Species Of Tricholoma Research Articles

New species of Tricholoma in sections Genuina and Fucata from eastern North America

Six new species of Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude in sections Genuina ( Tricholoma amarissimum, Tricholoma lutescentifolium, Tricholoma pudorinum, Tricholoma sapineum) and Fucata ( Tricholoma griseobrunneum, Tricholoma pallidogriseum) are formally described from North America east of the Rocky Mountains based on their nrITS sequence, morphology, ecology, and distribution patterns. Those species are found in summer or fall in deciduous or coniferous forests. Descriptions of their morphological characters are provided, along with photographs of the basidiomata and their micromorphology. The new species are compared with similar species occurring in North America and Europe. Tricholoma felschii Ovrebo, Hughes & Halling, in section Fucata, is here considered to represent three species, T. felschii s. str., Tricholoma subumbrinum A.H. Sm., and the newly described T. griseobrunneum. Emended descriptions of the first two species are provided to accommodate the new concepts.

The ectomycorrhizal association of Tricholoma matsutake and two allied species, T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum, with native hosts in subtropical China

ABSTRACT Accurate identification of edible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushrooms and their host trees in nature is key to commercial production for consumption. For the first time we describe the ectomycorrhizal association of the three most common species of edible matsutake mushrooms with their native host trees in Yunnan Province in China. We collected ECM samples from three different localities in subtropical forests known to be highly productive areas of Tricholoma. Additionally, we collected basidiomata of Tricholoma from the field and markets in Yunnan. ECM samples were analyzed using morphological and molecular methods. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and analyzed the intergenic spacer of cpDNA psbA-trnH to identify basidiomata and plant hosts, respectively. Three species of Tricholoma were identified: T. bakamatsutake, T. fulvocastaneum, and T. matsutake. Four ECM associations in the study area were detected: Tricholoma bakamatsutake + Castanopsis tibetana, T. fulvocastaneum + C. tibetana, T. fulvocastaneum + Pinus yunnanensis, and T. matsutake + P. yunnanensis. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the ECM associations are presented.

Two new records of Tricholoma species from Pakistan based on morphological features and phylogenetic analysis

Two species of Tricholoma, T. bonii and T. triste, are reported as new records for Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) region clustered the Pakistani collections with T. bonii and T. triste sequences from previous worldwide collections. Detailed descriptions of macro- and microcharacters, habitat, general distribution, and diagnostic features are presented.

Tricholoma olivaceonigrum, a new species of the section Tricholoma (Agaricales) from Japan.

A novel species of Tricholoma section Tricholoma, namely, T. olivaceonigrum, is described and illustrated based on samples found in an oak woods dominated by Quercus myrsinifolia, an evergreen oak, in Tottori Prefecture, western Japan. It is characterized by a conic-umbonate, dark-greenish olivaceous pileus with blackish innate fibrils; a whitish silky-fibrillose stipe, often faintly tinted pale yellow and with a narrowed subpointed base; subglobose to broadly elliptic spores; and fruiting in early winter. Phylogenetic analysis targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene revealed that T. olivaceonigrum forms a well-supported clade sister to T. portentosum. Other morphologically and phylogenetically closely related species of the section Tricholoma are discussed.

Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis Reveals Dynamics of Intron Within and Between Tricholoma Species and Phylogeny of Basidiomycota.

The genus of Tricholoma is a group of important ectomycorrhizal fungi. The overlapping of morphological characteristics often leads to the confusion of Tricholoma species classification. In this study, the mitogenomes of five Tricholoma species were sequenced based on the next-generation sequencing technology, including T. matsutake SCYJ1, T. bakamatsutake, T. terreum, T. flavovirens, and T. saponaceum. These five mitogenomes were all composed of circular DNA molecules, with sizes ranging from 49,480 to 103,090 bp. Intergenic sequences were considered to be the main factor contributing to size variations of Tricholoma mitogenomes. Comparative mitogenomic analysis showed that the introns of the Agaricales mitogenome experienced frequent loss/gain events. In addition, potential gene transfer was detected between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of the five species of Tricholoma. Evolutionary analysis showed that the rps3 gene of the Tricholoma species was under positive selection or relaxed selection in the evolutionary process. In addition, large-scale gene rearrangements were detected between some Tricholoma species. Phylogenetic analysis using the Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods based on a combined mitochondrial gene set yielded identical and well-supported tree topologies. This study promoted the understanding of the genetics, evolution, and phylogeny of the Tricholoma genus and related species.

<p><strong>Two new species of <em>Tricholoma</em> sect. <em>Genuina</em> (Agaricales) from China</strong></p>

Species of Tricholoma are relatively well-studied in Europe and North America. On the contrary, the study of the genus in East Asia is still limited, particularly in China, although nearly 50 species were reported from the country. In this paper, we describe and illustrate two new species of T. sect. Genuina, namely T. orienticolossus and T. orientifulvum, based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic evidence. Phylogenetically, T. orienticolossus is close to T. colossus, but differs from the latter by its absence of bitter taste, unchanging context, much longer basidia, wider basidiopores, and association with Abies trees. Tricholoma orientifulvum is similar to T. fulvum, but differs from the latter by its soap odor and association with subtropical trees of Lithocarpus, Quercus and Pinus kesiya.

Three new species of Tricholoma from Costa Rica

Three new species of Tricholoma are described from Costa Rican montane forests with additional collections cited from the United States. The new species are Tricholoma felschii sp. nov., Tricholoma costaricense sp. nov. and Tricholoma atratum sp. nov. A discussion of Tricholoma luteomaculosum is also included. These taxa share morphological features of strong farinaceous odor and taste, pseudoparenchymatous pileal subcutis, and rugulose pileus at some stage of development. In addition, cheilocystidia occur in two of the taxa but not the third. Phylogenies are presented based on ITS sequences.

Microsatellite markers for the prized matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake, Tricholomataceae).

Premise of the StudyNovel and cost‐effective microsatellite markers were developed to explore the population genetics, biogeographic structure, and evolutionary history of the prized Euro‐Asian wild edible ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake (Tricholomataceae).Methods and resultsEighteen new polymorphic simple sequence repeat loci, detected from a microsatellite‐enriched genomic library, were used to characterize 131 individuals from eight T. matsutake populations. The number of alleles ranged from two to 10, with averages of 1.42 to 3.22. Levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00–1.00 and from 0.00–0.83, with mean values of 0.21 and 0.26, respectively. In total, 50% of the loci showed interspecific transferability and polymorphism in the related species T. equestre.ConclusionsThese newly developed markers will aid research into the genetic diversity and population structure of T. matsutake. They can also be used in other species of Tricholoma.

Tricholoma smithii, a new species in the Pardinicutis complex from New Mexico and Colorado

A new species of Tricholoma , T. smithii , is described from New Mexico and Colorado. It is reminiscent of and belongs in the same clade as Tricholoma pardinum . It has the same stature as T. pardinum but differs by the browner pileal coloration and by the presence of pleurocystidia. A detailed description, drawings and images of the new species are provided as well as a phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences.

Biodiversity of edible mushrooms in Vindhya forest of northern India

Various fleshy fungi are traditional food use which were collected from Vindhya forest region and other location for their morphological characterization. Present study deals with the diversity of fleshy fungi in Vindhya forest of northern India. Vindhya forest region is very common for diversity of fleshy fungal population. Extensive surveys were conducted from July 2012 to September 2012 and July 2013 to September 2013. The fleshy fungi were collected date wise as per as possible correct scientific name with citation of authors name and taxonomic position. Some other information also recorded such as collecting date and place, habit, single/ branching and growing substrates. The fleshy fungi were collected during this study included eight species of Pleurotus, two species of Volvariella, Lentinus, Lycoperdon and Agaricus and one species of Cococybe, Calocybe, Flammulina, Tricholoma, Auricularia, Hypomyces, Armillaria, Russula and Ganoderma.

Phylogenetic position of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma dulciolens in relation to species of Tricholoma that produce “matsutake” mushrooms

Tricholoma dulciolens is an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete that produces “matsutake”-like mushrooms in association with Picea abies in Fennoscandia. The phylogenetic position of T. dulciolens relative to matsutake species is, however, unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that T. dulciolens is phylogenetically independent from T. matsutake and its allied species. In addition, herbarium specimens identified as T. caligatum from Abies alba forests in Spain were phylogenetically related to but distinct from T. dulciolens. Based on ribosomal internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence data, T. dulciolens appears to exist in North America, as well. This is the first phylogeny of T. dulciolens in Fennoscandia and its related species in southern Europe.

The significance of host-fungus combinations in ectomycorrhizal symbioses for the chemical quality of willow foliage

The majority of plants interacts with mycorrhizal fungi, which predominantly provide mutual benefits, but also costs. We tested the hypothesis that specific combinations of host plants (four commercial varieties of Salix spp.) and ectomycorrhizal partners (species of Laccaria, Paxillus, Tricholoma and Hebeloma) differ in their effects on the host foliar chemistry. Twenty specific host - mycorrhiza combinations were pot-grown outdoors under low-N conditions. Foliar concentrations of total phenolics and salicylic acid were decreased by mycorrhizas in S. schwerinii x S. viminalis and S. x dasyclados genotypes, but increased in S. viminalis. Mycorrhiza effects on host biomass production were positive, indifferent or negative, depending on the specific host—mycorrhiza combination. The host plant genotype influenced mainly the direction of mycorrhizal effects on foliar chemistry, whereas the magnitude of mycorrhizal effects varied mostly among the fungal genotypes. The results are relevant with respect to the possible interactions between mycorrhizas, plants and leaf herbivores.

Genetic evidence that two types of retroelements evolved through different pathways in ectomycorrhizal homobasidiomycetes Tricholoma spp.

We designed a polymerase chain reaction that allows us to clone two types of putative reverse transcriptase genes from 11 species of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes that belong to the genus Tricholoma. One corresponds to the putative gene of marY1, a long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelement from Tricholoma matsutake, and the other, marY2N, a LINE-like non-LTR (L1-like) retroelement from this fungus. Putative protein products predicted from nucleotide sequencing of cloned fragments were phylogenetically analyzed. marY1-like elements had a parallel phylogenetic relationship with no apparent correlation to a current taxonomic profile, while marY2N-like elements showed a vertical one in relation to host-plant species. Data suggest that marY1-like elements and marY2N-like elements have evolved independently, and the evolution of marY1-like elements could have occurred later than the evolution of marY2N-like elements in the species of Tricholoma.

Cultivation of mushrooms of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Pinus densiflora by in vitro mycorrhizal synthesis

The morphology and anatomy of ectomycorrhizas of edible mushroom fungi in association with Pinus densiflora seedlings are described. These include species of Lyophyllum, Tricholoma, Suillus, Rhizopogon, and Lactarius. Almost all mycorrhizas synthesized in vitro could be acclimatized in open-pot soil conditions after 8–9 months. Although mycorrhizal anatomy was almost identical under in vitro and open-pot culture conditions, external morphology, such as the development of rhizomorphs and hydrophobic aerial hyphae, differed between the two conditions in some fungal species. Fully developed, mature mycorrhizas of different fungal species could be distinguished as ectomycorrhizal morphotypes, which could also be distinguished by PCR-RFLP analysis of their rDNA.

Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences.

Phylogenetic relationships of mushrooms and their relatives within the order Agaricales were addressed by using nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Approximately 900 bases of the 5' end of the nucleus-encoded large subunit RNA gene were sequenced for 154 selected taxa representing most families within the Agaricales. Several phylogenetic methods were used, including weighted and equally weighted parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and distance methods (NJ). The starting tree for branch swapping in the ML analyses was the tree with the highest ML score among previously produced MP and NJ trees. A high degree of consensus was observed between phylogenetic estimates obtained through MP and ML. NJ trees differed according to the distance model that was used; however, all NJ trees still supported most of the same terminal groupings as the MP and ML trees did. NJ trees were always significantly suboptimal when evaluated against the best MP and ML trees, by both parsimony and likelihood tests. Our analyses suggest that weighted MP and ML provide the best estimates of Agaricales phylogeny. Similar support was observed between bootstrapping and jackknifing methods for evaluation of tree robustness. Phylogenetic analyses revealed many groups of agaricoid fungi that are supported by moderate to high bootstrap or jackknife values or are consistent with morphology-based classification schemes. Analyses also support separate placement of the boletes and russules, which are basal to the main core group of gilled mushrooms (the Agaricineae of Singer). Examples of monophyletic groups include the families Amanitaceae, Coprinaceae (excluding Coprinus comatus and subfamily Panaeolideae), Agaricaceae (excluding the Cystodermateae), and Strophariaceae pro parte (Stropharia, Pholiota, and Hypholoma); the mycorrhizal species of Tricholoma (including Leucopaxillus, also mycorrhizal); Mycena and Resinomycena; Termitomyces, Podabrella, and Lyophyllum; and Pleurotus with Hohenbuehelia. Several groups revealed by these data to be nonmonophyletic include the families Tricholomataceae, Cortinariaceae, and Hygrophoraceae and the genera Clitocybe, Omphalina, and Marasmius. This study provides a framework for future systematics studies in the Agaricales and suggestions for analyzing large molecular data sets.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi with edible fruiting bodies 1.Tricholoma Matsutake and Related Fungi

Matsutake are the edible fruiting bodies of a few species ofTricholoma. The principal species areT. matsutake, T. magnivelare, andT. caligatum. Related species areT. bakamatsutake, T. quercicola, T. fulvocastaneum andT. robustum. These occur naturally throughout the Northern Hemisphere associated mainly with softwood trees but also with members of the Fagaceae. However, none have ever been cultivated or successfully introduced into new areas. They are held in very high regard in Japan where annual consumption is approximately 3000 tons. Annual production of matsutake in Japan is less than 1000 tons with the balance imported from China, North and South Korea, Canada, the USA, Morocco and Taiwan. Matsutake only fruit in late summer and autumn and are not found in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, there is the opportunity for it to be introduced into Southern Hemisphere countries and fruiting bodies produced for out-of-season Japanese markets. Wholesale prices in Japan range from ¥3350 to ¥70 000/kg (US$27-560) with the price reflecting quality, origin and availability. Retail prices at the start of the season can be up to ¥160 000/kg (US$1275). This paper reviews published and our own unpublished information on matsutake, and highlights areas of research that might result in a method for the cultivation of these fungi.

New Species of Tricholoma from California and Oregon

Eight Tricholoma species from California and Oregon are described. New taxa, Tricholoma griseoviolaceum, Tricholoma muricatum, Tricholoma mutabile, Tricholoma nigrum and Tricholoma myomyces var. cystidiotum are described. Tricholoma vernaticum comb. nov. is proposed.

Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe

Recent changes in the species diversity and sporocarp production of ectomycorrhizal fungi in different regions of, and forest communities within, Europe are discussed with special emphasis on events in The Netherlands. In some forests in some regions fewer ectomycorrhizal fungi are now producing sporocarps, notably those associated with trees more than 40 years old and in particular conifers, for instance species of Phellodon, Hydnellum, Suillus, Tricholoma and Cortinarius. It is argued that this decline in different parts of Europe is coincident with decreased numbers of mycorrhizas. A scheme of progressive changes with three phases of ectomycorrhizal impoverishment and seven subphases is presented. The more probable causes of decline are discussed, namely forest succession, the collection of sporocarps (of edible mycorrhizal fungi), changes in forest management, direct influences of air pollutants, acidification of forest soils and consequent increased availability of aluminium in soil solution, nitrogen deposition, increased litter accumulation, changes in the herb layer of forests and reduced tree vitality. It is argued that changes in the populations of ectomycorrhizal fungi are most likely to be attributable to indirect effects of air pollution, in particular to increases in amounts of available nitrogen (possibly in combination with acidification) and/or to decreased tree vitality wity consequent reductions in the transport of current assimilates to roots and mycorrhizas. The relative importance of these different factors, and their interactions, are likely to differ in different locations. It is supposed that liming and applications of other corrective fertilizers are unlikely to restore the diversity and sporocarp production of ectomycorrhizal fungi; they may even have adverse effects. In the circumstances therefore it seems that the abatement of emissions is likely to be the only effective way of improving and sustaining stable forest ecosystems in areas at risk, notably in densely populated Europe.

Studies on the systematics of ectomycorrhizal fungi in axenic culture. IV. The effect of some selected fungitoxic compounds upon linear growth

When cultures of ectomycorrhizal fungi were grown on potato dextrose agar supplemented with either benomyl (10 μg/mL), cycloheximide (2 μg/mL), rose bengal (10 μg/mL), malachite green (2 μg/mL), or sodium chloride (10 mg/mL), characteristic differences in linear growth rate reduction were exhibited. These fungitoxic compounds were able to differentiate ectomycorrhizal fungi into three growth-response categories, namely sensitive, semitolerant, and tolerant, which reflected taxonomic affinity. Linear growth of the Russulaceae and species of Hebeloma, for example, was inhibited by benomyl (10 μg/mL), whereas members of the Boletaceae and most species of Cortinarius were tolerant and species of Tricholoma were semitolerant at this concentration. Lactarius, Leccinum, and most Suillus species were sensitive to cycloheximide (2 μg/mL); Laccaria, Rhizopogon, and most Hebeloma species showed tolerance. Hygrophorus and most Lactarius species showed sensitivity to rose bengal (10 μg/mL), whereas Cortinarius, Laccaria, Suillus, and some Lactarius species (section Dapetes) exhibited tolerance. Malachite green (2 μg/mL) inhibited species of Lactarius, whereas species of Suillus and Tricholoma were tolerant. Xerocomus, Rhizopogon, Hygrophorus, and most Tricholoma species were sensitive to sodium chloride (10 mg/mL), whereas tolerance was exhibited by most species of Suillus, Laccaria, and Hebeloma. The results reveal that growth responses to these fungitoxic compounds have potential as taxonomic characters for the differentiation and identification of isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungi, fungitoxic compounds, cultures, identification, systematics.

Studies on the Systematics of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Axenic Culture. Reactions of Mycelia to Diazonium Blue B Staining

Diazonium blue B reagent was used to test staining reactions of mycelia of 96 species of ectomy? corrhizal and ectomycorrhizal-like fungi grown for five weeks in liquid culture. Red to violet staining was seen in harvested mycelia of basidiomycetes treated in cold KOH while negative reactions indicated fungi with ascomycetous affinities. Non-treated mycelia gave a variety of different color responses which were generally species-specific. Mycelia of Cortinarius species and most boletes did not stain while most species of Hebeloma, Hygrophorus, Laccaria and Tricholoma stained yellow. A purely red staining reaction was restricted mainly to a few species within the Boletaceae. Results reveal potential value of diazonium blue B staining as a taxonomic character for identification of mycelia isolated from fieldcollected ectomycorrhizae.