Dermatophyte Species Research Articles

Metalloprotease Genes Expression in Trichophyton mentagraphytes and Trichophyton simii Contains Genetic Variations Isolated from Iraqi Patients Resistance to Ketoconazole and Amphotericin B

This study aimed to use Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis, to discover the metalloprotease genes (MEP1-5) in Trichophyton menagraphytes and Trichophyton simii contained Genetic variations and determine their expression and association with the antifungal resistance of dermatophytes. Two species of dermatophytes (five isolates) were used in this study (diagnosed morphologically and molecularly by ITS region previously), which included the following types are (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton simii) of them contained variations of the percentage of conformity with the gene bank 99% and they were registered with the gene bank. The two species were tested for antifungal susceptibility by using the disk method. RNA was isolated from sample according to the protocol of TRIzol™ Reagent The genes used in this study were the metalloprotease gene (MEP1-5). The Livak method was used for determining gene expression. All the genes were amplified and normalized to 18S-Rrna as reference genes. All Trichophyton simii isolates contains the five genes MEP 1 to 5 but Trichophyton mentagrophytes one isolate contains five genes (MEP1-5) and others isolate contains four gene MEP 1 to 4. It has been found that Amphotericin B inhibits the MEP 4 and MEP 5 genes other than the MEP1,2,3 genes. The MEP2 and3 recorded the highest increase in gene expression after treatmentin in Trichophyton simii, while in Trichophyton mentagrophytes the MEP1 recorded the highest increase in gene expression after treatment fllowed by MEP2,3,4 respectively. It has been found that Amphotericin B, had a better effect to inhibit the genes of fungi of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton simii other than Ketoconazole, especially the MEP 5 followed by MEP 4.

Clinicomycological Study of Dermatophyte Infections in Patients Attending Dermatology Outpatient Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Context: Dermatophytosis is a fungal disease characterized by the infection of skin, hair, and nails. There is an upsurge of complicated superficial dermatophytosis and an increase in the incidence of chronic, relapsing, recurrent cases in India that are also often unresponsive to conventional doses of drugs. Aims: The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of dermatophyte species in the particular study area and it is susceptibility to itraconazole, terbinafine, and fluconazole. Settings and Design: All dermatophytes isolates obtained were subjected to 10% KOH mount, fungal culture, and antifungal sensitivity testing for fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Materials and Methods: Newly diagnosed cases of dermatophytosis without treatment for the past 3 months were included in the study. KOH preparation was observed and subjected to fungal culture. Then, the susceptibility of the dermatophytes to oral antifungals (itraconazole, terbinafine, and fluconazole) was done. Results: Out of 28 patients with tinea, 14 males and 12 females were tested KOH positive. Out of them, 23 patients showed positive for dermatophyte growth. In them, 15 isolates were Trichophyton mentagrophytes and 8 isolates were Trichophyton rubrum. Antifungal drug susceptibility testing data indicated that, for the two species, MIC of itraconazole ranged between 0.03 and 16 μg/ml, terbinafine between 0.03 and 16 μg/ml, and fluconazole between 0.25 and 64 μg/ml. Conclusions: The study provided information regarding the prevalent species of dermatophyte in our study area and it is high sensitivity to itraconazole compared to terbinafine and the lowest for fluconazole. This gives us guidance as to which antifungal to use empirically in our clinical practice to treat tinea infection.

Epidemiological and mycological profile of superficial mycoses in diabetic patient

Introduction: Superficial mycoses, especially those of nails, scalp and skin, are very common in various countries. The presence of specific terrain, as well as other factors, can affect the prevalence of these. In this sense, diabetic patients are more susceptible to infections especially fungal infections because of changes in the immune system and macro and microvascular changes. The objective of our study was to determine the epidemiological and mycological profile of superficial mycoses in diabetic patients at the Mohammed VI Hospital in Oujda (Morocco). Material and methods: This is a retrospective, observational and descriptive study spread over 34 months, from January 2021 to October 2023 at the Parasitology-Mycology laboratory of the Mohammed VI Hospital Center of Oujda. We collected demographic and mycological data for the included patients. In the laboratory, upon reception of the samples, a direct examination (DE) of the sample was obtained after clarification by KOH to better visualize the mycelial filaments or yeasts and culture on both media: Sabouraud with chloramphenicol and Sabouraud with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide is systematically carried out. Results: We collected 136 diabetic patients referred to our laboratory for suspicion of superficial mycosis. The latter was confirmed in 46 of the 136 diabetic patients (33.82%) referred to our laboratory, which corresponds to 50 lesions among the 166 sites taken, a prevalence of 30.12%. At the mycological examination, the DE allowed the confirmation of the diagnosis of mycoses in 64% (n=32) and showed most often mycelial filaments (n=21; 65.62%) especially at the level of the feet and yeasts were observed in particular at the level of the nails of the hands (n=11; 34.37%). While culture was positive in all cases without exception (100%; n=50), dermatophytes were the most frequently isolated fungi (n=30; 60%), followed by yeasts (n=20; 40%). By species, T. rubrum (n=30; 60%) was the only isolated dermatophyte species, followed by Candida albicans (n=17; 34%). Conclusion: In recent years, we have seen an increase in the prevalence of superficial mycoses in diabetic patients which is why we conducted this study. The results show on the one hand that the most isolated fungi in the superficial mycoses of these patients are dominated by dermatophytes, as T. rubrum represents the most frequently encountered species. Furthermore, the high prevalence of the latter demonstrates the significance of implementing important prevention measures.

Antifungal activity of 3,3'-dimethoxycurcumin (DMC) against dermatophytes and Candida species.

Dermatomycosis is an infection with global impacts caused especially by dermatophytes and Candida species. Current antifungal therapies involve drugs that face fungal resistance barriers. This clinical context emphasizes the need to discover new antifungal agents. Herein, the antifungal potential of 10 curcumin analogs was evaluated against four Candida and four dermatophyte species. The most active compound, 3,3'-dimethoxycurcumin, exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.9‒62.5to 15.6‒62.5µg ml-1 against dermatophytes and Candida species, respectively. According to the checkerboard method, the association between DMC and terbinafine demonstrated a synergistic effect against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. Ergosterol binding test indicated DMC forms a complex with ergosterol of Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis. However, results from the sorbitol protection assay indicated that DMC had no effect on the cell walls of Candida species. The in vivo toxicity, using Galleria mellonella larvae, indicated no toxic effect of DMC. Altogether, curcumin analog DMC was a promising antifungal agent with a promising ability to act against Candida and dermatophyte species.

In vitro antifungal susceptibility of the dermatophytes: a single center study from Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey.

A large number of patients applying to the dermatology clinics are affected by fungal diseases, and a significant portion of which are superficial fungal infections. Dermatophyte infections are a notable public health concern and frequently encountered in clinical practice. Dermatophytosis not only compromises the quality of life but also predisposes individuals to various comorbidities due to its role as a gateway for secondary bacterial agents. This study aims to determine the species distribution of dermatophytes prevalent and assess their susceptibility to antifungal drugs. Skin, nail, and hair samples were obtained from patients with a clinical diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Samples were all cultured to isolate and identify the species. In vitro liquid microdilution tests were conducted to assess the susceptibility of the isolated strains against terbinafine, fluconazole, griseofulvin, and butenafine. A total of 353 samples were obtained from the hair, skin, and nail lesions of 326 patients. Dermatophyte was isolated in 71 of the samples (20.1%). The cultured dermatophyte subtypes included Trichophyton rubrum (13.8% in 49 samples), Microsporum audouini (5.7% in 20 samples), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (0.6% in 2 samples). Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that terbinafine was the most effective antifungal drug against all dermatophyte species, while fluconazole exhibited the highest resistance. The most common dermatophytosis agent in our region is T. rubrum. The least antifungal resistance was found against terbinafine. Conducting antifungal susceptibility tests is crucial for selecting effective treatment regimens and early detection of resistance development.

Study of molecular characterization for diagnosis of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis

Dermatophytes are the keratinophilic fungi which infect humans and is the most recurring type of disease. The high level of transmissibility creates an epidemiological risk and emphasises the significance of these illnesses. However, a growing number of reports describing dermatophytes can cause deep infections in diabetic and immunocompromised patients, by invading deep layers like the dermis and hypodermis. Despite the prevalence and significance of dermatophytes in clinical mycology, it is not always possible to accurately diagnose this specific infection due to its overlapping structures among species of dermatophytes. Since it is difficult to identify species that exhibit weak characteristics in the morphological highlights, identification of the dermatophyte is often relied on its morphological analysis, which is a laborious process and demands skill. The massive shift in genetic variation, the source of infection, and epidemiological research can be discovered using molecular approaches. Therefore, the development of an accurate laboratory test for dermatophyte species identification is essential for the prevention and efficient management of dermatophytoses. One such methodology allows use of PCR technology which has many methods for molecular level characterization which is rapid, efficient, and capable of producing DNA polymorphisms specific to various dermatophyte species based on distinctive band patterns seen by agarose gel electrophoresis. The RAPD-PCR approach will be used in this study protocol to molecularly characterize the dermatophytes for precise speciation of the sample. In addition to improving knowledge of fungal biology and pathology with a focus on adaptive mechanisms to combat difficult conditions from host counteractions, there is a need to improve awareness of the importance of these diseases through accurate epidemiological data. The advantages of molecular approaches for characterizing objects over traditional methods are their sensitivity and specificity.

Clinicomycological Pattern of Dermatophytosis in Odisha, a Coastal State of Eastern India.

Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection that targets the skin and its appendages, such as the nails and hair. It affects all age groups and is estimated to affect approximately 20-25% of the population across the world. There are insufficient data on the clinic-mycological pattern of dermatophytosis in Odisha, a coastal state in eastern India. The study aims to explore the clinico-mycological pattern of prevailing superficial cutaneous fungal infections and to identify the specific species as per the site of skin involvement. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Dermatology in collaboration with the Department of Microbiology at a tertiary health care centre, Odisha, for a period of 2 years, from October 2020 to September 2022. Participants aged 18-65 years with active dermatophyte infections of the skin were included in the study. Clinical examination and mycological workup were performed, and the collected samples were divided into two parts, one for direct microscopy and the other for fungal culture. According to our study, the most common isolate was Trichophyton mentagrophytes (21.7%), followed by T. rubrum (11.7%), and 5.3% of cultures showed T. schoenleinii isolates, whereas Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum constituted 2.7% and 0.7%, respectively. The present study focuses on the prevalence and clinical trends of different dermatophyte species associated with dermatophytosis in eastern India. Due to the favourable climate of Odisha, superficial mycoses are prevalent here, and according to our study, Trichophyton mentagrophytes is the predominate isolate in this region.

ANTI DERMATOPHYTIC EFFECT OF KUSHTAGHNA DASHEMANI IN DADRU KUSHTA (DERMATOPHYTOSIS), AN IN-VITRO STUDY

Background: Shadvirechanashatashritiya adhyaya of Charaka Samhita describes fifty group of drugs (Panchashanmahakashaya) and Kushtaghna dashemani is one among them. Dadru is classified under Kshudra kushta by Acharya Charaka. On the basis of presenting symptomatology Dadru kushta can be interpreted as Dermatophytosis. The prevalence of superficial fungal infection in India is 27.6% of which Dermatophytes are the most common agents (75.6%) though the disease is not a life threatening, the relapsing nature of this disease makes it much annoyance for patient and bothersome for physician too. Hence an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of Kushtaghna Dashemani on Dadru Kushta through in-vitro study. The In-vitro study on Anti- dermatophytic action of Kushtaghna dashemani Kashaya was carried out by Agar Well diffusion method on the dermatophyte species Trichophyton tonsurans, Microsporum Canis and Trichophyton rubrum with different concentrations of Kushtaghna dashemani Kashaya. Anti-dermatophyte effect of different concentrations of Kushtaghna dashemani kashaya was seen at the different volume used against the taken dermatophytes species.

Tinea Incognito.

Tinea incognito (TI), or incognita, are superficial fungal dermatophyte infections that are changed in shape, most frequently because of topical, systemic steroids use and other immunosuppressants. There are different clinical presentations depending on host factors and the species of dermatophyte causing the disorder. Diagnosis can be challenging and might need combined methods. Once diagnosed the treatment is the usual antifungals, either topical or systemic or combined depending on the site, extent, and host factors.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Methanolic fraction of Shea nut on selected Skin Pathogens and Characterization of the Bioactive Compounds

This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Vitellaria paradoxa nut against dermatophytes and characterize its bioactive compounds. Isolates used in this study were Candida albican ATCC14503, Trichophyton rubrum ATCC28188, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC9533 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25925. Antimicrobial assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were carried out using agar plug, agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. Bioactive compounds were characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, tanins and saponins as active phytoconstituents of V. paradoxa's antimicrobial activity. Methanolic extract at 200 mg/ml showed mean clear zone of 25.0 mm and 29.0 mm against S. aureus and C. albican respectively. For T. rubrum, no growth observed after 14 days while T. mentagrophyte showed radial growth at day 12 of incubation. Highest activity of standard antibiotics against S. aureus was obtained with Meropenem (25.0 mm). Griseofulvin, itraconazole and fluconazole at 150, 25 and 100 mg/ml respectively inhibited T. rubrum while for T. mentagrophyte, at 350, 25 and 200 mg/ml respectively after 14 days incubation. MIC for S. aureus and C. albican were observed at 150 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml respectively. T. rubrum and T. mentagrophyte in comparison to conventional antifungals revealed Itraconazole among other antifungals exhibited lowest MIC value (25 mg/ml) against both fungi. However, MIC for extract was recorded at 150 mg/ml against T. rubrum while T. mentagrophyte did not indicate any MIC effect. Some bioactive compounds present in extract includes, E- 15 Heptadecenal, possess antifungal activity, Methyl palmitate possess anti-inflammatory, Palmitic acid possesses antifungal activities. The species of dermatophytes used in this present study has never been reported. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Dermatophytes, Bioactive, Antibiotics, Antifungal

Imidazole derivatives as novel and potent antifungal agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking study, molecular dynamic simulation and ADME prediction

Fungal infections have become a serious threat to human health due to their high incidence and mortality. In this study, a new set of imidazole derivatives (7a-f) were synthesized and their chemical structures were characterized using spectroscopic techniques including IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass. In the following, the antifungal activities of these derivatives were evaluated against several yeasts, aspergillus and dermatophyte species using the CLSI method. In addition, to check the safety of the synthesized compounds, the in vitro cytotoxicity activity of these compounds was investigated towards normal human fibroblasts cell line (MRC-5) using MTT assay. The obtained biological results indicated that these compounds acted as the most potential antifungal agents. In particular, compounds 7c, 7d and 7f exhibited excellent activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida dubliniensis, Candida parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans species with MIC50 values in the range of 0.5-16 µg/ml. The cytotoxicity results showed that these compounds have low toxicity against normal human fibroblasts cell line (MRC-5). Additionally, molecular modelling studies and molecular dynamic simulation were carried out to predict the binding energy and possible interaction mode of these compounds in the binding site of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) as a conventional target for azole derivatives. In silico ADME study was also performed to investigate the physicochemical features of the synthesized imidazole derivatives. According to the results, these compounds can be considered as promising antifungal candidates for further development.

Antifungal activity of eukaryotic microalgae in dermatophytes

Introduction: Microalgae are considered a promising source of biologically active secondary metabolites, with several biotechnological properties already recorded, including antifungal activity. Objective: Thus, the properties of ethanol extracts of microalgae Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chaetoceros neogracilis, Desmodesmus brasiliensis, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Kirchneriella lunaris and Tetraselmis gracilis were investigated in vitro for antifungal activity against dermatophytes Nannizzia gypsea, Nannizzia nana, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton tonsurans. Methods: The extracts were evaluated using broth microdilution methodology, with a test interval of 0.0115 to 6 mg mL-1. The antifungal itraconazole was tested at concentrations 0.0313 to 16 μg mL-1. Results: All microalgae extracts showed antifungal activity, especially extracts from C. neogracilis, D. brasiliensis and K. lunaris that totally inhibited growth of all species of dermatophytes evaluated. The lowest MIC values recorded were for the extracts of D. brasiliensis and K. lunaris (MIC 0.188 mg mL-1), against T. tonsurans e N. nana. Conclusions: This was a pioneering work about the antifungal activity of these microalgae against dermatophytes. It is expected that, from this study, further research will be carried out in order to identify and isolate the active biomolecules responsible for the antifungal activity of these microalgae species.

Prevalence of dermatophytosis and Malassezia infection in dogs and cats in Thonglor Bangkok Pet Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Malassezia yeasts are occasional human and animal skin organisms that commensally act as pathogens, while dermatophytes are common fungi in many clinics and hospitals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dermatophytosis and Malassezia infections in dogs and cats, and the effect of treatments. The study was carried out from December 2022 to May 2023 in Thonglor Bangkok Pet Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Total 208 cases visited the hospital, in which 32 cases of otitis and 53 dermatitis were recorded. Sterile cotton swabs were used to collect the aural samples from 32 cases, then observed under the microscope to detect the presence and population of Malassezia yeasts. In 53 dermatitis cases, adhesive tape impressions (ATI) methods and fungal culture were used to identify the species of dermatophytes and Malassezia dermatitis. The results showed that Malassezia was isolated from 24 cases, including 23 Malassezia otitis and 1 Malassezia dermatitis. However, there was only one positive case with dermatophyte by two methods.Therefore, dermatophytosis could not be concluded due to the small number of positive cases. Meanwhile, Malassezia infection occurred mainly in dogs rather than cats at every age, and the infected rates were found more in exotic animals than in domestic animals and usually in males than females. The effect of treatments illustrated the significant improvement in Malassezia otitis by using Epiotic solution combined with Oridemyl ear drop. Moreover, great improvement was evident in dermatophytosis therapy with Itraconazole.

Dermatophytes and mammalian hair: aspects of the evolution of Arthrodermataceae

AbstractDermatophytes and other members of Onygenales are unique in their ability to degrade keratin, affecting hair and nails, and in the case of human hosts, causing skin infections. Subtillisins are essential proteases in keratin assimilation, and subtilisin-like protease 1 (SUB1) and SUB3–7 are specific for dermatophytes. eIF2α kinases are serine-threonine kinases that perform essential functions in response to infection, proteotoxicity, and nutrient scavenging. The relatively conserved nature of EIF2AK4 among fungi makes them potential evolutionary markers, which may contribute to a deeper understanding of dermatophyte taxonomy and evolution. This study aimed to assess the phylogeny of dermatophytes by examining the EIF2AK4 and SUB1 genes compared to the ITS gene marker. The phylogenetic trees generated from the EIF2AK4 and SUB1 genes exhibited a similar topology, which differed from that observed in the ITS tree. Our preliminary findings with a limited dataset suggest that the EIF2AK4 and SUB1 genes provide a reasonably correct reflection of the evolution of Arthrodermataceae. In addition, the study analyzed in vitro keratinolytic responses of 19 dermatophyte species using hairs of a broad range of mammals, including ancestral as well as derived species, as substrates. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Nannizzia gypsea were the most active in degrading hair, while Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Epidermophyton floccosum showed low response. Hairs of Hyracoidea and Rodentia were most affected of all mammal hairs, while in contrast, bat hairs were difficult to degrade by nearly all tested dermatophyte species. Zoophilic species showed more activity than anthropophilic dermatophytes, but hair degradation profiles were not diagnostic for particular dermatophyte species.

Analysis of ERG 11 expression in clinical isolates of dermatophytes in patients with resistant Tinea infection.

Background: Dermatophytes are keratinophilic groups of microorganisms which invade keratinized tissue.
 Objective:1 - Isolate and identify the dermatophyte species from samples collected from patients suffering from onychomycosis, tinea corporis and tinea cruris; and perform in vitro microbroth antifungal susceptibility testing.
 Objective:2 - Further, the expression of Ergosterol 11 (ERG 11) amongst the isolates from responders and non-responders to antifungal treatment was studied by Real-time PCR.
 Methods & Results: A total of 120 dermatophytosis cases attending a dermatological clinic in a tertiary care hospital were included in the study. Microscopy of KOH mount was positive in 90 isolates while 60 were culture positive. The most common dermatophytes implicated were Trichophyton mentagrophytes (75%) followed by Trichophyton rubrum (25%) which were molecularly confirmed by PCR using the species-specific primer. Higher MIC was detected for fluconazole (10 %), itraconazole (3.33 %), terbinafine (10 %) and griseofulvin (5 %), for T. mentagrophytes and T rubrum, while all strains showed lower MIC for voriconazole and luliconazole.
 Interpretation & Conclusion: The study observed a predominance of T. mentagrophytes causing chronic dermatophytosis. The rising MIC to terbinafine and griseofulvin among the isolates raises a concern for effective management. The real-time PCR analysis of ERG 11 expression in certain isolates demonstrated up-regulation in patients not responding to treatment as compared to responders, the impending failure of azoles as a line of treatment in dermatophytosis.

Synthesis of Antifungal Heterocycle-Containing Mannich Bases: A Comprehensive Review

Mannich bases are a class of organic compounds usually obtained by the condensation reaction between an amine, a compound with active hydrogens, and an aldehyde. They are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis, and those compounds containing this motif find applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and even material fields since they are widely known for their wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial properties. Thus, as part of our interest in antifungal agents, this narrative review aimed to gather information from the literature on the synthesis of various representative Mannich-base-containing compounds, particularly centered on those exhibiting antifungal properties. In this context, the compilation indicated that Mannich bases could be considered as a relevant toxophore/pharmacophore by incorporating heterocyclic moieties to be implemented for the design of new antifungal agents, given its proven efficacy against phytopathogens, other opportunistic human pathogens, and some dermatophytic fungal species, which can be further exploited as agrochemical agents or in medicinal applications to treat fungal infections. The antifungal effect exhibited by Mannich bases conjugated with oxa and/or aza-heterocycles suggests that compounds that have a heterocyclic system attached to the β-amino core are attractive alternatives oriented to the synthesis of novel and helpful antifungal agents.

Clinicomycological profile of dermatophytosis in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Vadodara

Dermatophytosis is the most common type of cutaneous fungal infection seen in man infecting the superficial keratinized layer of the skin, hair and nails. The aim of the study is to isolate and identify the dermatophytes from clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis, to determine the frequency of occurrence of various species of dermatophytes, to know the prevalence of age and sex of dermatophytosis in the locality.: The present study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara. A total of 150 clinically diagnosed cases of dermatophytosis were taken for this study. Skin, hair and nail samples were aseptically collected and were subjected to KOH mount examination and culture. Differentiation of the dermatophyte species was performed based on the macroscopic and microscopic examination of culture and physiological test including urease test.: Tinea corporis (41.3%) was the commonest clinical type with a male to female ratio of 1.05:1. Out of these samples, dermatophytes were isolated in 108 cases with the overall isolation rate of 72%. Seven species of dermatophytes were isolated. 53 (49.1%) was the commonest species followed by 22(20.4%).: Identifying dermatophyte species and knowledge of their host preference and ecology play an important role in treating the patient. Correct and efficient laboratory methods for diagnosis of dermatophytosis is the need of the hour to provide correct and timely treatment and prevent the further spread and chronicity of the disease.

Prevalence of Dermatophyteic Infection in A Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai in India

Dermatophytes are fungi that infect keratinized tissues in animals and humans. The group's most prevalent and only anthropophilic species is Trichophyton rubrum, whereas species from the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex are zoophilic and anthropophilic. The prevalence of dermatophyte infections varies depending on environmental factors and location, with higher rates observed in tropical countries like India. Hence, this study was conducted to comprehend the distribution of various species and clinical symptoms to assess the prevalence and features of dermatophyte infections in patients receiving tertiary care. This study's main objective was to identify the frequency of dermatophyte species in clinical samples taken from suspected patients in a tertiary care centre.1000 patients attending Sree Balaji Medical College in Chennai were the subjects of cross-sectional observational research. The prevalence of dermatophyte infection was assessed using clinical sample data. The analysis included information on gender, age group, and clinical symptoms. In the examined samples, dermatophyte infection was shown to be clinically prevalent (14.2%). More men (64.7%) than women (35.2%) were impacted. The most common age group for dermatophyteic infection was those between 31 and 40 years. The most typical clinical presentation was tinea corporis, characterized by scaly, red areas on the skin. The most frequent dermatophyte species found was Trichophyton rubrum. The study revealed that the clinical samples taken from the tertiary care centre had a significant prevalence of dermatophyteic infection. These infections were more likely to affect men and those in the age range of 31 to 40 years. The most commonly noticed clinical sign was tinea corporis, caused by Trichophyton rubrum. These findings emphasize the need to detect and treat dermatophyteic infections, particularly tinea corporis, highlighting the need for suitable treatment techniques in the population under study.

Prevalence of Dermatophytic Infections and Their Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern in the Rajshahi Region

Background: Dermatophytes are the most significant fungi because of their widespread involvement in the population and their prevalence worldwide. Bangladesh's hot and humid climate, overcrowded population, poverty, malnutrition, and ignorance make dermatophytosis a common cutaneous infection. These infections occur in both healthy and immunocompromised patients. Dermatophytes are responsible for most cutaneous fungal infections, and the estimated lifetime risk of acquiring a dermatophyte infection is 10-20%.
 Objective: To isolate and identify different dermatophytes and their antifungal susceptibility pattern in the Rajshahi region. Materials and Methods: Different clinical samples (e.g., skin scrapings, nail clipping, and hair plucking) were collected under aseptic precautions. The isolation and identification of dermatophytes were performed through a microscopic examination using 10% KOH mount, mycological culture, and species identification by lactophenol cotton blue mount from positive culture. In addition, all dermatophytes isolates were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing using the agar-based disk diffusion method in Mueller Hinton agar media.
 Results: Out of 171 samples, Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant dermatophyte species with 76(71.7%), followed by T.mentagrophyte were 15(14.2%), E. floccosum were 12(11.3%), and M. canis were 03(2.8%). voriconazole, clotrimazole, and itraconazole were more effective drugs. Griseofulvin was the least effective drug, followed by fluconazole.
 Conclusion: This study indicates dermatophytosis is a common skin disease in northern Bangladesh. Due to the increasing trend of antifungal drug resistance among dermatophytes, treatment should be based on antifungal sensitivity testing.
 TAJ 2022; 36: No-1: 119-125

LB1757 Superior germicidal efficacy of 222nm UVC compare to 405nm blue and 635nm red light in dermatophyte species

LB1757 Superior germicidal efficacy of 222nm UVC compare to 405nm blue and 635nm red light in dermatophyte species