Spectrophotometric Determination Of Cu Research Articles

Tetrafunctionalized Azocalix[4]resorcinarene Dye: A Chromogenic Supramolecule Used for the Selective Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II)

Background: The detection and extraction of trace metal ions, particularly copper(II), are critical for environmental monitoring and industrial processes. Calixresorcinarene, with its unique cavity structure, offers excellent platforms for designing selective chemosensors and extractants. Functionalization of calixresorcinarene with azo groups can enhance their chromogenic properties, enabling both extraction and detection in a single step. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate its (Azocalix[4]resorcinaren) efficacy as a selective chemosensor for the liquid-liquid extraction and spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II) ions. Methods: Application in Extraction and Detection: The ability of the dye to selectively extract Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated via liquid-liquid extraction experiments. The dye-Cu(II) complex formation was monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, with systematic optimization of experimental conditions, including pH, solvent system, and extraction duration. Results: The synthesized azocalix[4]resorcinarene dye exhibited a pronounced selectivity towards Cu(II) ions, forming a stable, colored complex. The complexation induced a distinct bathochromic shift in the absorption spectrum, allowing for precise spectrophotometric detection. Optimal extraction was achieved at a specific pH and solvent combination, with the method demonstrating a low detection limit and high sensitivity. The dye showed minimal interference from other metal ions, confirming its selectivity for Cu(II). Conclusion: The tetrafunctionalized azocalix[4]resorcinarene dye is a highly effective chromogenic agent for the selective extraction and detection of Cu(II) ions. Its robust performance in both extraction efficiency and spectrophotometric detection underscores its potential utility in environmental analysis and industrial applications where trace metal detection is crucial.

ВПЛИВ ПОЖЕЖ В ПРИРОДНИХ ЕКОСИСТЕМАХ НА МІГРАЦІЙНУ ЗДАТНІСТЬ ВАЖКИХ МЕТАЛІВ, МЕТОДИ СОРБЦІЙНО-СПЕКТРОФОТОМЕТРИЧНОГО ЇХ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ

Purpose. Development of methods for sorption-spectrophotometric and atomic-emission determination of hazardous toxicants in order to increase the reliability of monitoring pollution parameters and assess possible future adverse consequences for humans and the environment. Methodology. Sorption-spectrophotometric and atomic-emission determination of Cu (II), Ni (II), Cd (II), Pb (II), Al (III), Fe (III), in soils degraded due to fires, using sorbents based on silica gel, sequentially modified with polyhexamethylene guanidine and arsenazo-I salts, which can be used for simple and fast methods for the determination of heavy and transition metals. Findings. Identification of chemical pollution by heavy metals in degraded soils as a result of tegogenic activity, fires, climate change for making the necessary management decisions. Originality. Sorbents for the group extraction of heavy metal ions were obtained by the method of non-covalent modification of the silica gel surface with polyhexamethylene guanidine and a triphenylmethane sulfonyl dye. Practical value. Techniques have been developed for the sorption-spectrophotometric and atomic-emission determination of Cu (II), Ni (II), Cd (II), Pb (II), Al (III), Fe (III) using silica gel, sequentially modified with salts of polyhexamethylene guanidine and arsenazo I, which can be used for simple, rapid test methods for determining the migration capacity of heavy and transition metals in technogenically polluted ecosystems and will make it possible to make scientifically based decisions on the priority of the implementation of environmental protection measures. To determine the microquantities of the ions under study, it is advisable to use fine-grained silica gel, and coarse-grained silica gel – to determine higher concentrations of the tested ions. Сonclusions. The paper proposes methods for the group sorption - spectrophotometric determination of Cu (II), Ni (II), Cd (II), Pb (II), Al (III), Fe (III) in the main components of the environment (soil and natural waters) on based on sorbents modified with specific analytical reagents, which is one of the promising directions for increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of analysis. References 15, tables 2, figures 5.

Development of spectrophotometry methods for the determination of copper (II) Ions by new azo reagent based on Pyridine

The determination of macro-and micro quantities of metal ions by reagents, in manufactured chemical products, food and medicinal products, alloys, waste water and air is one of the most important problems facing the analytical services in their day-to-day work. Especially important is problem of determination of trace amounts of metals, ions, which have a number of unique properties and are increasingly used in various fields of science, technology, medicine and agriculture. The aim of the work was the elaboration of a new photometric method for determining copper (II) in the compositions of artificial mixtures, industrial alloys, natural waters and other objects. Photometric, spectrophometric, Asmus straight line method equilibrium shift and spectrophometric titration, Tolmachev method, Babko dilution method, additives method; the influence of number of factors on complex formation have been studied and optimal conditions for spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II) were found. The sensitivity of the new method has been determined (sCuR2= 20000). The selectivity of the method was determined and the influence of outride ions was investigated. The developed spectrophotometry method was used to analysis of standard industrial samples (A-203-1, A-203-5, andM 123-1, M 99-5) and natural water ("Omonxona bulog'i") and obtained results were evaluated metrologically. In all cases relative standard deviation (Sr) doesn 't exceed 0.043.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu (+II) by Complexation with 2-(4-biphenyl) Imidazo [1,2-] Pyrimidine-3-Hydrazone and Studying Characteristics of prepared complex.

2-(4-biphenyl)imidazo[1,2-]pyrimidine-3-hydrazone (BIPH) is synthesized and used as a new complexation analytical reagent in quantitative determination of copper ions, a yellowish green complex is resulted from this reaction. At the beginning, the reaction conditions were optimized at 430 nm which is the maximum wave length 〖(λ〗_max) of the complex. The linear concentration range is 0.05-500ppm and the limit of detection is 0.122 ppm. To test validity of this determination method, it was applied on samples with different matrix, and copper ion concentrations such as life samples of urine, tap water, wastewater and industrial samples of 4%copper alloy and 99%copper alloy. Standard addition method is also used to avoid matrix effect on analytical results. In application of suggested method, the values of relative error were (-4.536)–2.071% and values of recoveries were 95.46-102.07%. The high stability constant of resulted complex (K=0.25×108), and the simplicity in procedure of complex preparation, both provided us a motivation to prepare complex, and to study some of its characteristics by performing the identified analyses such as FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM+EDX, conductance measurement, reflectance percent R% to enrich the proposed structure of complex.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II) in Analytical Sample Using a New Chromogenic Reagent (HPEDN)

The sensitive, accurate and rapid spectrophotometric method that can be used for determination of Cu(II) in the analytical samples using a new chromogenic reagent azo-Schiff base 1-((4-(1-(2-hydroxyphenylimino)ethyl)-phenyl)diazenyl) naphthalene-2-ol (HPEDN). The synthesized new (azo-Schiff base) ligand was complexed with copper(II) and characterized using UV/Vis spectroscopy, IR spectra, 1H-NMR, 13CN-MR spectra, Molar electrical connectivity, and measuring of their melting points. Then obtained complex showed a brown color with maximum absorption at λmax = 500 nm at pH = 9. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration in the range of 1.7 to 5.4 μg/mL. The molar absorption and Sandell’s sensitivity values of Cu(II) complex were found to be 0.5038 × 104 L mol–1 cm–1 and 0.0039 μg cm–2, respectively. Structure of the prepared complex was investigated by using the continuous variation, mole ratio method and slope analysis method. The obtained results showed that the complex has (1:2) (M:L) molar ratio and these results showed that this method were more sensitive, more precise and accuracy through the calculation of (Re, Erel, R.S.D)%. The most important interferences were due to, Co2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Pd2+, Fe3+ and these were studied, and suitable masking agents were used. This method was applied for the determination of Cu(II) in alloy. The obtained results were compared with flame atomic absorption spectrometry method and these results were in a good agreement in these two cases.

Synthesis of 6-(Phenanthrene-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4,-triazine-3-thione as a New Reagent for the Non-Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II)

A simple, sensitive, and non-extractive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of copper (II) using a newly synthesized chromogenic reagent, 6-(phenanthrene-3-yl)-1,2,4,-triazine-3-thione(PhDTT), in Tween 80 neutral surfactant. To synthesize the reagent (PhDDT), amyl nitrite was added to 3-acethylphenanthrene and refluxed for 26 hours to produce 2-oxo-2-(phenanthren-3-yl) acetaldehyde oxime (I). The reaction of compound (I) with thiosemicarbazide yielded the reagent (PhDDT). Copper (II) forms a red colored complex with 6-(phenanthrene-3-yl)-1,2,4,-triazine-3-tion which shows maximum absorbance at 460 nm in the pH range 9.0-11.0. Beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration range of 1.4-10 µg/mL Cu2+ with r2 = 0.999. The limit of detection was 0.48 μg/mL of copper (II). The within-day and between-day precision values were in the range of 0.38-3.3%. The method was tested by analyzing the amalgam samples. The results were in good agreement with the atomic absorption.

Synthesis and Characterization of 2- Acetyl Furan Benzoyl Hydrazone and its Applications in the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu (II)

Synthesis and Characterization of 2- Acetyl Furan Benzoyl Hydrazone and its Applications in the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu (II)

Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II) by Complex with Ethyl Cyano(2-Methyl Carboxylate Phenyl Azo Acetate) (ECA)

A new simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amount of Cu(II) in the ethanol solution have been developed. The method is based on the complexation of Cu(II) with ethyl cyano(2-methyl carboxylate phenyl azo acetate) (ECA) in basic medium of sodium hydroxide givining maximum absorbance at (λmax = 521 nm). Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range (5-50) (μg / ml) with molar absorptivity of (3.1773 × 102 L mol-1 cm-1) and correlation coefficient (0.9989). The optimum conditions for the determination of Cu(II)-complex and have been studied and applied to determine Cu(II) in synthetic water sample using simple and standard addition methods.

Spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II) in soil and vegetable samples collected from Abraha Atsbeha, Tigray, Ethiopia using heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone.

Two selective and sensitive reagents, 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (2-APT) and 3-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (3-APT) were used for the spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II). Both reagents gave yellowish Cu(II) complex at a pH range of 8.0–10.0. Beer’s law was obeyed for Cu(II)–2-APT and Cu(II)–3-APT in the concentration range of 0.16–1.3 and 0.44–1.05 µg/mL, respectively. The molar absorptivity and of Cu(II)–2-APT and Cu(II)–3-APT were 2.14 × 104 at 370 nm, and 6.7 × 103 L/mol cm at 350 nm, respectively, while the Sandell’s sensitivity were 0.009 and 0.029 µg/cm2 in that order. The correlation coefficient of the standard curves of Cu(II)–2-APT and Cu(II)–3-APT were 0.999 and 0.998, respectively. The detection limit of the Cu(II)–2-APT and Cu(II)–3-APT methods were 0.053 and 0.147 µg/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated that the procedure is precise (relative standard deviation <2 %, n = 10). The method was tested for Cu(II) determination in soil and vegetable samples. Comparisons of the results with those obtained using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer for Cu(II) determination also tested the validity of the method using paired sample t test at the 0.05 level showing a good agreement between them.

H-point Standard Addition Method (HPSAM) for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II) and Pd(II) by 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in Micellar Media

The H-point standard addition method (HPSAM) is proposed for the simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Pd(II). It is a simple, selective, and sensitive, spectrophotometric method. The basis of this technique is the complex formation of Cu(II) and Pd(II) with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) at pH 2.2, and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a micellizing agent. The sensitivity and selectivity of the method improve in the presence of a micellar system and an acidic medium, respectively. Cu(II) and Pd(II) can be determined in the concentration ranges of 0.04-3.40 and 0.12-6.0 μg mL-1 with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The proposed method was used for the simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Pd(II) in water and various synthetic alloy samples with different concentration ratios of Cu(II) and Pd(II) with good accuracy and precision.

PH-sensitive hydrogel for coacervative cloud point extraction and spectrophotometric determination of Cu (II): optimization by central composite design

In this work a new coacervative extraction method using pH-sensitive hydrogel has been developed for preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of Cu (II) based on the complex formation with Zincon (2-carboxy-2″-hydroxy-5″-sulfoformazylbenzene) in water samples. In the extraction step, appropriate amounts of poly (styrene-alt-maleic anhydride), as a pH-sensitive hydrogel, was added into the aqueous solution, so a rather cloudy solution was formed. Organic and inorganic compounds having the potential to interact with polymer particles could be extracted into the organic phase. The surface area between the polymer particles and the aqueous sample becomes very large, so the equilibrium state is achieved quickly. After centrifuging, hydrogel-rich phase was sedimented in the bottom of sample tube. The sedimented phase was diluted with methanol and the absorbance of the solution was measured at 615 nm (λmax of the complex in hydrogel media). Central composite design (CCD) was performed at five levels to optimize the main experimental parameters including, concentration of hydrogel, HCl, Zincon and salting-out effect. Under the optimum conditions the linear analytical range was 5–500 ng mL−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.991. The limit of detection was 3.4 ng mL−1. The proposed method is an efficient, rapid, simple and inexpensive microextraction technique and was successfully applied for the determination of copper in various water samples.

Sequential Determination of Mono- and Divalent Copper in Water by Flow-Injection Analysis

A simple and sequential method is presented for the fast speciation of copper in aqueous media. The use of a spectroelectrochemical flow-cell allows the quantification of individual copper oxidation states using a combination of spectroscopical and electrochemical techniques. The proposed method is based on a reverse flow injection system (r-FIA) for the spectrophotometric determination of Cu (II) with cuprizone, with a linear fit between 1.2 and 12 μg mL−1 and a detection limit of 0.11 μg mL−1. Amperometric determination of Cu (I) is synchronized with the optical measurement to avoid interferences and has a linear behavior ranged from 0.04 to 0.8 μg mL−1 and a detection limit of 7.7 ng mL−1.

Development of Method for Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II) with 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene Carboxaldehyde Phenyl Hydrazone as an Analytical Reagent

A spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Cu(II) using 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene carboxaldehyde phenyl hydrazone as an extractive reagent. The reagent forms a coloured complex, which has been quantitatively extracted into n-butanol at pH 9.2. The method obeys Beer’s law over arrange from 1 to 10 ppm. The Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 0.97 × 104 L mol-1cm-1 and 0.26 µg·cm-2 respectively. The proposed method is very sensitive and selective. The method has been successfully applied to synthetic and commercial samples.

Development of Method for Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II) with 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene Carboxaldehyde Phenyl Hydrazone as an Analytical Reagent

A spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Cu(II) using 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalene carboxaldehyde phenyl hydrazone as an extractive reagent. The reagent forms a coloured complex, which has been quantitatively extracted into n-butanol at pH 9.2. The method obeys Beer’s law over arrange from 1 to 10 ppm. The Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 0.97 × 104 L mol-1cm-1 and 0.26 µg·cm-2 respectively. The proposed method is very sensitive and selective. The method has been successfully applied to synthetic and commercial samples.

Liquid-liquid Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II) with N, N'bis (O-hydroxy acetophenone) Ethylene Diimine Derivative as an Analytical Reagent

A simple and precise spectrophotometric method is coupled with solvent extraction technique and used for the determination of Cu(II) using N,N'bis(O-hydroxy acetophenone) ethylene diimine (HAPED) as an analytical reagent. This reagent is synthesized in the laboratory and characterized by NMR, IR, Mass and elemental analysis for its purity. The reagent form a light pink coloured stable complex with copper metal, which can be quantitatively extracted into chloroform at pH 3.6. This Cu(II)-HAPED complex in chloroform exhibit intense absorption peak at 405nm. The study of change of colour intensity of Cu(II)-HAPED complex with varying concentration of reagent showed that 2cm3 of 0.1% of reagent is sufficient for full colour development of 100ppm copper solution. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 1 to 10 ppm of copper solution giving linear and reproducible graph. The stoichiometric ratio of complex studied by Job's contionuous variation method, mole ratio and slope ratio method. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity are also calculated. The molar absorptivity is 4012.73 L/mol/cm and Sandell sensitivity is 0.0158 μg/cm2. The newly developed method is then applied to various commercial samples successfully and observed to be competable with earlier known methods.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(2+) and Monitoring of Hg(2+) and Ni(2+) in some Iranian Vegetables Using 6-(2-Naphthyl)-2, 3-Dihydro-as-triazine-3-thione.

Recently, 6-(2-naphthyl)-2, 3-dihydro-as-triazine-3-thione (NDTT) was synthesized in laboratory and used successfully for the spectrophotometric determination of nanogram levels of Cu(2+) in aqueous solution. This reagent forms a specific red complex with Cu(2+) ions after the extraction by chloroform at alkaline pH. The absorption of the complex in the UV region (313 nm) is about 8 times as strong as in the visible one (510 nm). Mercury and nickel ions form yellow complexes with NDTT under the same conditions which interfere in the UV region and without effect on Cu (II) absorbance in the visible region. The studied vegetables include Mentha pipereta L., Anethum graveolens L., Beta vulgaris L., Coriandrum sativum, Petroselinum hortense H., Ocimum basilicum L., Spinacia oleracea L., Lactuca sativa L., and Brassica oleracea L.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) using ratio spectra-continuous wavelet transformation in some food and environmental samples

Ratio spectra-continuous wavelet transformation was used for the simultaneous determination of ternary mixtures of copper, cobalt and nickel without prior separation steps. The method is based on the complexation reaction of these cations with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) in triton X-100 micellar media at pH 8.0. The results showed that Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) could be determined simultaneously in the ranges 0.20-4.0, 0.20-4.0 and 0.50-7.0 mg L-1, respectively. Different mother wavelets from the family of continuous wavelet transforms were selected and applied under the optimal conditions for multi-component determinations. The method was tested by analyzing various synthetic ternary mixtures of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions. Under the working conditions, the proposed method was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of these metals content evaluation in some real samples including multivitamin tablet, tea, barley, spinach, chocolate, milk powder, soil, sea water and tap water samples.

UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II) in Synthetic Mixture and Water Samples

AbstractA new and novel UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination Cu(II) in synthetic mixture and water samples. The method is based on complex formation of Cu(II) with cefixime immediately in 1,4‐dioxan‐distilled water medium at room temperature. The complex showed maximum absorption wavelength at 336 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 1.015‐8.122 μg mL−1 (Linear regression: A = 1.59 × 10−3 + 1.305 × 10−1 C) with apparent molar absorptivity (8.29 × 103 L mol−1cm−1) and Sandell's sensitivity (0.008 μg/cm2/0.001 absorbance unit). The limits of detection and quantitation for the developed method are 3.19 × 10−2 and 9.65 × 10−2 μg mL−1, respectively. Interferences due to Mn(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), Cd(II), Al(III), Pb(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cr(III), Hg(II) and As(III) was investigated. Nine cations do not interfere in the determination of Cu(II). Proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cu(II) in synthetic mixture, sea and well water samples.

Multivariate calibration of spectrophotometric data using a partial least squares with data fusion

A novel method named DF-PLS based on partial least squares (PLS) regression combined with data fusion (DF) was applied to enhance the ability of extracting characteristic information and the quality of regression for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(III). Data fusion is a technique that seamlessly integrates information from disparate sources to produce a single model or decision. Wavelet representations of signals provide a local time-frequency description and are multiscale in nature, thus in the wavelet domain, the quality of noise removal is implemented by a scale-dependent threshold method. Information from different wavelet scales is just like different sources of information. Integrating the information from different wavelet scales to obtain a PLS model belongs to the technique of data fusion. PLS was applied for multivariate calibration and noise reduction by eliminating the less important latent variables. In this case, by optimization, wavelet functions, decomposition level and thresholding methods and the number of PLS factors for DF-PLS were selected as Daubechies 4, 7, HYBRID thresholding and 3, respectively. The relative standard errors of prediction (RSEP) for all compounds with DF-PLS and PLS were 3.13% and 10.3%, respectively. Experimental results showed the DF-PLS method to be successful for simultaneous multicomponent determination even when severe overlap of spectra was present and proved it to be better than PLS. The DF-PLS method is a hybrid technique that combines the best attributes of DF and PLS, which makes it a promising and attractive method.

Simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Pd(II) as 4-phenylpiperazinecarbodithioate complex using H-point standard addition method and derivative spectrophotometry

A new, simple, inexpensive, and sensitive method for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II) and Pd(II) by H-point standard addition method and derivative spectrophotometry is described. 4- Phenylpiperazinecarbodithioate (PPDTC) in an anionic micellar solution of SLS was used as a reagent at pH 4. The experimental parameters, such as pH, type of surfactant, concentration of reagent, and surfactant used, were optimized to minimize the errors. The linear ranges of the method were 0.1-10 and 0.1-11 \mu g mL^{-1} for Cu(II) and Pd(II), respectively. The results of applying H-point standard addition and fourth derivative spectrophotometry showed that Cu(II) and Pd(II) can be determined simultaneously with detection limits of 0.12 and 0.11 \mu g mL^{-1} respectively. Therefore, the method of H-point standard addition and fourth derivative spectrophotometry was used for resolving overlapped spectra for the determination of Cu(II) and Pd(II). This method was successfully applied to the determination of these metals in synthetic and real samples.