Specific Sense Research Articles

Varieties of Love: Intentionality, Temporality and Agency

Abstract This paper presents a new phenomenology of love, with a fresh analysis of its intentional and temporal structures and a clarification of its affective, axiological and conative bases. The paper begins by questioning the habitual manner of classifying emotions into oppositional pairs of positive and negative ones. The second part focuses on the intentional and temporal structures of love. It demonstrates that love is a personal emotion in the specific sense that it draws from the very core of the intentional subject and is conatively anchored in this core. On the basis of this analysis, the paper argues that the obligation to care for the loved one is transitive: love demands that the lover cares not just for her beloved but also for the loves of her beloved. Utilizing these results, the third part proceeds to study the role of love in ethics. In this interest it develops a novel interpretation of the ‘commandment of love’.

Red Emissive Carbon Dots as Fluorescent Probe for Specific Sensing and Imaging of HCIO.

Selective detecting and tracking of HClO is crucial for reflecting related oxidative stress process and environmental safety. In this research, we present the red emissive carbon dots (CDs) with advantageous optical performances including high fluorescent stability, strong intensity and advanced quantum yield. The CDs showed excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards HClO with superior anti-interference performance and outstanding detection limit, indicating the CDs based fluorescent nanoprobe is not only highly suitable for detecting HClO in complicated water samples by solution, but also serve as prospective fluorescent filer paper sensor for fast detection. The low cytotoxicity and favorable biocompatibility are extremely demanded for sensing and imaging exogenous and endogenous HClO in living cells, and encourages the CDs as powerful imaging tool to unveil the mystery of HClO participant oxidative stress process, which would be beneficial for early diagnosis and therapeutics of related diseases. Clinical Trial Number Not applicable.

ON SLEEPLESSNESS: NIETZSCHE’S ZARATHUSTRA

Here, we aim to examine the notion of sleeplessness in Nietzsche’s thought, especially focusing on his famous character, Zarathustra. By following the narrative in Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Z), we present how the sleeplessness is a productively crucial element in Zarathustra’s journey. Throughout this journey, it becomes obvious that for him, his sleeplessness is not a problem that he needs to solve, but on the contrary, it enables him in his path to overcome himself and self-actualization. First, we shape a framework for the meaning of sleeplessness to present it as a medium that makes it possible to experience some elements of reality which are otherwise unattainable. Then we make a detailed reading of the subsection titled On the Teachers of Virtue which is the part of Z that deals with the notion of sleep and sleeplessness in extent. Here, we examine the remarks of the character, wise man, regarding the sleep and its connotations. In this section, we make a comparative reading between the wise man’s advocation of sleep and Zarathustra’s critique of this advocation. Later, we continue towards explaining how this element of sleeplessness can be considered as the source for a specific sense of lucidity which is not reachable by sleep or being awake. In conclusion, sleeplessness (and the notion of insomnia as taken not medically but philosophically) can be thought as an inseparable part of Zarathustra’s character which enables him in overcoming himself. Zarathustra is becoming who he is becoming on his path, through his sleeplessness.

Plato Under Review: What Is Going Wrong in Academic Philosophical Writing

This paper addresses the problem of stylistic pluralism in philosophical writing, arguing that its progressive narrowing to the form of the paper is not just an esthetic issue but can also have negative effects on the development of academic research itself. The contribution is divided into two parts (Sections 1–3 and 4–5). In the first part, after introducing the problem and outlining the main features of the philosophus academicus’s writing, two main forms of criticism of “paper-centrism” in academic philosophy are discussed—one more “anti-academic” and the other more “intra-academic”. In light of these criticisms, the issue of the relationship between form and content in philosophical writing is analyzed with particular respect to the problem of the sense of truth, arguing that style communicates philosophical values beyond content. In the second part, this thesis is illustrated by examining, as a case study, the specific sense of truth conveyed in Plato’s dialogues—first through a literary analysis of Platonic writing, and then through a thought experiment inspired by media theory. Finally, the ethical and epistemic concerns raised by the growing “mono-stylism” of philosophical writing are brought together into a unified framework, by proposing a preliminary sketch of an ethics of philosophical research and pointing to some possible examples of alternative research practices.

Viking Age Landscape Knowledge in Medieval Icelandic Manuscripts

This article introduces a landscape-oriented material narratological approach to the reconstructed medieval Icelandic codex Melabók (1390–1425). The text order within the codex zooms clockwise from a broader notion of space into actual places, thus constructing an image of a coherent geographical area. The ocean-centered perspective of exploration during the settlement and the accumulated knowledge about Icelandic Ocean currents have produced a stylized way of storytelling that repeats the act of place-making, thereby carrying the early Icelandic being-in-the-world into medieval manuscript production. My literary- anthropological reading of the compilation demonstrates how Viking Age landscape knowledge can be identified in medieval manuscripts and what we might gain from it. Understanding Melabók as a meaningful compilation rather than a loose collection gives an insight into a specific sense of space and place.

Exactly Restricting the Phenyl Ring Rotation in Metal‐Organic Framework for Ultra‐Sensitive and Specific Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensing of Sarin

ABSTRACTTo realize highly sensitive and specific sensing toward sarin, an Eu(III) based metal‐organic framework (Eu‐CTTB‐MOF), encompassing a π‐conjugated organic ligand H4CTTB (4,4′,4″,4‴‐(9H‐carbazole‐1,3,6,8‐tetrayl)tetrabenzoic acid) was explored for ratiometric fluorescent sensing. An unprecedented specific recognition of nerve‐agent sarin mimic diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in the presence of HCl interferent and a low limit of detection (LOD, 20.97 nM) were achieved. This excellent detection performance is driven by the dual hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction between the CTTB organic ligand and DCP, which would cause a dramatic change in the molecular configuration of the CTTB ligand. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further verify the recognition of DCP by Eu‐CTTB‐MOF could suppress the rotations of the aromatic rings in CTTB ligand, significantly reducing the nonradiative decay pathways and subsequently enhancing the fluorescent intensity of the CTTB ligand. Especially, the Eu‐CTTB‐MOF enables the immediate response to DCP vapor and excellent specificity towards DCP even in the presence of 18 types of interferents, including HCl vapor, structural analogs, and volatile organic solvent, and a gas detector with accurate detection of DCP in simulated scenarios, positioning the designed MOF as a promising sensing material for practical scenarios. We expect that the present sensing strategy will shine a light on the development of brand‐new sensing materials for on‐site detection applications.

The descent of agamemnon and the disquietude of job: The death of agency as the spur of suicide.

We propose that a state of psychological predeath precedes death by suicide, and that this phenomenon results from the undermining of subjectively experienced contingency and thus of agency (i.e., the death of agency). A consequence of the death of agency is not the dulling of awareness overall, but rather, specifically of one's subjective sense of existence (i.e., the feeling of subjective existence), highly consistent with the phenomenology of Côtard delusion (the fixed belief that one is already dead), and of neighboring clinical entities. The suspension of one's specific sense of existence but not of experience more generally is a haunting juxtaposition, one reason that the death of agency is psychologically painful, uncannily and indescribably so. A sense of deadness inheres in the death of agency; because aggression is in general psychologically more feasible against lifeless than against living things, feeling dead facilitates suicidal capacity, the remnant aspect of an otherwise obliterated sense of agency, enabling the delimited agency to kill. The foregoing together produce suicidal intent, because they stimulate all of the inputs to planned action, namely, opportunity, urgency, ability, planning, and probability. The death of agency, howling and incomprehensible psychological pain, suicidal capability, and suicidal intent combine, with death by suicide as a possible result. Implications, limitations, and future directions for research are presented. We also note several clinical implications of our work, including with regard to a collection of clinically serious suicidal presentations (e.g., Côtard delusion) that cluster at the severe end of an underlying spectrum of suicide-related psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

'Whatever your job is, we are all about doing that thing super well': High-reliability followership as a key component of operational success in elite air force teams.

The military is widely regarded as an extension and tool of government and society, and unreliable military behaviour during operations can have far-reaching strategic and political consequences. Historically, literature has focused on the role of leaders in preventing disaster, emphasizing their traits, styles and attributes. Building on the Social Identity approach and High-Reliability Organization theorizing, this paper uses thematic analysis to develop an alternative understanding of leadership as a group process to which all members contribute-not least, the front-line personnel who do the followership that is ultimately the proof of leadership. Supported by evidence from semi-structured interviews with air force personnel (N = 25), analysis points to the importance of collective mind and social identity (a shared sense of 'us'). It also suggests that social identity strength, content and alignment-and the identity leadership shaping this-provides a basis for the High-Reliability Followership that allows military groups to avoid potentially disastrous events. In this way, the creation of HROs hinges on the combined actions of identity leaders who work to represent, advance and create a specific sense of shared identity and engaged followers who internalize that identity content and enact it through behaviour that supports high reliability.

The Expression ofCausative, Resultative andDitransitive Constructions inEnglish And Uzbek Languages

In the sphere of aspectual semantics, relevance plays an important role in special research due to the diversity of methods and means of expression. This is because resilience is alsocharacterized by the ability to be expressed in specific units and structures. This led to the selection of resilience as a separate research object. On a constructional approach, we can understand aspects of the final interpretation involving caused motion, intended transfer, or caused result to be contributed by the respective constructions. That is, we can understand skeletal constructions to be capable of contributing arguments. For example, we can define the ditransitive construction to be associated directly with agent, patient, and recipient roles, and then associate the class of verbs of creation with the ditransitive construction. We do not need to stipulate a specific sense of bake unique to this construction. In general, we can understand the direct objects found in the above examples to be licensed not directly as arguments of the verbs but by the particular constructions.

Highly Sensitive, Specific, and Fast Fluorescent Sensing of Amphetamine via Structural Regulation.

How to modulate the molecular structure to finely manipulate the sensing performance is of great significance for propelling the oriented design of the optical sensing probe. Here, by taking the optical detection toward amphetamine (AMP) as a model, a structural regulation strategy for the D-π-A probe was proposed to manipulate the reaction activity and optical response. The optimal probe was screened out from a series of D-π-A molecules with an electrophilic site owing to its faster response and more remarkable emission shift, as well as the desirable specificity. In particular, it was found that the probe reactivity induced two trade-off effects. First, it is kinetically expressed by the reaction time that greatly affects the sensitivity (emission shift), and second, it thermodynamically determines the specificity. Upon fine modulation, the optimal probe in the solid state integrated in a portable sensing chip was demonstrated with fast and visualized analysis for AMP in complicated scenarios. Overall, the proposed structure-performance correlation and the mediation on the trade-off effect would provide an in-depth insight for the oriented design of an optical sensor with a desirable sensing performance.

Aminophenol Molecular Capture Layer for Specific Molecular Sensing with Field-Effect Devices.

There is an urgent need today for interface management with recognition layers composed of short receptor molecules, with excellent specificity and affinity toward a target molecule, for a wide range of sensing applications. The current work demonstrates a specific detection of a G-type nerve agent, which is based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction between the surface-bound 4-amino-2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenol (amino-2-DMAMP) receptors and the diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) simulant. The specificity and affinity of 2-DMAMP toward DCP are demonstrated with 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The specificity of the proposed recognition layer is utilized and demonstrated through the design and realization of an electronic chemosensor using the meta-nanochannel field-effect transistor (MNC FET). The SiO2 sensing area of the MNC FET is functionalized with amino-2-DMAMP receptors using amine-based chemistry, and the response toward DCP is quantified. An excellent specificity is demonstrated, coupled with a limit of detection of 1 pg/mL, a dynamic range of 8 orders of magnitude, and excellent linearity and sensitivity. The high specificity and affinity of the recognition layer coupled with the high electronic grade of the MNC FET pave the way to specific, label-free, quantitative, low-cost, easy-to-operate, and field-deployable sensors.

The spiteful effect of envy on innovative behavior: evidence through the individualism vs. collectivism cultural dimension

PurposeThis study aims to assess how envy, both directly and indirectly, through negative behaviors such as ostracism, negative word-of-mouth and alignment with the negative behaviors of superiors, influences innovative behavior based on the cultural dimension of individualism versus collectivism.Design/methodology/approachThe data was collected using a survey applied to 305 individuals between October 2022 and June 2023. The model developed was analyzed and validated using partial least squares estimation with structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and PLS-SEM multigroup analysis techniques.FindingsThe results suggest that for individualistic individuals, negative word-of-mouth exerts a greater positive mediating influence on the relationship between envy and ostracism, and that envy exerts a greater positive influence on both alignment with the negative behaviors of superiors and on ostracism. In addition, the results indicate that negative word-of-mouth and ostracism together negatively influence the relationship between envy and innovative behavior.Practical implicationsThis research provides empirical evidence that envy triggers negative behavior in both individualistic and collectivist individuals. Thus, in practical terms, envy can be considered as something more primitive that goes beyond the accepted values of sociability, especially in the organizational environment.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this research is to understand the effects of envy on innovative behavior, based on a conceptual model that considers the mental programs that differentiate one group of individuals from another. In addition, it presents theoretical and empirical implications that provide descriptive evidence of behaviors, making it possible to broaden the psychological understanding of them. In this specific sense, this research differs from other organizational studies, whose objectives are to standardize behavior.

State-space systems as dynamic generative models

A probabilistic framework to study the dependence structure induced by deterministic discrete-time state-space systems between input and output processes is introduced. General sufficient conditions are formulated under which output processes exist and are unique once an input process has been fixed, a property that in the deterministic state-space literature is known as the echo state property. When those conditions are satisfied, the given state-space system becomes a generative model for probabilistic dependencies between two sequence spaces. Moreover, those conditions guarantee that the output depends continuously on the input when using the Wasserstein metric. The output processes whose existence is proved are shown to be causal in a specific sense and to generalize those studied in purely deterministic situations. The results in this paper constitute a significant stochastic generalization of sufficient conditions for the deterministic echo state property to hold, in the sense that the stochastic echo state property can be satisfied under contractivity conditions that are strictly weaker than those in deterministic situations. This means that state-space systems can induce a purely probabilistic dependence structure between input and output sequence spaces even when there is no functional relation between those two spaces.

Justice and Security-based Attachment

Abstract Attachment is deeply important to human life. When one person becomes ‘attached’ to another, their sense of security turns on their emotional, social, and physical engagement with that person. This kind of security-based attachment has been extensively studied in psychology. Yet attachment theory (in the specific sense studied by psychologists) has not received adequate attention in analytic theories of social justice. In this paper, we conceptualize attachment’s nature and value, addressing when and why attachments place justice-based claims on individuals and institutions, in an attempt to establish the centrality of attachment theory to liberal political philosophy. We first characterize security-based attachment and differentiate it from related phenomena (§1). We then explore its value, theorizing the connection between attachment, care, and companionship, drawing on the ethics of care (§2). We explain when and why security-based attachment generates claims of justice within liberal theory, noting some important difficulties (§3). Finally, we sketch some implications in three domains: the rights of those who have suffered pregnancy loss, the rights of grandparents vis-à-vis grandchildren, and the rights of attached friends to social and political recognition (§4).

Prototype of the English Verb Stand：A Mental Representation of Chinese Learners

This paper presents two experiments investigating the prototype of the English verb stand for native Chinese learners of English. Using the criteria of ease of elicitation and the magnet effect of prototypes, the study employed a sentence generation task and a sentence sorting task. In the sentence generation task, subjects were asked to produce ten sentences using the verb stand. In the sentence sorting task, a separate group of subjects were asked to sort the sentences into groups based on the meanings of stand. The results indicate that the senses “be upright or on one’s feet” and “get up onto one’s feet from another position” serve as prototypes of the verb stand for native Chinese learners of English. The findings highlight the multi-faceted nature of prototypes, suggest a reliable methodology for its investigation, and reveal how exposure to a specific sense influences prototypes among L2 learners.

A REVIEW ARTICLE ON PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION

The visual pathway predominantly travels beneath the cortex for most of its length. Visual signals in the optic nerves may intersect at the chiasma and then proceed through the optic tracts. The term Ayurveda derives from two words: "Ayu," meaning life, and "Ved," signifying knowledge or science. Therefore, "AYURVEDA" as a whole translates to "the science of life." According to Ayurvedic principles, the universe consists of five funda-mental elements. The body maintains an ideal equilibrium of these elements, and any disruption to this balance results in a state of unhealthiness we refer to as illness. The classical texts of Ayurveda provide detailed insights into the physiology of the sense organs, sensation, perception, and the mind's role in the perception process in an exceptional manner. Indriya (sense faculty) serves as the specialized tool that helps the soul in recognizing even the slightest changes in both the external and internal environments. Indriya acts as the essential element that differentiates living entities from non-living ones. The concept of Indriya pancha panchak, introduced by Achar-ya Charaka, delves into both the anatomical and physiological features of the sense organs. The five sensory faculties include sight (chakshurendriya), hearing (shrotrendriya), smell (ghranendriya), taste (rasanendriya), and touch (sparshnendriya). Each sensory faculty is associated with a specific object: sound (shabda) pertains to hearing, touch (sparsha) relates to the tactile sense, color (rupa) corresponds to sight, taste (rasa) is associated with the gustatory sense, and smell (gandha) links with the olfactory sense organ. Every sensory faculty pos-sesses an excess of one material element. Developed from particular material constituents, each specific sense faculty perceives the properties of its corresponding element. The mechanics of how the external world is per-ceived is referred to as the visual process or the physiology of vision. Ayurveda introduces a special concept known as the Tridosha theory. The three fundamental elements of the human body are collectively termed Tridosha (Vata, Pitta, Kapha). The Tridosha governs the physiological and voluntary activities of the body. Ayur-veda elaborates on the physiology of vision by considering the roles of vata and pitta. Pitta encompasses five different types: Ranjak, Pachak, Alochak, Sadhak, and Bhrajak. The "Alochak Pitta" is recognized as the seat of "Drishti." The retinal pigments Rhodopsin, Iodopsin, and Melanin symbolize Alochak Pitta. Alochak pitta is fur-ther categorized into two types: chakshu vaisheshik located in the eye and buddhi vaisheshik found in the brain. There are three stages in this visual process: the light refraction phase, the phase in which light energy is trans-formed into an electrical impulse, and lastly, the peripheral and central neurophysiology involving the geniculate bodies and optic radiations prior to synapsing in the occipital cortex.

Bridging the Gap: Holton's Themata and their Nexus with Established Philosophical Frameworks in Scientific Research

This article examines the rich texture of Holton's themata. Holton argues that within established rational norms there is room for subjective elements, including scientific imagination. He posits that these peer influences, known as themeta, not only fail to impede scientific progress, but also serve as a conduit for new scientific discoveries. The paper aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of their impact on academics and scientific research, by investigating their potential convergence or divergence with other cognitive frameworks in the philosophy of science, such as Kant's categories, Kuhn's paradigms and Lakatos' research programmes. By comparing themeta to these well-established frameworks commonly used to unravel scientific knowledge and research, this study aims to clear up potential confusion and deepen our understanding of the often overlooked or underestimated influence exerted by themeta in science. In a specific sense, this investigation highlights the vital role played by imagination and pre-existing thought structures in the formulation and advancement of scientific theories. Through this analysis, a comprehensive understanding of the essence of themata is provided, highlighting the importance of recognising and understanding themata as essential components of scientific research at certain point. As a result, this investigation reinforces the validity of the assertion, an ongoing subject of debate, that empirical data, mathematical expertise or logical reasoning alone cannot supplant these integral constituents.

Metodologi Pemahaman Hadis “Etos Kerja” dalam Kitab Kaifa Nata’ammal Ma’a as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah Karya Yusuf Al-Qaradhawi

This article aims to determine the understanding of the hadith about work ethic in the book Kaifa Nata'ammal Ma'a as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah from the perspective of Yusuf al-Qaradhawi. Hadiths about work ethic are often misunderstood by some communities as legality to avoid shari'a in worldly affairs, even though the prophet SAW did not intend this. This research is a qualitative study through a literature study approach with a content analysis study method sourced from primary and secondary data based on data collection which includes the book Kaifa Nata'ammal Ma'a as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah as primary data and the book as-Sunnah Mashdar li Ma'rifah wa al-Hadharah, Shahih Muslim, al-Minhaj fi Syarh Shahih Muslim as secondary data, as well as scientific articles and other supporting literature sources relevant to this research. This article seeks to answer the questions of how Yusuf al-Qaradhawi's contribution in the context of modern Islamic thought, how the hadith understanding methodology developed by Yusuf al-Qaradhawi, and how Yusuf al-Qaradhawi's understanding of the hadith about work ethic can contribute to building an inclusive and relevant Islamic view of the world of work in the contemporary era. the results of this study indicate that the hadith about ‘Work ethic’ in general is the prophet's instructions on how the order and behaviour of Muslims in the completion of a job, and in a specific sense speaks of professionalism in the world of work, namely respect for professional expertise or other fields of expertise that are universal.

Theologica Paradoxa

Abstract: This article discusses the role of experience in Martin Luther’s Heidelberg Disputation (1518). Drawing on the work of the post-hermeneutical theologian Günter Bader, the article develops Luther’s understanding of experience in a specific Hegelian sense. Hegel’s skeptical concept of experience allows for a dialectical understanding of the self-reversal of experience, which is summarized in the theological formula: “Erfahrung mit der Erfahrung”. This notion of experience is further contextualized through Luther’s theology of the cross. In conclusion the article discusses a possible speculative relation between language and experience in Luther’s theology.

The message and the drama of the paranoid adaptation on the example of ”The Devil Wears Prada”

An overview of the manifestation of the “Be perfect” and “Be strong” drivers characteristic of paranoid adaptation, using the example of the heroine of the film “The Devil Wears Prada” (dir. David Frankel, 2006) — Miranda Priestly. The author discusses how a specific sense of oneself, an increased sense of self-importance, living the life position “I’m — OK, You’re — not OK” leads to career realization and at the same time destroys other relationships: with family, spouse, friends, colleagues. The article contains comments by Ian Stewart and Van Joines, which demonstrate the theoretical foundations of the analysis carried out. As a contrast and demonstration of a possible exit from the script, the line of another heroine of the film is explored — Andy, who keeps in touch with her feelings and chooses an emotionally filled life instead of the facade achievements typical for people with paranoid adaptation.