2 respectively. The method successfully has been applied for the determination of PAR in pure form,and its pharmaceutical preparations (tablets, syrup and injection). ).

Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol in drug formulations with 1 – naphthol

Paracetamol with 1-Naphthol gave an azodye and the concentration of paracetamol was investigated spectrophotometrically. The dye formed with 1-Naphthol as a coupling agent followed Beer Lambert’s law within the range of 2 – 10 μgmL-1 of paracetamol at a lambda max (λmax) of 505nm. The molar absorptively of the azodye coupled with 1-Naphthol was found to be 1.6973×104 dm3mol-1cm-1, r2 was 0.9974. P value was found to be 0.013 at 95% confidence. LOD was 0. 02 μgmL-1 while LOQ was 0. 10 μgmL-1. The coupling agent has been applied successfully for the analysis of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations such as boska, ibex, mixagrip, norgesis and procold with the recovery of 101.27 %, 98.98 %, 99.47 %, 98.28 % and 101.6 % respectively. The relative standard deviation of all the five samples ranged from 0 % to 0.76 %. The method used in the present study may be applied to the determination of trace amount of paracetamol on clinical samples as it is simple, accurate and precise, and also reproducible.

UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol in Presence of Drotaverine Hydrochloride

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop three simple, specific and accurate spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra for the determination of paracetamol in binary mixture with drotaverine hydrochloride in tablet dosage form. Methods: In these methods, the absorption spectra of paracetamol were divided by 8 μg/ml of drotaverine hydrochloride to get the ratio spectra. In the first method (ratio difference), the difference in peak amplitudes of the ratio spectra were measured at 262 and 272 nm. The second method is a ratio subtraction which is based on determination of paracetamol at 248 nm after subtraction of interference exerted by drotaverine hydrochloride. In the third method (mean centering), the mean centered values of the ratio spectra were measured at 262 nm. Results: The proposed methods were accurate, precise and selective for determination of paracetamol in presence of drotaverine hydrochloride in pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1–10 μg/ml in all methods. Conclusion: The developed methods were used to determine the studied drug in bulk powder, laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage form with good accuracy and precision. All methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and the results obtained were statistically compared to those obtained from a reported method and were found to be in good agreement.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol in bulk and Pharmaceutical Preparations

A simple, and rapid spectrophotometric method for the estimation of paracetamol has been developed. The methods is based on diazotisation of 2,4-dichloroaniline followed by a coupling reaction with paracetamol in sodium hydroxide medium. All variables affecting the reaction conditions were carefully studied. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 4-350 ?gml?1 at 490 nm .The method is successfully employed for the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations. No interferes observed in the proposed method. Analytical parameters such as accuracy and precision have been established for the method and evaluated statistically to assess the application of the method.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol in bulk and Pharmaceutical Preparations

A simple, and rapid spectrophotometric method for the estimation of paracetamol has been developed. The methods is based on diazotisation of 2,4-dichloroaniline followed by a coupling reaction with paracetamol in sodium hydroxide medium. All variables affecting the reaction conditions were carefully studied. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 4-350 ?gml?1 at 490 nm .The method is successfully employed for the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations. No interferes observed in the proposed method. Analytical parameters such as accuracy and precision have been established for the method and evaluated statistically to assess the application of the method.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol by Reduction of 18-Molybdo-2-Phosphate Heteropoly Anion

A very simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for paracetamol assay in pharmaceuticals based on the reduction of 18-molybdo-2-phosphate heteropoly complex was developed. Reaction of 18-molybdo-2-phosphate with paracetamol is very fast at room temperature. The stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1. The molar absorptivity calculated for paracetamol was equal to that for heteropoly blue formed in the studied reaction and was of 1.15×10 4 l mol -1 cm -1

Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol and Orphenadrine Citrate in Tablet

Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol and Orphenadrine Citrate in Tablet

Multicommuted flow system employing pinch solenoid valves and micro-pumps: Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations

A multicommuted spectrophotometric flow-based procedure for the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations is proposed. The method is based on the reaction of paracetamol with sodium hypochlorite forming N-acetyl- p-benzoquinoneimine, which reacts with sodium salicylate in alkaline medium producing a blue indophenol dye that was measured at 640 nm. The flow system was designed employing four pinch solenoid valves and two solenoid micro-pumps, which were assembled aiming to obtain a compact module, resulting in minimization of reagents consumption and waste generation. Aiming to prove the usefulness of flow system an analytical procedure for paracetamol determination in pharmaceutical formulations was developed. To allow accuracy assessment samples were also analyzed using the AOAC reference method. Applying the paired t-test between results no significant difference at the 95% confidence level was observed. Other profitable features such as a linear response ranging from 5.0 to 125.0 mg l −1 ( R = 0.9992, n = 7), a sampling rate of 60 determinations per hour, a detection limit of 0.4 mg l −1 paracetamol, a relative standard deviation of 1.5% ( n = 11) for a typical sample solution containing 25.0 mg l −1 paracetamol, reagent consumption of 1.28 mg sodium hypochlorite and 6.4 mg sodium salicylate per determination were also achieved.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol in Urine with Tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene as a Coupling Reagent and Preconcentration with Triton X-114 Using Cloud Point Extraction

In the present paper, conventional spectrophotometry in conjunction with cloud point extraction-preconcentration were investigated as alternative methods for paracetamol (PCT) assay in urine samples. Cloud point extraction (CPE) was employed for the preconcentration of p-aminophenol (PAP) prior to spectrophotometric determination using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) as an extractant. The developed methods were based on acidic hydrolysis of PCT to PAP, which reacted at room temperature with 25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene (CAL4) in the presence of an oxidant (KIO(4)) to form an blue colored product. The PAP-CAL4 blue dye formed was subsequently entrapped in the surfactant micelles of Triton X-114. Cloud point phase separation with the aid of Triton X-114 induced by addition of Na(2)SO(4) solution was performed at room temperature as an advantage over other CPE assays requiring elevated temperatures. The 580 nm-absorbance maximum of the formed product was shifted bathochromically to 590 nm with CPE. The working range of 1.5-12 microg ml(-1) achieved by conventional spectrophotometry was reduced down to 0.14-1.5 microg ml(-1) with cloud point extraction, which was lower than those of most literature flow-through assays that also suffer from nonspecific absorption in the UV region. By preconcentrating 10 ml sample solution, a detection limit as low as 40.0 ng ml(-1) was obtained after a single-step extraction, achieving a preconcentration factor of 10. The stoichiometric composition of the dye was found to be 1 : 4 (PAP : CAL4). The impact of a number of parameters such as concentrations of CAL4, KIO(4), Triton X-100 (TX-100), and TX-114, extraction temperature, time periods for incubation and centrifugation, and sample volume were investigated in detail. The determination of PAP in the presence of paracetamol in micellar systems under these conditions is limited. The established procedures were successfully adopted for the determination of PCT in urine samples. Since the drug is rapidly absorbed and excreted largely in urine and its high doses have been associated with lethal hepatic necrosis and renal failure, development of a rapid, sensitive and selective assay of PCT is of vital importance for fast urinary screening and antidote administration before applying more sophisticated, but costly and laborious hyphenated instrumental techniques of HPLC-SPE-NMR-MS.

Indirect Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol via oxidative coupling reaction using chlorocresol reagent

Indirect Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol via oxidative coupling reaction using chlorocresol reagent

Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol with microwave assisted alkaline hydrolysis

A novel and rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of paracetamol is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is based on the microwave assisted alkaline hydrolysis of paracetamol to p-aminophenol that reacts with S 2− in the presence of Fe 3+ as oxidant to produce a methylene blue-like dye having an absorptivity maximum at 540 nm. The experiment showed that paracetamol could be hydrolysed quantitatively to p-aminophenol in only 1.5 min under radiation power 640 W using a microwave in NaOH medium. The system obeys Beer’s law in the range of 0–3.0×10 −4 mol l −1 paracetamol. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were found to be 3.2×10 3 l mol −1 cm −1 and 0.047 μg cm −2, respectively. The relative standard deviation ( n=11) was 1.7% for 8.0×10 −5 mol l −1 paracetamol. The method has been applied successfully to analysis of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparation.

Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol in pure form and in tablets

A spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of paracetamol in pure form and in tablets. The method depends on reaction of the drug with ammonium molybdate in strongly acidic medium to produce molybdenum blue. Effects of variables such as temperature, heating time, acidity and reagent concentration have been evaluated to permit selection of the most advantageous technique. Beer's law was followed for concentrations of up to 6 μg ml −1 of paracetamol and the detection limit (p = 0.05) was 0.10 μg ml −1. The molar absorptivity at 670 nm was 2.6 × 10 4 1 mol −1 cm −1 and the relevant Sandell's sensitivity of the reaction was 0.0059 μg cm −2 per 0.001 absorbance unit. Statistical analysis of the results and comparison with results by the BP method of analysis are also reported.

Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol in drug formulations by oxidation with potassium dichromate

A rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of paracetamol is described, based on oxidation with dichromate for 15 min in 6 M sulphuric acid at 80°, and measurement (at 580 nm) of the chromium(III) formed. The method is applied to the determination of paracetamol in drugs prescribed for colds, coughs and flu. Of the common pharmaceuticals associated with paracetamol, only ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid interfere. The results have been statistically compared with those obtained by the official (BP) and cerium(IV) methods.

Use of cerium(IV) sulphate in the spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations.

An accurate spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of paracetamol. Cerium(IV) sulphate is used to oxidise paracetamol in 5 M H2SO4 to p-benzoquinone, which is then determined at 410 nm. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of commercial pharmaceutical preparations and the results have been statistically compared with those obtained by the official (BP) method.

Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol with iodylbenzene

Paracetamol (N-acetyl-4-aminophenol) has been determined spectrophotometrically by its oxidation with iodylbenzene in acetone to produce the yellow-orange N-acetyl-1,4-benzoquinoneimine, which attains maximum colour intensity within 1 min and absorbs maximally at 430 nm. The maximum molar absorptivity is 1.58 x 10(3) l.mole(-1).cm(-1). The method is simple and rapid and has been found to be unaffected by the presence of salicylamide, oxyphenbutazone, acetylsalicylic acid, dipyrone and a number of other excipients.

Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol in drug formulations with 2-iodylbenzoate.

Paracetamol (N-acetyl-4-aminophenol) undergoes oxidation with 2-iodylbenzoate in acid medium, producing an orange-yellow colour that attains maximum intensity within 1 min and absorbs maximally at 444 nm. Determination is made either by adding an excess of the reagent to paracetamol and measuring the colour spectrophotometrically or by titrating the test solution photometrically with standardised 2-iodylbenzoate. The Sandell sensitivity is 0.232 µg cm–2 of paracetamol and the method is suitable for routine analysis and unaffected by the presence of salicylamide, oxyphenbutazone, analgin and a number of other excipients.