Terms Of Specificity Research Articles (Page 1)

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of issuers’ biodiversity management on green bond prices, focusing on a pivotal question that whether and how private investors price green investments effectively in response to biodiversity losses (Flammer, Giroux, and Heal 2025). Our findings indicate that poor corporate biodiversity management substantially reduces green bond prices, resulting in higher financing costs. Our main results still hold after carrying out various robust checks. We identify two economic channels: corporate financial exposures to physical climate risk and transition risk that impact green bond prices even in the framework of biodiversity finance. Furthermore, we document heterogenous effects on bond prices depending on the specific terms of bonds and issuer’s characteristics, respectively. Our novel evidence demonstrates that private capital can price green bonds to account for risk premiums, contributing to the closure of financing gap and the advancement of biodiversity protection.

The pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) remains poorly understood. While it is commonly accepted that iNPH has an insidious onset, little is known about its preclinical and early stages and its development over time. To gain more insight into how iNPH becomes manifest clinically and radiologically, and how its major clinical symptoms evolve in non-shunted patients. For this critical review a literature search was performed using specific search terms concerning the evolution of iNPH. Manuscripts were categorized according to their content providing information on different domains including the early manifestation of clinical features, the evolution of the three major clinical symptoms, and the development of radiological findings. Gait disturbance in general, is the earliest clinical symptom of iNPH. There is a gradual but variable decline within the first years resulting in a change of phenotype. Cognitive impairment varies widely depending on co-morbidities. Urinary dysfunction evolves from urinary urgency to incontinence. Radiological features of iNPH such as ventricular enlargement, enlarged subarachnoid spaces, and flattening of sulci at the parasagittal high convexity are present in the preclinical stage of iNPH, but the sequence of their appearance remains unclear as well as the impact of white matter lesions. The evolution of iNPH shows remarkable heterogeneity. While there is a need to define distinct clinical stages, it is also important to better identify the preclinical stages of iNPH. Assessment of treatment outcomes needs to consider the stage of the disease at the time of intervention.

Vascular Surgery Terminology in Spanish: Origin, Availability, and Comprehensibility.

To analyze the current scientific literature on the main dietary and nutritional interventions proposed for children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric disorders and describe their efficacy and safety, differentiating evidence-based practices from common myths. The search was conducted using PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases (2019-2025). The specific terms used in the search were formulated to encompass dietary interventions in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric disorders and their outcomes. Gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diets did not reduce ASD symptoms and should be reserved for confirmed allergy or intolerance. Probiotics have shown inconsistent results for core ASD/ADHD symptoms, although they may alleviate gastrointestinal complaints in subgroups. Omega-3 s have shown modest and heterogeneous effects; In ADHD, high-dose EPA may improve attention when baseline levels are low, without consistent benefit in other domains. N-acetylcysteine reduced irritability in some trials, with no consistent effect on core symptoms. Folinic acid showed benefits in subgroups defined by biomarkers (folate receptor autoantibodies) and in ASD with language impairment, but this needs to be confirmed in larger studies. For vitamin D, high rates of insufficiency and possible modest gains in sub-outcomes were observed, with methodological heterogeneity. This literature review showed that there is no scientific support for generalized dietary interventions, such as restrictive diets or nutritional supplementation, in the treatment of childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Current evidence suggests the need for individualization and continuous monitoring. Specific interventions are justified only in the case of documented nutritional deficiencies.

Motifs function as recurring narrative elements, growing in impact as the story unfolds. The motif of the horse is central to the narrative of Lethal White, the fourth book in the crime series by Robert Galbraith (J. K. Rowling). This study aims at examining the contribution of the motif of the horse to the plot structure of the novel and to the development of its themes. In the article, the linguistic/figurative items that realize the motif of the horse in Lethal White are categorized in accordance with the system of text-world elements suggested by Text World Theory. As for the plot structure of the novel, the motif discussed is plot-intensive since it highlights all the nuclear action sequences. Moreover, when the three main plot lines (investigations of different yet connected crimes by a private detective duo, Cormoran Strike and Robin Ellacott) intersect, the motif centered on the horse recurs at the points of intersections. Cognitively, this motif underscores the themes of Lethal White that are related to some basic elements of British culture: historical heritage of the nation, social ranking, ethics of humanhorse relationship, aesthetic and commercial aspects of art, horse racing as a popular equestrian activity, a pastime, and a sports betting business. The motif of the horse is most ingeniously (through the use of paratextual/ intertextual/rhetorical devices, specific terms, factual descriptions) employed by the author to bring to the fore the theme of death, which is ubiquitous in all novels by Robert Galbraith / J. K. Rowling. In Lethal White, the death of animals equals to the death of humans. Overall, it can be claimed that, setting aside the issue of crime, the author addresses both universal and culturespecific problems, and presents a realistic picture of contemporary British society.

The global popularity of Korean films and dramas has heightened the demand for high quality subtitle translations. Such translations must preserve both linguistic meaning and cultural authenticity for audiences unfamiliar with Korean culture. Therefore, this study is to examine how Korean culturally specific terms were translated into English subtitles in the film 20th Century Girl (2022), focussing on the strategies used in negotiating meaning between authenticity and accessibility. Using a qualitative content analysis supported by descriptive quantification, 60 culturally significant terms were identified and analysed. Translation strategies were categorised following Newmark's (1988) translation framework and compared with perspectives from Venuti (1995) and Nida (1974) to provide a broader theoretical grounding. The findings reveal eight strategies word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic, adaptation, free, idiomatic, and communicative translation were employed to varying degrees. Literal and faithful translations to maintain accuracy, but sometimes produced awkward phrasing in English. By contrast, communicative and idiomatic strategies tended to capture tone and emotional nuance more effectively. In situations where no direct equivalent was available, adaptation and free translation were used to convey the intended meaning without losing clarity. These findings suggest that subtitling extends beyond a linguistic task to a cultural act requiring careful negotiation of meaning, tone, and context. By addressing the challenges of cross-cultural communication in subtitling, this study contributes to the growing scholarship on audio visual translation. It also highlights the value of culturally sensitive translation methods in helping global audiences appreciate Korean culture more deeply. Overall, the study offers insights into the challenges of subtitling and underscores the importance of cultural sensitivity for translators, scholars, and practitioners engaged in cross-cultural media.

Despite recent advances in several imaging modalities, the poor fate of pancreatic tumours has remained a worry in recent decades. The inability to detect pancreatic tumours in their early stages is often due to the organ's small size, its attenuation being similar to that of normal-sized pancreas, or the fact that it is hidden during CT scans. This work presents a systematic approach to monitoring, forecasting and classifying pancreatic tumours. By combining the promising aspects of algorithms influenced by nature with Deep Neural Network (DNN) technology, the proposed model strikes the perfect balance between the two methods. The proposed model uses BAT-ML image segmentation on a CT dataset to look for pancreatic tumours in medical images obtained from CT scans.In terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and F1 score, the suggested model is compared to other current models such as IDLDMS, weighted KLM and Kernel-ELM. Achieving a classification accuracy of 99.61%, the proposed model demonstrates superior performance compared to these existing approaches.

This study explores the use of English emotion vocabulary by learners of English with L11 Moroccan Arabic (MA). Just as with color terms, languages carve up the emotional spectrum differently. Cross-linguistic comparison of emotion lexicons may, therefore, reveal varying degrees of lexical equivalence. In addition to this lexical anisomorphism, the study investigates the effects of word frequency and L2 proficiency on the use of English emotion vocabulary. To examine these factors, intermediate and advanced learners of English, as well as a group of native English speakers, watched two concise films and described the actors’ emotions during specific scenes. The data was analyzed listing the most frequently used emotion terms for each group. Chi-square tests were then performed to compare the significance of the lexical choices made by native speakers to those provided by each learner group. The results indicate that advanced learners managed to describe the suggested scenes using nearly the same emotion words as native speakers. However, some culture-specific emotion terms posed problems for them. L2 proficiency demonstrated a strong effect, as intermediate learners often deviated from native usage. The implications drawn from these results suggest that culturally specific emotion terms, which lead to lexical inequivalence, should be considered alongside factors, namely word type and word frequency, that can challenge learners in acquiring L2 vocabulary. The study also highlights the importance of context-rich instruction of L2 emotion vocabulary and opens avenues for further research that would contribute to the understanding of the intersection between second language acquisition, culture, and emotions.

Following widespread public outrage over the deadly impacts of severe pollution of Ogoniland emanating from decades of oil mining by Shell, the Nigerian government commissioned the UNEP in 2006 to undertake an independent environmental assessment of Ogoniland. The UNEP report indicted Shell for violation of established industry standards, pointing out that it could take up to 30 years to clean up oil spills that have destroyed the environment and the people’s livelihood. Thereafter, the government pledged to undertake a holistic clean-up of Ogoniland. The study evaluates the status of the ongoing clean-up, and seeks to recommend the role the Nigerian media can play in the project actualisation. This qualitative research adopts mixed methods comprising documentary research and personal observation. Results indicate a significant stakeholder dissatisfaction with the pace and quality of the remediation of Ogoniland, and a general lack of public confidence in HYPREP to actualise the clean-up. It also demonstrates, in specific terms, how advocacy journalism, environmental surveillance and agenda-setting can be applied to pressure the government to make good its professed commitment to the clean-up. It is recommended that HYPREP partner with the media to drive stakeholder engagement for a successful execution of the clean-up project.

This article addresses the strategies used to translate terms for black people in the novels To Kill a Mockingbird and Go Set a Watchman into Slovenian and German; these literary works were translated into both languages during the same periods. ​The extent to which the connotative meaning of a specific term from the original culture was preserved in a certain target culture is analysed and the potential influence of the translation strategies on the perception of the novels is discussed.

Objective: To expand understanding of how disability status, disability type, and contextual factors shape past-year sexual assault victimization among female college students. Participants: ACHA-NCHA III (Fall 2020–Spring 2022) data from 94,284 female students at U.S. 4-year institutions. Methods: Separate logistic regressions modeled five past-year outcomes—any sexual assault, sexually touched, attempted assault, completed assault, and relationship assault—with predictors for disability status and specific types (ADD/ADHD, learning disability, blindness/low vision, deaf/hearing loss, autism spectrum disorder, mobility/dexterity, and speech/language) and interaction terms with contextual factors: sexual orientation, Greek life membership, and alcohol/cannabis use frequency. Results: Female students with disabilities had higher predicted probabilities across all outcomes, with the largest disparities for ADD/ADHD, learning disability, and blindness/low vision. Interaction models revealed amplified risk among non-heterosexual and Greek-affiliated students and increased as alcohol and cannabis use frequency rose. Conclusion: Findings support disability-informed prevention through coordinated campus advocacy and disability services.

Background Patient education is crucial for understanding medical conditions, treatment options, and self-management techniques. Digital technology has revolutionised patient education, providing efficient and cost-effective alternatives to traditional methods. However, challenges persist in customising educational materials to specific clinical settings. Objectives We investigated the relationship between healthcare terminology standards and the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) dictionary. Our aim was to provide practical mapping guidance and case examples to help users better understand how to map patient education materials (PEM) to SNOMED CT to generate consistent results across different institutions. Methods We mapped the titles of PEM in a single hospital setting using SNOMED CT terms. We focused on materials made between October 1, 2018, and November 30, 2022, and found 1,271 matchable PEM titles. Keywords were identified and sorted into categories like Target, Time, Condition, and Procedure. Two researchers worked independently to match these keywords with SNOMED CT, and any differences were resolved through discussion or third-party review. Results Out of 1,271 PEM titles that were assigned to categories, only 3.9% remained unmapped. Most of the mapped titles were related to Procedure (93.3%), Condition (56.8%), Time (17.5%), and Target (12%); 2,688 keywords were mapped, with 62.4% single-mapped and 36.9% were multi-mapped. Among the keywords mapped to various categories, Procedures accounted for the highest proportion (49.4%). Conclusions Examining the keywords mapped to each SNOMED CT concept in different categories provided valuable insights into how terms are distributed and improved our understanding of the specific terms used in PEM. When educational materials are mapped to standard clinical terminologies and integrated into the Electronic Health Record (EHR), patients receive personalised and relevant health information, potentially improving engagement and health outcomes. This approach may reduce the workload of healthcare personnel, reduce miscommunication, and improve overall healthcare efficiency.

The increasing pace of habitat loss and environmental changes necessitates urgent research into the biodiversity of plant families such as Zingiberaceae. This review explores the discovery of new species within the Zingiberaceae family in Asia over the past six years, focusing on their distribution, characteristics, and the significance of these findings. The literature review involved searching various databases, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Google Books, and the Internet Archive, for references on new Zingiberaceae species. Specific search terms such as "new Zingiberaceae species," "discovery," "Asia," and "characterization" were used to identify pertinent articles. After collecting and analysing data, a total of 119 new species were identified across 11 countries, namely Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. The genera include Alpinia, Boesenbegia, Curcuma, Etlingera, Globba, Hedychium, Kaempferia, Monolophus, Plagiostachys, Pleuranthodium, Sundamomum, Wurfbaiana, Conamomum, and Zingiber. Notably, the genus Curcuma was the most prolific, with 37 new species. Thailand emerged as the leading country in terms of new species discoveries. This comprehensive review highlights the diverse characteristics of these species and underscores the critical role of Zingiberaceae in ecological and economic contexts. The findings emphasize the importance of continued botanical exploration and research to enhance our understanding of biodiversity and to unlock potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and other industries.

Purpose Drawing on perspectives from Human-Computer Interaction and interactive marketing, this study examines how immersive technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) shape virtual customer experiences (VCEs) as standalone digital offerings. It explores how these technologies deliver intrinsic experiential value across emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions, rather than merely supporting purchase decisions. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review was conducted using the Scopus and Web of Science databases, analyzing 78 peer-reviewed articles published in journals listed on the Australian Business Deans Council Quality List. The search included specific and broader terms (e.g. “virtual customer experience,” “immersive technology,” “consumer experience”) to capture interdisciplinary perspectives. Findings The review identifies immersive environments – such as virtual brand worlds, AR-based entertainment, and gamified VR scenarios – as sources of intrinsic consumer value, fostering sustained engagement, brand attachment, and satisfaction independently from traditional product sales. However, ethical and psychological concerns, including technostress, privacy, and cognitive fatigue, also emerged as significant factors shaping consumer interactions. These insights are structured into a conceptual framework outlining three stages of the VCE journey: pre-decision, phygital interaction, and post-intention engagement. Originality/value This review synthesizes previously fragmented insights, providing a holistic view encompassing both enjoyment-driven and practical aspects of immersive interactions, while emphasizing the importance of inclusive and ethically responsible design.

The article examines term formation in English and Azerbaijani, highlighting how rapid scientific and technological progress drives the creation of new terminology. As each discipline develops, specific terms emerge, enriching the scientific lexicon and shaping the style of academic discourse. Terminological vocabulary reflects concepts from diverse areas such as technology, production, agriculture, economy, literature, and art. Continuous societal and scientific advances foster the renewal of this lexical layer, with specialized vocabulary expanding faster than general vocabulary. A comparative analysis shows that enrichment of terminology in both English and Azerbaijani follows similar sources and methods, ensuring parallel growth of their terminological systems.

Pain, particularly cramping, in people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is often underrecognized and under-treated. Despite affecting over 70% of people living with ALS (plwALS), cramping pain remains inadequately managed due to its complex nature and the difficulties plwALS face in communicating their symptoms as the disease progresses. This systematic review explores both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for cramping pain in ALS, aiming to assess and compare their efficacy. The systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered with PROSPERO (ID CRD42024521649). A comprehensive search was performed across MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane databases from inception until February 1, 2024, using specific search terms related to ALS and cramping. The search resulted in the identification of 368 studies. After duplicates were removed, abstracts screened, and full texts reviewed, nine studies were included. Pharmacological interventions such as mexiletine demonstrated significant reductions in cramp frequency and intensity in several trials, with varying doses showing distinct levels of effectiveness. Other medications like dronabinol and levetiracetam were also tested but showed limited efficacy in reducing cramp severity. Among non-pharmacological options, supervised exercise programs, particularly those incorporating stretching and functional mobility, were effective in reducing cramping pain intensity, while unsupervised home exercise programs did not show significant improvements. The review demonstrates the scarcity of high-quality research on cramping pain management in ALS. Mexiletine emerged as the most promising pharmacological intervention, providing notable relief, while supervised exercise therapy demonstrated beneficial effects.

Abstract We extend the theory of topological recursion by considering Airy ideals (also known as Airy structures) whose partition functions are highest weight vectors of particular $$\mathcal {W}$$ W -algebra representations. Such highest weight vectors arise as partition functions of Airy ideals only under certain conditions on the representations. In the spectral curve formulation of topological recursion, we show that this generalization amounts to adding specific terms to the correlators $$ \omega _{g,1}$$ ω g , 1 , which leads to a “shifted topological recursion” formula. We then prove that the wave-functions constructed from this shifted version of topological recursion are WKB solutions of families of quantizations of the spectral curve with $$ \hslash $$ ℏ -dependent terms. In the reverse direction, starting from an $$\hslash $$ ℏ -connection, we find that it is of topological type if the exact same conditions that we found for the Airy ideals are satisfied. When this happens, the resulting shifted loop equations can be solved by the shifted topological recursion obtained earlier.

Abstract Mathematical thinking can reveal growth and insights into conceptual understanding and mathematical processes and procedures. It is widely recognised that mathematical thinking is a multi-faceted, multi-modal, and complex process. In communicating mathematical thinking, students can use both specific mathematical terms and language or generic language. The use of generic language can facilitate mathematical thinking. However, there is little known about the processes that primary-aged students use in communicating their mathematical thinking to others. To address this, Edward de Bono’s (1971) practical thinking was used to identify specifically the use of ambivalent or vague terms or what de Bono refers to as porridge words that children use to facilitate the communication of their mathematical thinking. To identify the occurrence and frequency of porridge words, qualitative data in the form of children’s drawings, descriptions of their drawings, and responses were analysed using a retroductive process. Employing discourse analysis uncovered patterns in how students used porridge words to communicate their mathematical thinking. Discourse analysis identified four categories of porridge words: (1) generic porridge words; (2) conceptual use; (3) process or procedural use; and (4) invisible thinking. An aim of applying porridge words to students’ mathematical thinking was to make an ambiguous aspect of mathematical practice transparent and relatable. Encouraging students to clarify vague terms, or porridge words, explain their reasoning, and reflect on their word choices can support deeper understanding and promote more accurate communication of mathematical thinking.

Genetic overlap of severe psychiatric disorders with lung function and asthma suggests shared biological mechanisms.

ABSTRACT Aspect‐based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) is a vital NLP task that identifies sentiment towards specific entities or aspect terms within a text. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in semantic comprehension and logical inference. However, LLM hallucinations pose challenges in accurately determining sentiment polarity for aspect terms, leading to performance issues. Moreover, current ABSA methods often fail to fully leverage the vast prior knowledge embedded within LLMs, resulting in suboptimal classification outcomes for specific aspects. Inspired by these challenges, we propose the BYD‐OBS‐ABSA framework—‘Beyond Simple Observations, Embracing Comprehensive Contextual Insights’ for ABSA tasks. This framework leverages unique in‐context constraints, backgrounds, and analogical reasoning to address LLM hallucinations and uses self‐adaptive bootstrap instructions optimization to enhance LLM predictions. BYD‐OBS‐ABSA integrates various in‐context augmentation strategies, including emotion‐oriented backgrounds, constraints, and analogical reasoning. BYD‐OBS‐ABSA further improves initial LLM instructions through adaptive iterative optimization using a random search bootstrap algorithm, maximizing the benefits of LLM prompting. Extensive zero/few‐shot experiments with GPT‐3.5‐turbo across six public datasets validate the effectiveness and robustness of our framework, even surpassing human judgment in certain scenarios.